What is the crucifixion of Jesus?

The crucifixion of Jesus refers to his death by being nailed to a cross, an event described in the canonical Gospels and other ancient sources. It is considered a central event in Christian theology, symbolizing salvation and atonement.

When and where did the crucifixion of Jesus likely occur?

The crucifixion of Jesus likely occurred in 1st-century Judaea, within the Roman Empire, with scholars generally dating it to AD 30 or AD 33. This period aligns with the governorship of Pontius Pilate.

What is the scholarly consensus regarding the historicity of Jesus's crucifixion?

Scholars almost universally accept the historicity of Jesus's crucifixion, although there is no consensus on the specific details of the event. This widespread agreement is supported by multiple ancient sources, both Christian and non-Christian.

According to the canonical Gospels, what sequence of events led to Jesus's crucifixion?

The canonical Gospels describe Jesus's arrest, trial by the Sanhedrin, sentencing by Pontius Pilate, scourging, and finally crucifixion by the Romans. These events are collectively known as the Passion of Jesus.

What theological significance does the crucifixion hold in Christianity?

The crucifixion of Jesus, along with his resurrection, is a central aspect of Christian theology concerning the doctrines of salvation and atonement. Christians believe this sacrifice restored humanity's relationship with God, offering new life and the promise of eternal life.

Who is the earliest surviving source to document Jesus's crucifixion?

Paul is the earliest surviving source, apart from the Gospels, to document Jesus's crucifixion. His epistles provide chronological evidence that scholars use to help date the event.

How do the Synoptic Gospels describe Jesus predicting his own death?

The Synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark, and Luke) mention Jesus predicting his death in three separate instances within their narratives. These predictions are seen by scholars as significant elements of the Passion narrative.

What common sequence of events related to the crucifixion is found in all four canonical Gospels?

All four canonical Gospels conclude with an extended narrative detailing Jesus's arrest, his trials before the Sanhedrin and Pilate's court, his flogging, condemnation, carrying his cross (with Simon of Cyrene's help in the Synoptics), crucifixion, entombment, and resurrection. These accounts are treated with significant detail, often providing an almost hour-by-hour account.

What did Jesus refuse to drink at Golgotha, according to the Synoptic Gospels?

According to the Gospel of Mark and the Gospel of Matthew, Jesus refused to drink the wine mixed with myrrh or gall that was offered to him. This refusal is presented as part of his suffering and acceptance of his fate.

What was the inscription placed on the cross, and in what languages was it written, according to the Gospel of John?

The inscription placed above Jesus's head stated "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews." The Gospel of John specifies that this sign was written in three languages: Hebrew, Latin, and Greek, to be understood by a wider audience.

What significant event occurred after Jesus's death, as described in the Gospel of John, involving a soldier?

The Gospel of John describes a soldier piercing Jesus's side with a spear after his death to ensure he was truly deceased. From this wound, blood and water gushed out, an event sometimes interpreted symbolically.

What are the "seven statements" mentioned in relation to Jesus on the cross?

The Bible describes seven specific statements that Jesus made while he was on the cross. These sayings offer insights into his thoughts and feelings during his final moments.

What supernatural events are described as occurring during Jesus's crucifixion in the Synoptic Gospels?

The Synoptic Gospels mention several supernatural events during the crucifixion, including a three-hour period of darkness over the land, the tearing of the temple veil from top to bottom, and in Matthew's account, an earthquake and the resurrection of dead saints. These events are often interpreted as signifying the profound impact of Jesus's death.

Who is mentioned in the Synoptic Gospels as having carried Jesus's cross?

The three Synoptic Gospels mention Simon of Cyrene, a man from North Africa, whom the Roman soldiers compelled to carry the cross after Jesus initially carried it but then collapsed. This act highlights the physical burden and suffering Jesus endured.

What unique detail does the Gospel of Luke provide regarding Jesus's interaction with mourners?

The Gospel of Luke uniquely records Jesus speaking to women who were mourning him, telling them not to weep for him but for themselves and their children. He also spoke a proverb about the wood being green versus dry to illustrate future suffering.

What did the Gospel of John state about the soldiers' actions regarding Jesus's legs?

The Gospel of John states that the Roman soldiers did not break Jesus's legs, unlike the two other crucified men. This was because Jesus was already dead, and the soldiers' actions were seen by some as fulfilling Old Testament prophecy.

What is the significance of the name "Calvary" for the crucifixion site?

"Calvary" is derived from the Latin word *calvaria*, meaning "skull." This name is a translation of the Aramaic word *Golgotha*, which the Gospels identify as the place of Jesus's crucifixion, though the exact reason for the name is debated.

What are the two most popularly suggested modern sites for the crucifixion location in Jerusalem?

The two most popularly suggested modern sites for the crucifixion are the traditional location within the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and a second site, known as Gordon's Calvary, located north of the Old City near the Garden Tomb. Both sites have historical and archaeological considerations supporting them.

Who were the women mentioned as being present at the crucifixion in the Gospels?

The Gospels mention several women present at the crucifixion, including Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James, Mary of Clopas, and the mother of Zebedee's sons. The Gospel of John also specifically mentions the mother of Jesus being present.

What non-Christian sources from antiquity reference the crucifixion of Jesus?

Non-Christian sources that reference the crucifixion of Jesus include the writings of Mara Bar-Serapion, Josephus (in the *Antiquities of the Jews*), Tacitus (in *The Annals*), and Lucian (in *Passing of Peregrinus*). These sources are considered valuable for corroborating the historical event.

What did the Jewish historian Josephus write about Jesus's crucifixion in his work *Antiquities of the Jews*?

Josephus wrote that Jesus was crucified by Pilate, stating that Jesus was a wise man who drew many followers and that Pilate, at the suggestion of the principal men, condemned him to the cross. While this passage, the *Testimonium Flavianum*, is believed to contain later interpolations, scholars generally agree it originally referred to Jesus's execution by Pilate.

How did the Roman historian Tacitus refer to Jesus's crucifixion in *The Annals*?

Tacitus, writing around AD 116, described the persecution of Christians by Nero and stated that "Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus." This is considered a significant independent Roman confirmation of the crucifixion.

What is the "criterion of embarrassment" used by scholars to support the historicity of the crucifixion?

The criterion of embarrassment suggests that early Christians would not have invented a story about their leader dying a shameful and painful death on a cross, as this would have been a significant embarrassment. Therefore, the painful death of Jesus is considered a strong indicator of its historical reality.

What archaeological discovery in 1968 provided evidence for the manner of crucifixion?

In 1968, the discovery of the remains of Yehohanan ben Hagkol, a crucified man dated to the 1st century AD near Jerusalem, provided archaeological evidence supporting the Gospel accounts of crucifixion. The analysis of his remains indicated he died around AD 70, roughly consistent with the descriptions of Jesus's crucifixion.

What is the scholarly consensus on the date of the crucifixion, and what are the commonly proposed years?

While there is no consensus on the exact date, scholars generally agree the crucifixion occurred on a Friday near Passover (Nisan 14) during Pontius Pilate's governorship (AD 26-36). Commonly proposed years fall within the range of AD 30-33, with AD 30 and AD 33 being frequently cited.

What is the significance of the "suffering servant" prophecy in Isaiah 53?

The prophecy of the suffering servant in Isaiah 53 is considered by Christians to foretell the suffering and death of Jesus. It is seen as a key Old Testament passage that describes a figure who would bear the sins of many and be wounded for their transgressions.

What is the theological significance of Jesus's death as a "sacrifice" in the Gospel of John?

In the Gospel of John, Jesus's death is presented as a sacrifice for sin, echoing John the Baptist's declaration of Jesus as the "Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world." This highlights the salvific aspect of his death.

What is the historical context of the "criterion of multiple attestation" in evaluating New Testament narratives?

The criterion of multiple attestation is a method used by scholars to assess the historicity of events in the New Testament. It suggests that an event is more likely to be historical if it is confirmed by more than one independent source, including non-Christian accounts.

What is the theological significance of Jesus's death and resurrection for Christians?

The primary theological significance is that Jesus's death and resurrection are believed to have restored humanity's relationship with God. This act allows people to be reunited with God, receive power, experience His love and grace, and gain the confidence of eternal life.

What is the "Christus Victor" view of atonement in Eastern Orthodox Christianity?

Christus Victor is a view of atonement, particularly prominent in Eastern Orthodox Christianity, which emphasizes Jesus's victory over death and Satan through his crucifixion and resurrection. This victory liberates humanity from sin and death, allowing for reconciliation with God through repentance and faith.

What is the significance of the blood and water flowing from Jesus's side, according to the Gospel of John?

The Gospel of John mentions blood and water flowing from Jesus's pierced side, a detail interpreted by some physicians as evidence of cardiac rupture and by theologians as symbolizing the sacraments of Baptism and the Eucharist. This event is seen as a profound theological moment.

What is the "criterion of coherence" in historical Jesus studies?

The criterion of coherence is used to determine the historicity of events by assessing whether they fit logically and consistently with other established historical facts and contexts. If an event aligns with the known historical circumstances, it is considered more likely to be authentic.

What did the Gospel of Matthew uniquely report about the events following Jesus's death?

The Gospel of Matthew uniquely reports an earthquake, the splitting of rocks, and the resurrection of dead saints who appeared in Jerusalem. These extraordinary occurrences are presented as signs accompanying Jesus's death.

What is the significance of the darkness described in the Synoptic Gospels during the crucifixion?

The darkness described in the Synoptic Gospels, lasting from the sixth to the ninth hour, is seen as a dramatic event emphasizing the cosmic significance of Jesus's death. While debated whether it was a literal eclipse, it is often interpreted as a literary device to convey the profound impact of the crucifixion.

What is the traditional understanding of the "three days and three nights" mentioned in Matthew 12:40?

The traditional understanding of "three days and three nights" in Matthew 12:40 is that it refers to the period between Jesus's crucifixion on Friday and his resurrection on Sunday. However, some scholars suggest it was a Jewish idiom referring to parts of three days, consistent with a Friday crucifixion and Sunday resurrection.

What is the historical context of the "criterion of multiple attestation" in evaluating New Testament narratives?

The criterion of multiple attestation is a method used by scholars to assess the historicity of events in the New Testament. It suggests that an event is more likely to be historical if it is confirmed by more than one independent source, including non-Christian accounts.

What is the Islamic view on the crucifixion of Jesus, as stated in the Quran?

According to the Quran (4:157-158), Muslims believe that Jesus was not killed or crucified, but rather that it only appeared so to his enemies. They believe Allah raised Jesus to Himself, implying someone else was made to appear like Jesus and was crucified in his place.

How did some early Gnostic sects deny the reality of Jesus's crucifixion?

Some early Gnostic sects, believing Jesus did not possess a physical body, denied that he truly suffered or died on the cross. They viewed his physical existence and suffering as mere illusions or semblances.

What do the Nag Hammadi manuscripts suggest about who was crucified instead of Jesus?

According to the "First Apocalypse of James" from the Nag Hammadi library, Jesus appeared to James after his crucifixion and stated that he himself did not suffer, but rather a "figure of the rulers" was crucified in his place. This suggests a substitution occurred.

What is the significance of the "Extra Calvinisticum" in Christology?

The "Extra Calvinisticum" is a concept in Christology, particularly within Reformed theology, that addresses the relationship between Christ's divine and human natures. It suggests that even in his human incarnation, Christ retained his divine attributes and authority, a concept debated among theologians.

What is the "Communicatio idiomatum" in Christology?

The *Communicatio idiomatum* (communication of properties) is a Christological doctrine that explains how the attributes of Christ's divine and human natures can be predicated of the one person of Jesus Christ. It addresses how divine actions can be attributed to the human Jesus and vice versa, without confusion of the natures.

What is the prevailing Christian belief regarding the instrument of Jesus's execution?

Most Christians believe the instrument was the traditional two-beamed cross, a structure formed by a vertical beam and a horizontal crossbeam. This belief is supported by early Christian writings and artistic depictions throughout history.

What is the theological significance of the "Lamb of God" title given to Jesus in the Gospel of John?

The title "Lamb of God" in the Gospel of John, proclaimed by John the Baptist, signifies Jesus's role as a sacrificial offering for the sins of the world. This highlights the salvific aspect of his death.

What is the "criterion of dissimilarity" in historical Jesus studies?

The criterion of dissimilarity suggests that events or sayings attributed to Jesus are more likely historical if they are dissimilar to the beliefs and practices of both Judaism and the early Church. Jesus being considered an enemy of the state, leading to his crucifixion, fits this criterion.

What is the Catholic Church's stance on the "Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ"?

The Catholic Church teaches that the Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ are a duty for Catholics, representing a form of compensation for the "injury" done to Christ through human sin. Pope Pius XI defined these acts as a response to the suffering Jesus continues to endure.

What is the significance of the "suffering servant" prophecy in Isaiah 53?

The prophecy of the suffering servant in Isaiah 53 is considered by Christians to foretell the suffering and death of Jesus. It is seen as a key Old Testament passage that describes a figure who would bear the sins of many and be wounded for their transgressions.

What is the "Johannine agent Christology"?

Johannine "agent Christology" refers to the understanding of Jesus in the Gospel of John as God's agent or servant. His submission to crucifixion is viewed as a sacrifice made for eventual victory, emphasizing his obedience to the Father's plan.

What is the Catholic Church's stance on the concept of Jewish deicide in relation to Jesus's crucifixion?

The Catholic Church denounces the idea of Jewish deicide, teaching that all sinners, including Christians who sin knowingly, are responsible for Jesus's crucifixion. It emphasizes that personal guilt is greater when sin is committed with knowledge of Christ's sacrifice.

What is Docetism in the context of early Christianity?

Docetism is a doctrine in early Christianity that asserted Jesus's historical and bodily existence, including his suffering and death, was merely a semblance or illusion without true reality. Docetists denied that Jesus could have truly suffered and died.

What do the Nag Hammadi manuscripts suggest about who was crucified instead of Jesus?

According to the "First Apocalypse of James" from the Nag Hammadi library, Jesus appeared to James after his crucifixion and stated that he himself did not suffer, but rather a "figure of the rulers" was crucified in his place. This suggests a substitution occurred.

What is the traditional understanding of the "three days and three nights" mentioned in Matthew 12:40?

The traditional understanding of "three days and three nights" in Matthew 12:40 is that it refers to the period between Jesus's crucifixion on Friday and his resurrection on Sunday. However, some scholars suggest it was a Jewish idiom referring to parts of three days, consistent with a Friday crucifixion and Sunday resurrection.

Crucifixion Of Jesus Wiki: The Crucifixion: A Historical and Theological Examination

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Overview

The Central Event

The crucifixion of Jesus represents the execution of Jesus by nailing him to a cross. This pivotal event occurred in 1st-century Judaea, with scholarly consensus pointing to AD 30 or AD 33. The canonical Gospels provide detailed accounts, corroborated by early New Testament epistles and later historical sources, establishing its historicity, though specific details remain subjects of scholarly discussion.^{[note 1]}

Condemnation and Execution

According to the Gospels, Jesus was arrested, tried by the Sanhedrin, and subsequently sentenced by Pontius Pilate. The sentence involved scourging and crucifixion by Roman authorities. The Gospel of John specifically frames Jesus's death as a sacrificial act for the atonement of sins.^[8]

Foundation of Faith

The suffering and redemptive death of Jesus through crucifixion are central tenets of Christian theology, forming the basis for doctrines of salvation and atonement. This event, coupled with his resurrection, is understood by Christians to restore humanity's relationship with God, offering new life and the promise of eternal life.^[217]

New Testament Narratives

Canonical Accounts

The four canonical Gospels—Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John—offer the most detailed narratives of Jesus's crucifixion. These accounts collectively describe his arrest, trials before the Sanhedrin and Pontius Pilate, scourging, carrying of the cross (with assistance from Simon of Cyrene), crucifixion at Golgotha, and eventual entombment and resurrection. Scholars note the intense, almost hour-by-hour detail provided for this period.^[14]

Last Words and Events

The Gospels record Jesus speaking seven distinct statements from the cross. These include prayers for forgiveness, reassurances to the penitent thief, and expressions of thirst and completion. The accounts also detail supernatural events such as darkness, earthquakes, the tearing of the Temple veil, and the resurrection of saints, though these are primarily found in Matthew and Mark.^[180]

Witnesses and Participants

The Gospel narratives mention various individuals present at the crucifixion. These include the women who followed Jesus from Galilee (Mary Magdalene, Mary mother of James, Mary of Clopas, and others), the chief priests, scribes, elders, Roman soldiers, a centurion, passers-by, bystanders, and the two criminals crucified alongside Jesus. Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus are noted for their roles in Jesus's burial.^[126]

External Accounts

Early Non-Christian References

Beyond the biblical texts, early non-Christian sources provide corroborating evidence. Mara Bar-Serapion, writing after AD 73, likely refers to the execution of the "wise king of the Jews."^[49] Jewish historian Josephus, in his *Antiquities of the Jews* (c. AD 93), states that Jesus was crucified by Pilate.^[54] Roman historian Tacitus, in *The Annals* (c. AD 116), also records Pilate ordering Jesus's execution.^[54]

Later Mentions

The 2nd-century satirist Lucian mentions the crucifixion of Jesus in his letter *Passing of Peregrinus*, referring to Christians worshipping "a man... who was crucified on that account."^[65] Philosopher Celsus, an opponent of Christianity, also references the crucifixion, noting that those who crucified Jesus suffered no immediate retribution.^[67] The Babylonian Talmud contains a passage likely referring to Jesus's execution, mentioning "Yeshu" being hanged on the eve of Passover.^[69]

Islamic Perspective

Islamic tradition, based on interpretations of the Quran (4:157-158), holds that Jesus was neither killed nor crucified, but that it only appeared so to his persecutors. Muslims believe Allah raised Jesus to Himself.^[73]

Gnostic Views

Certain early Gnostic sects, denying Jesus's physical substance, rejected the reality of his crucifixion. Ignatius of Antioch, in response, emphasized the physical reality of Jesus's birth and crucifixion, stating that those who claimed Jesus only seemed to suffer were not true Christians.^[74]

Scholarly Consensus

Established Fact

The baptism of Jesus and his crucifixion are widely considered by scholars of the historical Jesus to be the two most historically certain facts about his life. The historicity of the crucifixion is supported by multiple criteria, including the criterion of embarrassment (Christians would not invent a humiliating death for their leader), multiple attestation (corroboration across various sources, including non-Christian ones), and coherence with other historical data.^[78]

Archaeological Evidence

While most evidence for crucifixion is literary, archaeological findings have provided confirmatory support. The discovery of the remains of Yehohanan ben Hagkol, a man crucified around AD 70, near Jerusalem, offered insights into the Roman practice of crucifixion consistent with Gospel descriptions.^[88] Another find, a heel bone with a spike, further supports the historical reality of crucifixion during the Roman period.

Interpretations and Context

While the fact of the crucifixion is broadly accepted, scholars debate the specific context and Jesus's own foreknowledge of his death. Some argue Jesus did not predict his crucifixion, viewing such predictions as later theological developments, while others maintain that Jesus did anticipate his violent end.^[84]

Chronology and Manner

Dating the Event

Scholarly consensus places the crucifixion on a Friday, likely between AD 30 and AD 33, aligning with the Passover period. While Friday is the most common estimate, alternative theories suggest Thursday or Wednesday based on interpretations of biblical chronology and Jewish customs, such as the concept of a "double Sabbath."^[92]

Location and Path

The crucifixion occurred at Golgotha, a site outside the city walls of Jerusalem, accessible to onlookers. The traditional location is within the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, while a second site, Gordon's Calvary near the Garden Tomb, is also proposed. The path Jesus took, known as the Via Dolorosa, is marked by stations commemorating the events.^[119]

Method and Instruments

While early Christian writings consistently describe a two-beamed cross, the exact method of execution—whether by nails or ropes—is debated. Theories suggest nails were driven through the wrists or forearms to support the body's weight. The number of nails used (three or four) and the presence of a foot support (hypopodium) are also subjects of discussion and artistic interpretation.^[142]

Extraordinary Occurrences

Biblical accounts mention several phenomena during the crucifixion: a three-hour darkness over the land (from noon to 3 p.m.), the tearing of the Temple veil, an earthquake, and the opening of tombs with the resurrection of saints. These events are interpreted by scholars as literary devices to emphasize the theological significance of the crucifixion, drawing on ancient traditions of celestial phenomena accompanying the death of important figures.^[193]

Medical Aspects

Cardiovascular Collapse

Prominent theories suggest Jesus died from profound shock and cardiovascular collapse. The scourging, beatings, and the physical strain of crucifixion likely led to severe dehydration and exhaustion, culminating in hypovolemic shock. The presence of pericardial fluid, suggested by the Gospel of John's mention of blood and water from Jesus's side, supports the theory of cardiac rupture.^[206]

Pathological Analysis

Forensic pathologists have analyzed the potential physiological effects of crucifixion. Studies suggest that the body's position on the cross would have caused immense strain, potentially leading to asphyxia. The ability of Jesus to speak his last words is attributed to voluntary muscle relaxation to gain air, a process that would have been agonizing.^[213]

Carrying the Cross

The physical exertion of carrying the cross along the Via Dolorosa, especially after extensive preceding suffering, has been medically analyzed. Studies examining the forces involved in suspension and the potential for carrying such a weight suggest the immense physical toll, supporting the narrative of Simon of Cyrene's intervention.^[214]

Theological Significance

Atonement and Reconciliation

Central to Christian belief is that Jesus's death on the cross served as a sacrifice, reconciling humanity with God. This act is seen as fulfilling Old Testament prophecies, such as those in Isaiah 53, concerning the suffering servant. Through his death and resurrection, Christians believe access is restored to God's presence, love, and grace, securing eternal life.^[217]

Christological Interpretation

The crucifixion is a cornerstone of Christology, the study of the nature and person of Christ. The event is interpreted as the fulfillment of messianic prophecies, particularly those related to the "Lamb of God" who takes away the sin of the world. The concept of Jesus as God's agent, submitting to death for eventual victory, is a key theme in Johannine theology.^[224]

Symbol of Sacrifice

The crucifixion remains the most profound symbol of Christian faith, representing ultimate sacrifice, love, and redemption. The imagery of the cross is pervasive in Christian art, liturgy, and theology, signifying both the suffering endured and the triumph over death.^[221]

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References

Eddy & Boyd 2007, p. 172. "...if there is any fact of Jesus's life that has been established by a broad consensus, it is the fact of Jesus's crucifixion..

Mark 15:25

Mark 15:34â37

1 Corinthians 15:4

In some manuscripts of Luke, these words are omitted. Annotation Nieuwe Bijbelvertaling (2004).

Lucian, Passing of Peregrinus, 11â13

L. Patterson, "Origin of the Name Panthera", JTS 19 (1917â18), pp. 79â80, cited in Meier, p. 107 n. 48

Rainer Riesner, Paul's Early Period: Chronology, Mission Strategy, Theology (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1998), p. 58.

Cyclopaedia of Biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical literature: Volume 7 John McClintock, James Strong â 1894 "... he lay in the grave on the 15th (which was a 'high day' or double Sabbath, because the weekly Sabbath coincided ..."

Jn. 19:17

Lk. 23:28â31

Luke 23:46 and 23:55

Notes and Queries, Volume July 6 â December 1852, London, page 252

Mk. 15:40

Matthew 27:55â56

Mark 15:27, Matthew 27:38

Matthew 27:54, Mark 15:39

Mark 15:29, Matthew 27:39

John 19:23â24, 19:32â34

Epistle of Barnabas, 9:7â8

Lk. 23:34

Lk. 23:43

Lk. 23:46

Jn. 19:25â27

Jn. 19:28

Jn. 19:30

David Anderson-Berry, 1871 The Seven Sayings of Christ on the Cross, Glasgow: Pickering & Inglis Publishers

Rev. John Edmunds, 1855 The seven sayings of Christ on the cross Thomas Hatchford Publishers, London, p. 26

Simon Peter Long, 1966 The wounded Word: A brief meditation on the seven sayings of Christ on the cross Baker Books

Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. "John" pp. 302â310

Edwin Keith Broadhead Prophet, Son, Messiah: Narrative Form and Function in Mark (Continuum, 1994) p. 196.

Schaefer, B. E. (July 1991). Glare and celestial visibility. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 103, 645â660.

David E. Garland, Reading Matthew: A Literary and Theological Commentary on the First Gospel (Smyth & Helwys Publishing, 1999) p. 264.

Mt. 27:51â53

Mk. 15:39

Mt. 27:54

Lk. 23:47

William Stroud, 1847, Treatise on the Physical Death of Jesus Christ London: Hamilton and Adams.

19:34

Quran 4:157â158

Zeitschrift fÃ¼r Religionswissenschaft. Jahrgang 1997 diagonal-Verlag Ursula Spuler-Stegemann Der Engel Pfau zum SelbstvertÃ¤ndnis der Yezidi p. 14 (German)

Jn. 19:26â27

A full list of references for this article are available at the Crucifixion of Jesus Wikipedia page

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The Crucifixion

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview ℹ️

✝ The Central Event

⚖️ Condemnation and Execution

🕊️ Foundation of Faith

New Testament Narratives 📜

📖 Canonical Accounts

🗣️ Last Words and Events

🤝 Witnesses and Participants

External Accounts 🌍

✍️ Early Non-Christian References

🗣️ Later Mentions

🕌 Islamic Perspective

✨ Gnostic Views

Scholarly Consensus 🔬

✅ Established Fact

🏛️ Archaeological Evidence

🤔 Interpretations and Context

Chronology and Manner ⏳

📅 Dating the Event

📍 Location and Path

🔨 Method and Instruments

🌌 Extraordinary Occurrences

Medical Aspects ⚕️

❤️ Cardiovascular Collapse

🔬 Pathological Analysis

🚶 Carrying the Cross

Theological Significance 🌟

🙏 Atonement and Reconciliation

🐑 Christological Interpretation

🕊️ Symbol of Sacrifice

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

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References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

The Central Event

Condemnation and Execution

Foundation of Faith

New Testament Narratives

Canonical Accounts

Last Words and Events

Witnesses and Participants

External Accounts

Early Non-Christian References

Later Mentions

Islamic Perspective

Gnostic Views

Scholarly Consensus

Established Fact

Archaeological Evidence

Interpretations and Context

Chronology and Manner

Dating the Event

Location and Path

Method and Instruments

Extraordinary Occurrences

Medical Aspects

Cardiovascular Collapse

Pathological Analysis

Carrying the Cross

Theological Significance

Atonement and Reconciliation

Christological Interpretation

Symbol of Sacrifice

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice