What is the official designation and status of the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon?

The Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon (CTGR) is identified as a federally recognized tribe of Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau.

Approximately how many citizens are enrolled in the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community?

The Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community has approximately 5,200 enrolled citizens.

In which U.S. state and region are the significant populations of the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community primarily located?

The significant populations of the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community are located within the United States, specifically in the state of Oregon.

What geographical area historically encompassed the ancestral lands of the tribes that now form the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community?

The historical lands of the tribes forming the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community spanned western Oregon, between the Oregon Coast and the Cascade Range, extending into southwestern Washington and northern California.

What is the name and approximate size of the Indian reservation established for the Grand Ronde Community?

The Grand Ronde Indian Reservation, established in 1856, covers 11,288 acres (45.7 km²) and is located in Yamhill and Polk counties in Oregon.

How did Chinook Jargon become a significant language for the Grand Ronde Community after their consolidation?

After being grouped onto the reservation in the 19th century, the various tribes, who often spoke multiple languages for trade, refined a creole language known as Chinook Jargon for communication among themselves.

How many distinct Native American tribes are part of the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community?

The Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community is composed of at least 27 distinct Native American tribes.

Can you name at least five of the tribes that were historically removed to the Grand Ronde reservation?

Some of the tribes removed to the Grand Ronde reservation include the Chasta (Shasta), Chasta Costa, Kalapuya (with bands like Yamhill, Atfalati, and Santiam), Molalla, and various Rogue River tribes.

What clarification does the source provide regarding the historical term 'Rogue River Indians'?

The source clarifies that 'Rogue River Indians' was historically an erroneous term that incorrectly grouped together the Takelma, Upper Umpqua, Northern Shasta, and Rogue River Athapascan tribes.

List three ratified treaties that were instrumental in the establishment of the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community.

Three ratified treaties that were instrumental in establishing the CTGR include the Treaty with the Cow Creek Band of Umpqua (1853), the Treaty with the Rogue River (1853), and the Treaty with the Chasta, etc. (1854).

What year saw multiple unratified treaties related to the CTGR, involving tribes such as the Santiam, Tualatin, and Clackamas?

In 1851, several unratified treaties were made involving tribes such as the Santiam, Tualatin, Yamhill, Luckiamute, Clackamas, and others, which are related to the CTGR.

Who negotiated the Treaty of Peace with the Rogue River Tribes in 1850?

General Joseph Lane negotiated the Treaty of Peace with the Rogue River Tribes in 1850.

What significant event occurred between 1854 and 1856 that led to the establishment of the Grand Ronde Reservation?

Between 1854 and 1856, the U.S. Army undertook resettlement efforts, moving Native people from western Oregon, the coast, and along the Columbia River to the South Yamhill River area, where the Grand Ronde Reservation was established in 1857.

How did the Dawes Act, passed in 1887, impact the Grand Ronde Reservation?

The Dawes Act of 1887 led to a reduction in the Grand Ronde Reservation's size through the privatization of property. Land that was not allotted to Native Americans during this process was made available for non-Native ownership.

What significant action did the U.S. Congress take regarding the Grand Ronde tribe in 1954, and what were its consequences?

In 1954, the U.S. Congress terminated the tribe, which meant their land lost its tax-exempt status. This led to increased costs for land ownership and forced members to pay for medical services, causing many to lose their property.

When was the tribal council reconstituted after the termination era, and when was federal recognition officially restored to the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde?

The tribal council was reconstituted in 1975, and federal recognition status was restored to the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde in 1983.

What happened to a portion of the original reservation after federal recognition was restored in 1983?

Five years after federal recognition was restored, a small portion of the original reservation was returned to the Grand Ronde, and this land is now utilized for timber, recreation, and traditional harvesting practices.

What is the name of the tribal publication that began in 1978, and how has its format evolved?

The tribes began publishing *Smoke Signals* in 1978, initially as a monthly newsletter. It has since shifted to a semi-monthly publication schedule and adopted a tabloid newspaper format.

What initiative supports the creation of tribal history curriculum for federally recognized tribes in Oregon, and how does the Grand Ronde tribe participate?

Oregon Senate Bill 13 provides funding for each of the nine federally recognized tribes in Oregon to create curriculum about Native Americans' contributions to Oregon history. The Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde has a curriculum specialist who develops these tribal history lessons.

What is the focus of the Chinuk Wawa immersion program offered for young children?

The Chinuk Wawa immersion program is available for kindergarteners and first graders, aiming to teach and preserve the Native language through an immersive educational experience.

What significant publication related to the Chinuk Wawa language was released by the tribe in 2012?

In 2012, the tribe published *Chinuk Wawa: As our elders teach us to Speak It*, which serves as a dictionary for the Chinuk Wawa language.

What type of traditional structure did the tribe build on the reservation in 2010?

In 2010, the tribe constructed a plank house on the reservation.

What was the subject of the 2011 exhibit installed at the Willamette Heritage Center, and what did it highlight?

The 2011 exhibit, titled *Grand Ronde Canoe Journey*, was installed at the Willamette Heritage Center and focused on the tribe's canoe traditions.

What annual cultural events are hosted at the Grand Ronde reservation?

The reservation annually hosts powwows and a Round Dance, serving as important cultural gatherings.

In which Oregon counties is the Grand Ronde Indian Reservation located?

The Grand Ronde Indian Reservation is located within Yamhill and Polk counties in Oregon.

With whom does the tribe partner to manage land according to traditional uses, such as for quamash harvest?

The tribe partners with Oregon Metro to manage land according to traditional uses, including the quamash harvest at Quamash Prairie.

Approximately how many people are employed by the Confederated Tribes?

The Confederated Tribes employ around 1,600 people.

What has been the primary source of income for the tribes since 1996?

Since 1996, the tribes have generated the majority of their income by operating the Spirit Mountain Casino.

How is the Spirit Mountain Casino described in terms of its success within Oregon?

The Spirit Mountain Casino is described as the most successful casino in Oregon and attracts considerable tourist traffic.

What percentage of the casino's profits is allocated to the Tribes' Spirit Mountain Community Fund?

Six percent of the casino's profits are allocated to the Tribes' Spirit Mountain Community Fund.

Which specific counties in western Oregon benefit from the Spirit Mountain Community Fund's support?

The Spirit Mountain Community Fund supports various organizations across 11 western Oregon counties: Benton, Clackamas, Lane, Lincoln, Linn, Marion, Multnomah, Polk, Tillamook, Washington, and Yamhill.

By 2017, what was the total amount distributed by the Spirit Mountain Community Fund to non-profit organizations?

By 2017, the Spirit Mountain Community Fund had distributed more than $75 million to non-profit organizations.

Beyond casino operations and timber resources, what other types of tribal enterprises does the text mention?

Other tribal enterprises mentioned include those in construction, environmental management, real estate investment, and inventory logistics services.

Whom did the Grand Ronde tribes oppose in the 21st century regarding plans for an off-reservation casino?

In the 21st century, the Grand Ronde tribes opposed the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs' plans to build an off-reservation casino in Cascade Locks, Oregon.

What was the extent of linguistic diversity historically within the Oregon Territory, according to the text?

Historically, the Oregon Territory was one of the most linguistically diverse regions globally, with the Grand Ronde tribe alone comprising people who spoke 27 distinct languages.

What language became the primary communication tool on the Grand Ronde reservation, and how did it evolve from a trade language?

On the Grand Ronde reservation, Chinook Jargon, which had developed as a trade language, evolved into a creole language and became the primary language spoken in most native homes.

What factors contributed to the extinction of individual tribal languages at Grand Ronde during the termination era?

During the termination era (1954-1983), children were sent to Indian boarding schools and forced to learn English, which, combined with the loss of native speakers, led to the extinction of all individual tribal languages at Grand Ronde.

When did elders begin teaching Chinook Jargon again, and what is the modern name adopted for this language program?

Elders began teaching Chinook Jargon language classes in the 1970s. After regaining federal recognition in 1983, the tribe established a formal language program and renamed Chinook Jargon as Chinuk Wawa, meaning 'Talking Chinuk'.

What is the reported success rate of the Grand Ronde tribe's Chinuk Wawa immersion language program?

The Grand Ronde tribe's immersion language program has been successful in producing native speakers, comparable in success to about half a dozen other Native language immersion programs.

Who is responsible for setting the membership rules for the Confederated Tribes?

The elected tribal council is responsible for setting the rules for membership in the Confederated Tribes.

What are the general criteria required for membership in the tribe?

Generally, membership requires direct descent from an individual listed on specific historical rolls and a certain percentage of Native American ancestry derived from the tribes within the Confederation.

What is the estimated annual financial benefit for a tribal member, considering various benefits?

Membership in the tribe provides an estimated annual financial benefit of between $5,500 and $7,000, which includes housing benefits, student scholarships, and per capita payouts from casino revenue, though it does not include healthcare or elder pensions.

How many members constitute the Grand Ronde Tribal Council, and what is the typical term length for each member?

The Grand Ronde Tribal Council is composed of nine members, with each member serving a three-year term. Three council seats are up for re-election each year.

What are the basic qualifications required to hold a position on the Tribal Council?

To qualify for a position on the Tribal Council, an individual must be 18 years or older and be an enrolled member of the Tribe, as defined by the Tribal Constitution.

In 2014, what action did the tribal council take regarding descendants of Chief Tumulth, and what was the stated reason?

In 2014, due to political conflict, the tribal council voted to disenroll 66 living and six deceased descendants of Chief Tumulth, who had signed the 1855 treaty that ceded tribal land and agreed to relocation to the Grand Ronde reservation.

What was the outcome of the legal challenges concerning the disenrollment of Chief Tumulth's descendants, particularly regarding the living members?

A three-judge Tribal Court of Appeals panel restored the 66 living descendants as full tribal members, overturning their provisional dis-enrollment. However, the court could not restore membership to the six deceased individuals due to tribal law.

What is Tomanowos, and what is its perceived significance to the Clackamas people?

Tomanowos, also known as the Willamette Meteorite, is a 15-ton meteorite that the Clackamas people, one of the Grand Ronde tribes, consider a sacred Sky Person who fell to Earth and played a role in their creation.

What historic agreement was reached in June 2000 between the Confederated Tribes and the American Museum of Natural History concerning the Willamette Meteorite?

In June 2000, the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community reached a historic agreement with the American Museum of Natural History to share custody of the Willamette Meteorite, allowing the tribe periodic access for religious and cultural purposes while maintaining its presence for scientific and educational purposes.

What legal action did the American Museum of Natural History initiate in 2000 concerning the Willamette Meteorite?

In 2000, the museum sued in federal district court to be named the official owner of the meteorite, arguing that the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) applied to ceremonial objects *made* by tribes, not naturally occurring objects like the meteorite.

As part of the agreement regarding the Willamette Meteorite, what commitment did the American Museum of Natural History make towards Native Americans?

As part of the agreement, the museum committed to establishing internships for Native Americans, aiming to create new connections between communities and provide opportunities for young students.

Confederated Tribes Of The Grand Ronde Community Of Oregon Wiki: Echoes of the Past, Voices of the Future: The Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde

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Tribal Identity

Federal Recognition and Scope

The Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon (CTGR) are a federally recognized Indigenous nation. Their historical territory spans western Oregon, extending from the Pacific coast eastward to the Cascade Range, and includes portions of southwestern Washington and northern California. This region encompasses the ancestral lands of at least 27 distinct Native American tribes.

The Grand Ronde Reservation

The CTGR maintains an Indian reservation comprising 11,288 acres (approximately 45.7 km²). Established in 1856, the Grand Ronde Indian Reservation is situated in Yamhill and Polk counties, Oregon. It serves as the central hub for the community's governance and cultural activities.

Linguistic Diversity and Unity

Historically, the member tribes spoke approximately 27 distinct languages. Due to proximity and trade, many individuals were multilingual. Upon consolidation onto the reservation, a creolized form of Chinook Jargon, known as Chinuk Wawa, emerged as a common language for intertribal communication and daily life. While English is now prevalent, significant efforts are underway to revitalize and conserve Chinuk Wawa.

Historical Trajectory

19th Century Resettlement and Land Policy

Between 1854 and 1856, the U.S. Army forcibly resettled Native peoples from western Oregon, the coast, and the Columbia River region to the South Yamhill River area, where the Grand Ronde Reservation was established in 1857. The passage of the Dawes Act in 1887 led to the privatization of reservation lands, significantly reducing its size as land not allotted to Native individuals became available for non-Native ownership.

Termination and Restoration

In 1954, the U.S. Congress enacted legislation terminating the federal recognition of the Grand Ronde tribe. This policy stripped the land of its tax-exempt status, leading many members to lose their property due to increased costs. Federal recognition was restored in 1983 through House Resolution 3885. Subsequently, a portion of the original reservation was returned to the tribe, supporting timber, recreation, and traditional harvesting.

Communication and Community

Since 1978, the Confederated Tribes have published Smoke Signals, initially a monthly newsletter and now a semi-monthly tabloid newspaper. This publication serves as a vital communication channel, disseminating news, cultural information, and tribal government updates to its members.

Cultural Heritage

Educational Initiatives

The tribe actively promotes understanding of its heritage through educational programs. A curriculum specialist developed tribal history lessons, supported by Oregon Senate Bill 13, to highlight Native American contributions to the state's history. These initiatives aim to preserve and share cultural knowledge across generations.

Traditional Practices and Arts

The CTGR maintains strong connections to its traditions. In 2010, a traditional plank house was constructed on the reservation. The tribe's canoe traditions were featured in the 2011 exhibit Grand Ronde Canoe Journey at the Willamette Heritage Center. Annual events include vibrant powwows and Round Dances, celebrating contemporary and ancestral cultural expressions.

Revitalizing Language

Chinuk Wawa: A Living Legacy

The Confederated Tribes historically encompassed speakers of 27 distinct languages. Following resettlement, Chinuk Wawa, a creole language, became the primary intertribal communication tool. Although the last native speakers passed during the termination era, the tribe initiated language revitalization efforts in the 1970s.

Immersion and Preservation

Supported by revenues from tribal enterprises, the CTGR established a formal language program. This program, focused on Chinuk Wawa (now referred to as Chinuk Wawa), begins with preschool immersion classes and aims to expand through grade 8. The publication of Chinuk Wawa: As our elders teach us to Speak It in 2012 marked a significant milestone in documenting and promoting the language.

Treaties and Agreements

Ratified Treaties

The establishment of the CTGR involved numerous treaties with the United States. Key ratified treaties include those with the Cow Creek Band of Umpqua (1853), Rogue River (1853, 1854), Chasta, etc. (1854), Umpqua and Kalapuya (1854), and the Willamette Valley Treaty (1855). These agreements often involved land cessions and relocation to designated reservations.

Unratified Treaties

Prior to the ratified agreements, several unratified treaties were negotiated in 1851 and 1854 with various bands, including the Santiam, Tualatin, Yamhill, Luckiamute, Clackamas, and Tillamook peoples. These historical documents underscore the complex process of treaty-making and its impact on tribal territories.

Peace Treaties

Additionally, peace treaties were negotiated with the Rogue River Tribes in 1850 and 1853, reflecting efforts to establish stability and formal relations between the U.S. government and the Indigenous peoples of the region.

Governance and Enrollment

Tribal Council Structure

The Grand Ronde Tribal Council, established by the Tribal Constitution, serves as the primary governing and legislative body. It comprises nine members, each serving a three-year term. Three seats are up for election annually, with no term limits for council members. Eligibility requires being an enrolled member of the Tribe and at least 18 years old.

Membership Criteria

Membership rules are set by the Tribal Council. Generally, eligibility requires direct descent from individuals listed on specific historical tribal rolls and a requisite percentage of Native American ancestry from among the Confederation's constituent tribes. Enrollment can provide significant financial benefits, including housing assistance, scholarships, and per capita payments from casino revenue.

Disenrollment Controversy

In 2014, the tribal council voted to disenroll 66 living descendants of Chief Tumulth, a signatory of the 1855 treaty. This action, which stripped them of tribal rights, was later overturned by the Tribal Court of Appeals in 2016, restoring membership for the living descendants. This event highlights the complexities and legal challenges surrounding tribal membership and governance.

Economic Landscape

Spirit Mountain Casino

The primary source of income for the CTGR is the Spirit Mountain Casino, established in 1996. It is recognized as Oregon's most successful casino, attracting significant tourism. A portion of its profits, specifically six percent, is allocated to the Spirit Mountain Community Fund.

Community Investment

The Spirit Mountain Community Fund supports and funds various organizations across 11 counties in western Oregon. By 2017, the fund had distributed over $75 million to non-profit organizations, positioning it as a major charitable foundation within the state.

Diversified Enterprises

Beyond gaming, the Tribes generate revenue from managing their timber resources. They have also developed diverse tribal enterprises in sectors such as construction, environmental management, real estate investment, and logistics services. The Tribes employ approximately 1,600 individuals.

Tomanowos: The Willamette Meteorite

Sacred Significance

The Willamette Meteorite, known to the Clackamas people (one of the confederated tribes) as Tomanowos, is revered as a sacred "Sky Person." This 15-ton meteorite holds deep cultural and spiritual significance, believed to have played a role in the creation of their people and world. Members of the tribe travel annually to New York City to visit Tomanowos at the American Museum of Natural History.

Historic Custody Agreement

In 2000, the CTGR reached a landmark agreement with the American Museum of Natural History. This accord allows the tribe periodic access to Tomanowos for religious and cultural ceremonies, while the meteorite remains on display for scientific and educational purposes. The agreement also established internships for Native Americans, fostering connections between the communities.

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References

"Oregon Blue Book: Confederated Tribes of The Grand Ronde Community." Oregon Blue Book: Confederated Tribes of The Grand Ronde Community. Oregon Blue Book, n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2016.

https://www.grandronde.org/tribal-council/ "Tribal Council." Tribal Council | The Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2016.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon Wikipedia page

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Important Notice

This page has been generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is derived from publicly available data and may not be exhaustive, entirely accurate, or fully up-to-date. It is crucial to consult primary sources and official tribal resources for definitive information.

This content does not constitute professional advice. The information provided herein is not a substitute for consultation with qualified historians, cultural experts, legal professionals, or tribal representatives. Reliance on any information provided on this page is solely at your own risk.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided.

Echoes of the Past, Voices of the Future

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Tribal Identity 👥

🇺🇸 Federal Recognition and Scope

🏞️ The Grand Ronde Reservation

🌍 Linguistic Diversity and Unity

Historical Trajectory 📜

➡️ 19th Century Resettlement and Land Policy

⚖️ Termination and Restoration

📰 Communication and Community

Cultural Heritage 🎨

📚 Educational Initiatives

🛶 Traditional Practices and Arts

Revitalizing Language 🗣️

💬 Chinuk Wawa: A Living Legacy

🌱 Immersion and Preservation

Treaties and Agreements ✍️

📜 Ratified Treaties

📜 Unratified Treaties

🕊️ Peace Treaties

Governance and Enrollment 🏛️

👑 Tribal Council Structure

👤 Membership Criteria

⚖️ Disenrollment Controversy

Economic Landscape 💰

🎰 Spirit Mountain Casino

🤝 Community Investment

🌳 Diversified Enterprises

Tomanowos: The Willamette Meteorite 🗿

✨ Sacred Significance

🤝 Historic Custody Agreement

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Tribal Identity

Federal Recognition and Scope

The Grand Ronde Reservation

Linguistic Diversity and Unity

Historical Trajectory

19th Century Resettlement and Land Policy

Termination and Restoration

Communication and Community

Cultural Heritage

Educational Initiatives

Traditional Practices and Arts

Revitalizing Language

Chinuk Wawa: A Living Legacy

Immersion and Preservation

Treaties and Agreements

Ratified Treaties

Unratified Treaties

Peace Treaties

Governance and Enrollment

Tribal Council Structure

Membership Criteria

Disenrollment Controversy

Economic Landscape

Spirit Mountain Casino

Community Investment

Diversified Enterprises

Tomanowos: The Willamette Meteorite

Sacred Significance

Historic Custody Agreement

Teacher's Corner

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Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice