How are cooperatives democratically controlled by their members?

Cooperatives are democratically controlled by their members, with each member typically having one vote in electing the board of directors. This ensures that power is distributed among the members rather than concentrated in the hands of a few.

How do cooperatives differ from collectives?

Cooperatives generally differ from collectives in that they are typically built from the bottom up, meaning they are initiated and managed by their members, whereas collectives can sometimes be established from the top down.

What are some of the main types of cooperatives mentioned in the text?

The text lists several types of cooperatives, including worker cooperatives (owned and managed by employees), consumer cooperatives (owned by customers), producer cooperatives (where producers pool output), purchasing cooperatives (members pool purchasing power), multi-stakeholder cooperatives (shared ownership among different groups), and platform cooperatives (using cooperatively owned digital platforms).

Approximately how many people worldwide were members of cooperatives in 2012?

In 2012, research indicated that approximately one billion people across 96 countries were members of at least one cooperative. This highlights the significant global reach of the cooperative model.

How do worker cooperatives compare to other business ownership models in terms of survival rates?

Worker cooperatives are generally more resilient than other forms of enterprise. Data from the UK suggests that 80% of co-operatives survive their first five years, compared to 44% for other business ownership models.

How do cooperatives often contribute to their communities?

Cooperatives frequently have social goals and aim to achieve them by investing a proportion of their trading profits back into the communities where they operate. For example, UK retail co-operatives invested a higher percentage of their pre-tax profits in their communities than rival supermarkets.

How can cooperatives be identified on the internet?

Since 2002, cooperatives have been distinguishable online through the use of a .coop domain. Additionally, since 2014, the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) introduced the Cooperative Marque, a symbol that ICA cooperatives and WOCCU credit unions can use to identify themselves.

Where do the roots of the cooperative movement trace back to?

Cooperation dates back to ancient human organization for mutual benefit, with tribes allocating jobs and resources. In an industrial context, the roots of the modern cooperative movement can be traced to pre-industrial Europe, with significant influences from the English-speaking world and the development of friendly societies based on mutuality.

What is considered the first successful cooperative enterprise and a model for modern co-ops?

The Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers, founded in 1844, is generally considered the first successful cooperative enterprise and served as a model for modern cooperatives by following the 'Rochdale Principles'.

What are the seven Rochdale Principles that many cooperatives follow?

The seven Rochdale Principles are: 1. Voluntary and open membership, 2. Democratic member control, 3. Economic participation by members, 4. Autonomy and independence, 5. Education, training, and information, 6. Cooperation among cooperatives, and 7. Concern for community.

What is the purpose of the .coop domain and the Cooperative Marque?

The .coop domain and the Cooperative Marque were developed to symbolize the global cooperative movement and its collective identity in the digital age. They are reserved for cooperatives and organizations that support them, signifying adherence to cooperative values and principles.

How are cooperatives defined as legal entities?

As legal entities, cooperatives are owned and democratically controlled by their members, who often have a close association with the enterprise as producers, consumers, or employees. Membership is typically open, and economic benefits are distributed based on participation rather than capital investment.

How do cooperatives distribute their surpluses compared to joint-stock companies?

Cooperatives share any surpluses based on each member's cooperative contribution (as a producer, laborer, or consumer), rather than according to the amount of financial capital invested, which is how joint-stock companies typically distribute profits.

What is cooperative share capital, and what are its characteristics?

Cooperative share capital is the capital accumulated from members' paid participation shares. This capital is usually non-withdrawable and indivisible among members, meaning members cannot easily take it out or split it up.

What are the three basic equity structures for housing cooperatives?

Housing cooperatives can have market-rate equity, limited equity, or group/zero equity structures. Market-rate allows members to sell shares at market value, limited equity caps the sale price, and zero-equity cooperatives do not allow members to own equity.

What services do utility cooperatives provide, and how are profits handled?

Utility cooperatives provide public utility services like electricity, water, or telecommunications to their members. Profits are typically reinvested into infrastructure or distributed to members as patronage dividends.

How do credit unions function as cooperatives?

Credit unions are cooperative financial institutions owned and controlled by their members, offering services similar to banks but operating as not-for-profit organizations and adhering to cooperative principles.

Who were the pioneers of credit unions in mid-19th century Germany?

Franz Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch and Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen were the pioneers of credit unions in mid-19th century Germany. Their concept later spread to North America.

What is the general market share of financial cooperatives in Europe?

Financial cooperatives hold a significant market share in Europe, with examples like Germany (37% in SMEs credit), France (45% in SMEs credit), and the Netherlands (34% of deposits held by Rabobank) showing their substantial presence in the banking sector.

What defines a worker cooperative?

A worker cooperative is defined by being owned and democratically controlled by its worker-owners. Typically, the majority of the workforce owns shares, and the majority of shares are owned by the workforce, operating on a one-person, one-vote basis.

What is notable about the Mondragon Corporation?

The Mondragon Corporation is highlighted as the largest worker-owned cooperative in the world, having been in continuous operation since 1956. It serves as a significant example of a successful, large-scale worker cooperative.

What is the innovative approach of Business and Employment Cooperatives (BECs)?

Business and Employment Cooperatives (BECs) are a type of worker cooperative that supports new businesses by allowing entrepreneurs to experiment with their ideas while receiving a secure income. Uniquely, entrepreneurs can remain members of the cooperative after their businesses are established, fostering a supportive collective framework.

What is the primary function of a purchasing cooperative?

A purchasing cooperative is a cooperative arrangement, often among businesses, that aggregates demand to secure lower prices from selected suppliers. Retailers' cooperatives are a specific form of purchasing cooperative.

What distinguishes producer cooperatives, and what are common examples?

Producer cooperatives have producers as their members and provide services related to moving products from production to consumption. Agricultural and fishery cooperatives are common examples, with agricultural marketing cooperatives often promoting specific commodities.

What is a key characteristic of multi-stakeholder cooperatives?

Multi-stakeholder cooperatives are characterized by including representation from different stakeholder groups, such as both consumers and workers, in their membership and governance. This allows for a broader range of interests to be considered.

What are the two types of Italian social cooperatives?

Italy has 'Type A' social cooperatives, which bring together providers and beneficiaries of social services, and 'Type B' social cooperatives, which integrate disadvantaged individuals into the labor market.

What is a SCIC and what are its key features?

A SCIC (Société coopérative d'intérêt collectif) is a type of multi-stakeholder cooperative structure in France, introduced in 1982. It requires at least three different categories of members, including users and employees, and must have a general interest objective.

How do New Generation Cooperatives (NGCs) adapt traditional cooperative structures?

New Generation Cooperatives (NGCs) adapt traditional cooperative structures for modern, capital-intensive industries, often described as a hybrid between co-ops and limited liability companies. They are common in Canada, primarily in agriculture, adding value to primary products.

What distinguishes platform cooperatives from venture capital-funded platforms?

Platform cooperatives are cooperatively owned and democratically governed businesses that use digital platforms to facilitate sales. They are an alternative to venture capital-funded platforms, as they are owned and governed by their workers, users, and other stakeholders, aiming for a more equitable digital economy.

What is a defining feature of open cooperatives?

A defining feature of open cooperatives is their embrace of 'cosmolocalism,' which involves circulating knowledge globally through digital commons while grounding production locally in shared infrastructures. They aim to balance economic sustainability with broader social and ecological goals.

What is the purpose of cooperative federations?

Cooperative federations, where members are themselves cooperatives, serve as a means to fulfill the principle of 'cooperation among cooperatives.' They strengthen the cooperative movement by working together through various structures.

What is the objective of a cooperative union?

The objective of a cooperative union, a type of cooperative federation, is to develop the spirit of solidarity among societies and exercise moral authority, rather than direct control. Examples include Co-operatives UK and the International Cooperative Alliance.

What is the purpose of cooperative political movements?

In countries with strong cooperative sectors, political groupings like the British Co-operative Party are formed to represent cooperative interests in government. These movements advocate for policies that support the cooperative model.

How do working conditions in cooperatives generally compare to regular firms?

Cooperatives are often perceived to offer better working conditions than regular firms, which is supported by research showing lower turnover rates. However, the nature of working conditions can vary, and some aspects, like work pressure, can be challenging.

What is the typical pay ratio in US cooperatives compared to large corporations?

In the US, 77% of cooperatives have a 1:1 or 2:1 top-to-bottom pay ratio, meaning the highest earner makes at most twice as much as the lowest earner. This contrasts sharply with large US corporations, which have an average CEO-to-worker pay ratio of 303:1.

How do changes in output prices affect wages in cooperatives versus conventional firms?

Research indicates that increases in output prices generally lead to a larger proportional increase in wages within worker cooperatives compared to conventional firms. This is because wealth distribution is more equitable in cooperatives.

What is a potential downside of wealth distribution in worker cooperatives regarding employment?

While worker cooperatives distribute wealth more broadly, this can sometimes limit their ability to hire new workers, potentially leading to a lower rate of job creation compared to conventional firms.

How do cooperatives generally perform in terms of job stability?

Cooperatives, particularly worker cooperatives, tend to offer more stable employment. Research shows lower turnover rates and jobs that are generally longer-term, reflecting a focus on protecting employment even during economic difficulties.

How do worker cooperatives adapt to economic crises compared to conventional firms?

Worker cooperatives demonstrate higher adaptability to crises by being more willing to adjust wages downwards to preserve employment, whereas conventional firms might prioritize maintaining margins by reducing staff.

What factors influence the level of internal democracy within a cooperative?

Internal democracy within cooperatives is influenced by factors such as the type of cooperative (e.g., worker cooperatives often have higher interaction), the size of the cooperative (smaller ones tend to be more democratic), and the clarity of decision-making processes.

What challenges can arise in larger cooperatives regarding internal democracy?

As cooperatives grow larger, member participation can decrease, leading to a potential deterioration of internal democracy and working conditions. This can result in 'managerialism,' where officials' interests may diverge from those of the general membership.

What factors contribute to high job satisfaction in worker cooperatives?

High job satisfaction in worker cooperatives is attributed to intrinsic factors like reduced gaps between task conception and execution, increased task significance, skill development, and extrinsic factors such as a shared business culture, confidence in management, and collective decision-making.

What potential negative impacts on mental health can arise in cooperatives?

Despite overall job satisfaction, some aspects of cooperative work can be detrimental to mental health. These include perceived increased work pressure from colleagues and potential conflicts arising from ambiguous relationships due to equal decision-making positions.

What is the general trend regarding women's representation in cooperatives?

Despite cooperatives' values of equality and solidarity, women often suffer from disproportionately low representation in membership, and even lower representation in leadership and managerial positions, due to traditional gender norms and cultural practices.

What are some examples of patriarchal behaviors found within cooperatives?

Patriarchal behaviors can manifest as non-open decision-making where men dominate leadership spaces, exclusionary leadership practices that limit women's election chances, and interpersonal issues like patronizing behavior or distrust of women's capabilities from male colleagues.

How have cooperatives appeared in popular culture?

Cooperatives have seeped into popular culture, appearing in literature like Ken Follett's 'Fall of Giants,' in board games like 'Co-opoly: The Game of Cooperatives,' and in television series like HBO's 'The Wire,' reflecting their growing presence and impact.

How do cooperatives generally perform economically compared to conventional firms?

Research generally indicates that worker cooperatives are more productive and economically stable than conventional firms. They tend to have longer life spans and higher survival rates, especially during economic crises.

What is the main advantage and potential disadvantage of self-financing for cooperatives?

The main advantage of self-financing is that it frees the cooperative from outside influence and debt. However, the capacity for expansion might be constrained by the limited availability of internal capital.

Besides member contributions, what other forms of financing can cooperatives utilize?

Cooperatives can also access financing through social loans, proceeds from assets, balance sheet asset conversions, financial grants, donations, crowdfunding, challenge grants, and various forms of equity investments, though equity investments are often limited to align with cooperative principles.

What are the primary ways cooperatives redistribute their profits?

Cooperatives typically redistribute profits through capital reinvestment (to grow the business), patronage refunds (distributed to members based on their participation), and dividends to shareholders (usually limited to maintain patronage refund potential). A portion is also often saved as a 'cushion fund.'

Cooperative Wiki: The Cooperative Nexus: Pillars of Shared Enterprise

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What is a Cooperative?

Definition of a Cooperative

A cooperative is defined as an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise.¹ This structure fundamentally differs from traditional corporations by prioritizing member needs and democratic participation over capital investment.²

Democratic Control

Cooperatives are characterized by democratic member control, typically operating on a "one member, one vote" principle.² This ensures that decision-making power is distributed equitably among members, regardless of their level of capital contribution or involvement, fostering a bottom-up organizational approach.³

Global Reach and Impact

The cooperative model has a significant global presence, with approximately one billion individuals worldwide participating in cooperatives.⁴ The collective turnover of the largest cooperatives demonstrates their substantial economic influence, reaching trillions of dollars annually.⁵

Origins and Historical Development

Ancient Roots and Early Forms

The practice of cooperation dates back to ancient human societies, with early tribes organizing for mutual benefit and resource allocation.^{[citation needed]} Pre-industrial Europe saw the emergence of early cooperatives, particularly in alpine regions for infrastructure maintenance and in communities for mutual support.¹⁰¹¹

The British Cooperative Movement

In the English-speaking world, the modern cooperative movement gained momentum in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Influenced by social reformers like Robert Owen, early initiatives focused on mutual aid and improved labor standards. The Fenwick Weavers' Society (1761) and the Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers (1844) are seminal examples, establishing principles that continue to guide cooperatives today.¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶

Global Expansion and Influence

The cooperative model spread globally, influencing various sectors from finance to agriculture. Key figures like Alphonse Desjardins in Canada and Franz Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch in Germany were instrumental in establishing credit unions and producer cooperatives.¹⁹²⁰ The International Cooperative Alliance (ICA), founded in 1895, remains a central body promoting cooperative development worldwide.²⁶

Core Cooperative Principles

The Rochdale Principles

The foundational framework for modern cooperatives is based on the Rochdale Principles, established by the Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers. These principles guide the ethical and operational standards of cooperatives globally.

Voluntary and Open Membership
Democratic Member Control
Member Economic Participation
Autonomy and Independence
Education, Training, and Information
Cooperation Among Cooperatives
Concern for Community

These principles emphasize inclusivity, democratic governance, equitable economic participation, self-reliance, education, collaboration, and community engagement.

Diverse Forms of Cooperatives

Worker Cooperatives

Owned and managed by the individuals who work within them, worker cooperatives prioritize employee well-being and participation in decision-making. They often exhibit higher productivity and greater economic resilience compared to conventional businesses.⁶⁷

Consumer Cooperatives

These businesses are owned by their customers, who benefit from lower prices and shared profits. Retail cooperatives, such as grocery stores, are a prominent example, with many holding significant market share in various countries.⁵⁰⁵¹⁵²

Housing Cooperatives

Housing cooperatives provide residents with ownership stakes in their dwellings, either through share capital or membership rights. They can be structured as market-rate, limited-equity, or zero-equity models, often contributing to affordable housing initiatives.⁴⁹

Producer & Purchasing Cooperatives

Producer cooperatives enable producers (e.g., farmers, artisans) to pool resources for collective benefit, such as marketing or acquiring supplies. Purchasing cooperatives, often among businesses, aggregate demand to secure better prices from suppliers.⁵⁶

Multi-stakeholder Cooperatives

These hybrid models integrate various stakeholder groups—workers, consumers, community members, or investors—into a shared ownership and governance structure. Italian social cooperatives and French SCICs are notable examples, balancing economic goals with social impact.⁵⁹

Platform Cooperatives

Emerging in the digital age, platform cooperatives utilize technology to create cooperatively owned and governed digital marketplaces. They offer an alternative to traditional platform economies, distributing value among workers, users, and stakeholders.⁶³

Governance and Legal Frameworks

Legal Entities and Share Capital

Cooperatives function as distinct legal entities, democratically controlled by their members. Cooperative capital is accumulated through member participation shares, which are typically non-withdrawable and indivisible, ensuring long-term financial stability and preventing speculative capital investment.³⁹⁴⁴

Internal Democracy

Effective internal democracy is crucial for cooperatives. This involves ensuring equitable access to information, fostering open debate, and rotating leadership roles. Challenges arise with scale, where larger cooperatives may need structured mechanisms to prevent managerialism and maintain member participation.⁷⁸⁷⁹

Legal Status of Workers

The legal classification of cooperative workers—whether as employees or self-employed members—is a subject of ongoing debate. Some argue for a distinct legal status for cooperative members to better reflect their unique relationship with the enterprise and ensure fair labor practices.⁸¹

Economic Performance and Resilience

Enhanced Productivity

Research indicates that worker cooperatives often achieve higher productivity levels than conventional firms. This is attributed to increased employee commitment, motivation stemming from participation in decision-making, and higher job satisfaction.⁸⁷⁸⁸

Economic Stability

Cooperatives demonstrate remarkable economic resilience, particularly during financial crises. Studies show lower failure rates and a greater capacity to withstand economic downturns compared to traditional businesses, partly due to risk-sharing among members and democratic governance structures that mitigate perverse incentives.⁷⁹⁰

Survival Rates

Data consistently shows that cooperatives have significantly higher survival rates. For instance, in the UK, cooperatives are more than twice as likely to survive their first five years compared to other business ownership models.⁷ Similar trends are observed in North America and Europe.⁹²⁹⁷

Working Conditions and Wages

Equitable Wages and Pay Ratios

Cooperatives typically feature more equitable wage structures, with significantly lower pay ratios between top management and frontline workers compared to conventional corporations. This reflects a commitment to distributing wealth more broadly among members.⁷⁰

Stability of Employment

The emphasis on member well-being translates into greater job stability. Cooperatives tend to have lower employee turnover rates and are more inclined to protect employment during economic downturns, often through wage adjustments or internal redeployment rather than layoffs.⁷⁰⁷⁴

Addressing Labor Fraud

While cooperatives aim for fair labor practices, the potential for misuse exists. Some entities may adopt cooperative structures to circumvent labor regulations or collective agreements, leading to concerns about labor fraud. Robust oversight and adherence to cooperative principles are essential to prevent such practices.⁷⁴⁸³

Financing Models and Resources

Self-Financing and Member Capital

Cooperatives primarily rely on self-financing through member contributions. This capital base provides financial independence and stability, though it can sometimes limit expansion capacity. Alternative models involve deferred contributions or wage retention to facilitate membership.⁹⁹

Cooperative Resources

Beyond member capital, cooperatives generate funds through gross profits from their operations and proceeds from asset management. This diversified approach to resource generation supports both operational needs and potential reinvestment.⁹⁹

Social Loans and Grants

In specific circumstances, cooperatives may access social loans or financial grants to support their initiatives. These external funding sources can supplement internal capital, particularly for community-focused projects or startups.⁹⁹

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References

Ä½udovÃt Å tÃºr: HospodÃ¡rsky Ãºstav v SobotiÅ¡ti, Orol tatranski 3. 2. 1846, Ä. 20

Rothschild, J., Allen-Whitt, J. (1986) The cooperative workplace, Cambridge University Press, Chapter 1.

Cobia, David, editor, Cooperatives in Agriculture, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1989), p. 50.

Monzon, J. L. & Chaves, R. (2008) "The European Social Economy: Concept and Dimensions of the Third Sector", Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 79(3/4): 549â577.

In 2011 the official total was 11,264: ISTAT, 9Â° Censimento dell'industria e dei servizi (Roma, 2011)

Ian Clarke, (2000) "Retail power, competition and local consumer choice in the UK grocery sector", European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 34 Iss: 8, pp.975 â 1002

Corcoran, H.; Wilson, D. (2010). The Worker Co-operative Movements in Italy, Mondragon and France: Context, Success Factors and Lessons. Canadian Worker Cooperative Federation FÃ©dÃ©ration Canadienne des CoopÃ©ratives de Travail

Publication 1779 (Rev. 3-2023) Catalog Number 16134L Department of the Treasury Internal Revenue Service www.irs.gov

Fakhfakh, Fathi, Virginie PÃ©rotin and MÃ³nica Gago, "Productivity, capital and labor in labormanaged and conventional firms", Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 65 (4), 2012, 847â878.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Cooperative Wikipedia page

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This is not financial or legal advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional financial consultation, legal advice, or business planning. Always seek the advice of qualified professionals for specific financial, legal, or business matters related to cooperatives or any business venture. Never disregard professional advice because of something you have read on this website.

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The Cooperative Nexus

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

What is a Cooperative? ℹ️

🤝 Definition of a Cooperative

🏛️ Democratic Control

📈 Global Reach and Impact

Origins and Historical Development 📜

⏳ Ancient Roots and Early Forms

🇬🇧 The British Cooperative Movement

🌍 Global Expansion and Influence

Core Cooperative Principles 💡

📜 The Rochdale Principles

Diverse Forms of Cooperatives 🧩

🧑‍💻 Worker Cooperatives

🛒 Consumer Cooperatives

🏠 Housing Cooperatives

🚜 Producer & Purchasing Cooperatives

⚖️ Multi-stakeholder Cooperatives

💻 Platform Cooperatives

Governance and Legal Frameworks ⚖️

📜 Legal Entities and Share Capital

🗳️ Internal Democracy

⚖️ Legal Status of Workers

Economic Performance and Resilience 📊

🚀 Enhanced Productivity

🛡️ Economic Stability

📈 Survival Rates

Working Conditions and Wages 💼

💰 Equitable Wages and Pay Ratios

🔒 Stability of Employment

⚖️ Addressing Labor Fraud

Financing Models and Resources 🏦

🌱 Self-Financing and Member Capital

📈 Cooperative Resources

🤝 Social Loans and Grants

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

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References

📜 References

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

What is a Cooperative?

Definition of a Cooperative

Democratic Control

Global Reach and Impact

Origins and Historical Development

Ancient Roots and Early Forms

The British Cooperative Movement

Global Expansion and Influence

Core Cooperative Principles

The Rochdale Principles

Diverse Forms of Cooperatives

Worker Cooperatives

Consumer Cooperatives

Housing Cooperatives

Producer & Purchasing Cooperatives

Multi-stakeholder Cooperatives

Platform Cooperatives

Governance and Legal Frameworks

Legal Entities and Share Capital

Internal Democracy

Legal Status of Workers

Economic Performance and Resilience

Enhanced Productivity

Economic Stability

Survival Rates

Working Conditions and Wages

Equitable Wages and Pay Ratios

Stability of Employment

Addressing Labor Fraud

Financing Models and Resources

Self-Financing and Member Capital

Cooperative Resources

Social Loans and Grants

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice