What are the defining attributes that people within an ethnic group commonly perceive they share?

People within an ethnic group typically identify with each other based on perceived shared attributes such as language, culture, common ancestry, traditions, society, religion, history, or social treatment. These shared characteristics distinguish them from other groups.

How are ethnic groups typically maintained over time, and what does this imply about their genetic diversity?

Ethnic groups are generally maintained through long-term endogamy, which is marriage within the group. This practice can lead to a narrow spectrum of genetic ancestry, although some groups may have mixed genetic ancestry due to various historical factors.

Under what circumstances might the terms "ethnicity" and "nation" be used interchangeably?

The terms "ethnicity" and "nation" are sometimes used interchangeably, particularly in contexts involving ethnic nationalism, where a shared ethnic identity forms the basis of national identity.

How can individuals or groups transition between different ethnic groups over time?

Individuals or groups can shift from one ethnic group to another through processes like assimilation, acculturation, amalgamation, language shift, intermarriage, adoption, and religious conversion.

What is ethnogenesis, and what are the two main theoretical perspectives used to understand ethnic groups?

Ethnogenesis is the process by which a separate ethnic identity is formed, either through the division of existing groups or the amalgamation of formerly separate ethnicities into a new panethnicity or single ethnicity. The two main theoretical perspectives for understanding ethnicity are primordialism, which views ethnic groups as enduring phenomena from the distant past, and constructivism, which sees ethnic groups as social constructs shaped by societal rules and historical forces.

What is the etymological origin of the term "ethnic"?

The term "ethnic" originates from the Ancient Greek word *ethnos*, through its adjectival form *ethnikos*, and was later adopted into Latin as *ethnicus*.

How was the term "ethnic" used in Early Modern English and up until the mid-19th century?

In Early Modern English and until the mid-19th century, "ethnic" was often used to mean "heathen" or "pagan," referring to groups outside the Christian ecumene, influenced by the Septuagint's translation of the Hebrew term *goyim* (foreign nations).

When did the term "ethnic" begin to be used in English to refer to distinct cultural groups or minority groups?

The sense of "different cultural groups" and, in American English, "tribal, racial, cultural or national minority group" emerged in the 1930s and 1940s, partly as a replacement for the term "race," which was becoming deprecated due to its association with ideological racism.

What is the significance of the term "ethnicity" as a replacement for older terms?

The term "ethnicity" gained prominence as a replacement for older terms like "cultural" or "tribal" when referring to groups with shared cultural systems and heritage. It also offered the advantage of describing commonalities in group identity across both tribal and modern societies.

According to Herodotus, what four criteria defined Greek (Hellenic) ethnic identity in his time?

Herodotus identified four criteria for Greek ethnic identity: shared descent (*homaimon*, meaning "of the same blood"), shared language (*homoglōsson*, "speaking the same language"), shared sanctuaries and sacrifices, and shared customs (*ēthea homotropa*, "customs of like fashion").

How did Isocrates define Greek ethnic identity, emphasizing intellect over bloodline?

Isocrates, in his speech *Panegyricus*, argued that the name "Hellenes" suggested not a race but an intelligence, and that the title was applied more to those who shared Greek culture than to those who shared common blood.

What are the core differences between the "primordialism" and "instrumentalism" approaches to understanding ethnicity?

Primordialism views ethnic ties as an externally given, enduring social bond rooted in the distant past, while instrumentalism treats ethnicity as an ad hoc element of political strategy, used by interest groups to achieve goals like wealth, power, or status.

How do constructivist and essentialist views differ regarding ethnic and national identities?

Constructivists view national and ethnic identities as products of historical forces, often recent, even when presented as ancient. Essentialists, conversely, see these identities as ontological categories that define social actors.

What was Max Weber's perspective on the formation of ethnic groups?

Max Weber viewed ethnic groups as artificial social constructs based on a subjective belief in shared community (*Gemeinschaft*). He argued that the group created this belief, and that group formation was driven by the desire to monopolize power and status, contrasting with prevailing naturalist beliefs about inherited traits.

What critique did Ronald Cohen offer regarding the identification of "ethnic groups" in social science literature?

Ronald Cohen suggested that the named ethnic identities accepted by social scientists often reflected inaccurate labels imposed by outsiders rather than indigenous realities, highlighting a potential disconnect between external ascription and internal self-identification.

According to Donald Noel's theory, what conditions are necessary for the emergence of ethnic stratification?

Donald Noel proposed that ethnic stratification, a system where group membership is a major criterion for assigning social positions, emerges when ethnic groups come into contact and are characterized by high degrees of ethnocentrism, competition, and differential power.

How did World War II influence the study of ethnicity, particularly regarding race?

The consequences of Nazi racism following World War II discouraged essentialist interpretations of ethnic groups and race, leading to a greater definition of ethnic groups as social rather than biological entities, with their coherence attributed to shared myths, kinship, language, and culture.

What is "essentialist primordialism," and what are its limitations?

Essentialist primordialism posits that ethnicity is an *a priori* fact of human existence, preceding social interaction and remaining unchanged by it, viewing ethnic groups as natural rather than historical. Its limitation is that it often ignores the impact of intermarriage, migration, and colonization on modern multi-ethnic societies.

What is the core idea behind "kinship primordialism"?

Kinship primordialism suggests that ethnic communities are extensions of kinship or clan ties, where cultural signs like language and religion are chosen to demonstrate biological affinity, and myths of common ancestry are seen as representing actual biological history.

How did Clifford Geertz explain the perception of ethnicity as primordial?

Clifford Geertz argued that while ethnicity itself might not be primordial, humans perceive it as such because it is deeply embedded in their experience of the world, attributing overwhelming power to "givens" like blood ties, language, and cultural differences.

What is "perennialism" in the context of ethnicity and nationhood?

Perennialism, primarily concerned with nationhood, views nations and ethnic communities as fundamentally similar phenomena that have an immemorial or "perennial" character, suggesting they have existed for very long periods or reappear cyclically throughout history.

What is "situational perennialism," and how does it view ethnicity?

Situational perennialism holds that nations and ethnic groups emerge, change, and vanish throughout history. It views ethnicity as a tool used by political groups to manipulate resources like wealth, power, or status, suggesting ethnicity emerges when it serves collective interests and changes with political shifts.

What are the conditions required for ethnic stratification according to Donald Noel's theory?

Noel's theory posits that ethnic stratification arises when ethnic groups interact and are characterized by ethnocentrism, competition, and differential power, leading to a hierarchical arrangement of individuals based on group membership.

What is "modernist constructivism" regarding ethnicity?

Modernist constructivism correlates the emergence of ethnicity with the rise of nation-states starting in the early modern period, arguing that ethnicity and ethnic pride, like nationalism, are modern inventions that appeared only in recent world history.

What are the key components of "ethnicity theory" as proposed by Robert E. Park?

Ethnicity theory, as proposed by Robert E. Park, views race as a social category and ethnicity as determined by multiple factors including religion, language, customs, nationality, and political identification. It is based on a "culture" concept and follows an assimilation model of four steps: contact, conflict, accommodation, and assimilation.

How did biological essentialism justify social inequalities in the US prior to ethnicity theory?

Biological essentialism, the belief in the inherent superiority of certain races (like White Europeans) and inferiority of others, was used to justify the enslavement of African Americans and the genocide of Native Americans in a society officially founded on freedom.

What was Michael Omi and Howard Winant's critique of ethnicity theory?

Omi and Winant argued that ethnicity theory was primarily based on the immigration patterns of White populations and failed to account for the unique experiences of non-Whites in the United States. They contended that the theory attributed marginalized status to cultural defects rather than sociopolitical dynamics and structural racism.

According to Omi and Winant, why did the assimilation model fail for some racial groups in the US?

Omi and Winant suggested that assimilation, or shedding one's native culture to blend into the host culture, did not work for all groups in the US due to persistent racism and discrimination. They argued that the focus on cultural differences as the source of inequality ignored the underlying sociopolitical dynamics and structural components of racism.

How did the rise of the modern state-system influence the concepts of nation and ethnicity?

The modern state-system, emerging in the 17th century, led to the development of "nation-states" where national boundaries ideally coincided with state boundaries. This process, influenced by colonial expansion, mercantilism, and capitalism, also led to the development of ethnicity and race as concepts tied to population movements and defined state borders.

What challenges do excluded populations within nation-states face, and what are their potential responses?

Members of excluded groups within nation-states may demand inclusion based on equality or seek autonomy, potentially leading to complete political separation from the existing state, especially when state borders do not align with traditional ethnic territories or when significant immigration occurs.

What are the two primary ways multi-ethnic states can form?

Multi-ethnic states can form either through the creation of state borders that do not align with traditional tribal territories (common in post-colonial Africa and some European countries) or through the recent immigration of ethnic minorities into formerly homogenous nation-states (seen in countries like the Netherlands and the UK).

How do feminist scholars view women's participation in the creation and reproduction of ethnic and national categories?

Feminist scholars, like Nira Yuval-Davis, highlight that women play a fundamental role in creating and reproducing ethnic and national categories not only as biological reproducers but also as "cultural carriers" who transmit knowledge and enforce behaviors within the family sphere, and often serve as symbolic figures for national identity.

How did Max Weber's ideas contribute to differentiating ethnicity from race?

Max Weber's introduction of the idea of ethnicity as a social construct, rather than an inherent biological trait, helped to differentiate ethnicity from race, moving away from the earlier primordialist understanding where cultural differences were seen as stemming from inherited traits.

What did the 1950 UNESCO statement "The Race Question" suggest regarding the use of the terms "race" and "ethnic group"?

The 1950 UNESCO statement, signed by prominent scholars, suggested that the term "race" should be dropped in favor of "ethnic groups" when discussing human groups, as cultural traits of groups do not have demonstrated genetic connections with racial traits, and the term "race" was often misused.

According to David Craig Griffith, what do racial and ethnic categories symbolize in the context of a global economy?

David Craig Griffith argued that racial and ethnic categories serve as symbolic markers that allocate different categories of workers to various levels within labor markets, often stigmatizing certain populations and insulating others from competition, a function intensified by labor mobilization under capitalism.

How did the usage of "ethnic" differ between Britain and North America in the late 20th century, according to Wallman?

According to Wallman, in Britain, "ethnic" popularly connoted "race" but less precisely. In North America, "race" commonly meant color, while "ethnics" referred to descendants of recent immigrants from non-English-speaking countries, and "ethnic" was not typically used as a noun in Britain.

What is the US Census Bureau's stance on the definition of race for census purposes?

The US Census Bureau states that its definition of race is not primarily biological or genetic but takes into account social and cultural characteristics, as well as ancestry, using appropriate scientific methodologies.

What is Ramón Grosfoguel's argument regarding the concepts of race and ethnicity?

Ramón Grosfoguel argues that "racial/ethnic identity" is a single concept and that race and ethnicity cannot be treated as separate and autonomous categories.

What are the two main viewpoints on how to resolve conflicts between ethnic groups or between ethnic groups and the state?

One viewpoint, held by thinkers like Jürgen Habermas and Bruce Barry, argues that states should enforce political and legal equality of individuals and not acknowledge ethnic, national, or racial identities. The opposing view, supported by Charles Taylor and Will Kymlicka, suggests that states must recognize ethnic identity and develop processes to accommodate the particular needs of ethnic groups.

How did ethnic nationalism develop in the 19th century, and what were some historical examples?

Ethnic nationalism developed in the 19th century by tying the concept of race to nationalism, notably by German theorists like Johann Gottfried von Herder. Historical examples cited include the consolidation and expansion of the German Empire and Nazi Germany, which promoted pan-ethnic ideas to justify territorial claims based on ethnic German populations.

Why are conflicts arising from the dissolution of empires like the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires often characterized as inter-ethnic rather than civil wars?

Conflicts arising from the dissolution of empires often occur within multi-ethnic states where different ethnic groups have distinct identities and aspirations, leading to inter-ethnic strife rather than conflicts solely within a single, homogenous national group, which would be typical of a civil war.

How has colonization impacted ethnic groups in Asia?

The colonization of much of Asia, which largely ended in the 20th century, was driven by national movements for independence and self-determination across the continent, influencing the formation and identity of ethnic groups.

What is the estimated number of distinct peoples and ethnic minorities in Europe?

Christoph Pan and Beate Sibylle Pfeil counted 87 distinct "peoples of Europe," with 33 forming majority populations in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 constitute ethnic minorities in every state they inhabit.

How do the United States and Canada differ in their approach to collecting ethnic data?

Some European countries, such as France and Switzerland, do not collect information on the ethnicity of their resident populations, while others, like the US and Canada, do engage in such data collection, though methodologies and interpretations can vary.

What is the demographic composition of South America regarding ethnicity?

In South America, people are commonly of mixed-race heritage, with significant populations of indigenous, European, and Black African descent, and to a lesser extent, Asian descent, though this varies greatly by region.

Which states in Oceania have majority European populations, and what are the primary indigenous groups?

Australia, New Zealand, and Norfolk Island are notable exceptions in Oceania with majority European populations. The primary indigenous peoples of Oceania include Australian Aboriginals, Austronesians (further divided into Melanesians, Micronesians, and Polynesians), and Papuans, all originating from Asia.

What is the demographic situation in Australia regarding ethnic origins?

The 2016 Australian Census indicated that while Australia-born individuals were the largest group, England and New Zealand were the next most common countries of birth. The proportion of people born in China and India had increased, and the percentage of people identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander also saw a slight rise.

What is the significance of the "mixed-race" identity in the United States?

In the United States, a sizeable number of people identify with mixed-race identities. Over the 2010s, there was a significant increase in non-Hispanic Americans identifying as multiracial, and a substantial number of Hispanic Americans also identified as multiracial.

What are the largest ethnic groups in the United States?

The largest ethnic groups in the United States include Germans, African Americans, Mexicans, Irish, English, Americans (referring to ancestry), Italians, Poles, French, Scottish, Native Americans, Puerto Ricans, Norwegians, Dutch, Swedish, Chinese, West Indians, Russians, and Filipinos.

Ethnicity Wiki: The Human Mosaic: An Exploration of Ethnicity

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

When you are ready...
🎮 Play the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge Game🎮

What is Ethnicity?

Defining Ethnicity

Ethnicity refers to a group of individuals who identify with one another based on perceived shared attributes. These commonly include language, culture, perceived common ancestry, traditions, societal norms, religion, history, or shared experiences of social treatment. This shared identity distinguishes them from other groups.

Distinguishing from Nation and Race

While often used interchangeably, ethnicity is distinct from concepts like 'nation' (which typically implies a shared political entity or national identity) and 'race' (often based on perceived physical characteristics). Not all ethnic groups identify as racial groups, and the boundaries between these concepts can be fluid and context-dependent.

A Dynamic Social Construct

Ethnic identities are not static; they can evolve over time through processes such as assimilation, acculturation, intermarriage, and migration. Conversely, distinct ethnic groups can merge to form larger pan-ethnic identities. The formation of new ethnic identities is termed ethnogenesis.

Terminology & Evolution

Etymological Roots

The term 'ethnic' originates from the Ancient Greek word ethnos, meaning a group, nation, or tribe. Historically, in early modern English, 'ethnic' was often used to mean 'heathen' or 'pagan', reflecting a distinction from Christian societies. The modern sense, referring to distinct cultural groups, emerged in the 1930s-1940s, partly as a replacement for the term 'race', which had become ideologically charged.

Shifting Meanings

The concept of 'ethnic group' itself was formally recognized in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1972. The term 'ethnicity' evolved to describe an 'ethnic character' or the quality of belonging to an ethnic group. Its usage reflects a transition from viewing ethnic differences as inherent biological traits to understanding them as socially constructed phenomena.

Conceptual Frameworks

Primordialism vs. Constructivism

Two major theoretical debates frame the understanding of ethnicity:

Primordialism: Views ethnic ties as enduring, fundamental, and rooted in deep historical or even biological affinities (e.g., kinship, shared ancestry).
Constructivism: Posits that ethnic identities are social constructs, shaped by historical processes, political strategies, and intergroup interactions, rather than inherent qualities.

Scholars like Max Weber highlighted the subjective belief in shared community (Gemeinschaft) as central to ethnic identity, often driven by a desire to monopolize power and status. Fredrik Barth emphasized the negotiated nature of ethnic boundaries and the social processes of exclusion and incorporation. Ronald Cohen noted that ethnic identifications can be arbitrarily imposed by outsiders and are often shaped by political mobilization. Contemporary views often integrate aspects of both primordialism and constructivism, acknowledging the deeply felt nature of ethnic ties while recognizing their constructed and dynamic elements.

Instrumentalism & Stratification

Instrumentalism views ethnicity as a tool used by interest groups to achieve secondary goals like power or status. This perspective often intersects with theories of ethnic stratification, where ethnic membership becomes a criterion for social hierarchy. Sociologists like Donald Noel suggest ethnic stratification emerges from ethnocentrism, competition, and differential power among groups.

Ethnicity and Nationality

The Rise of the Nation-State

The development of modern nation-states, particularly from the 17th century onwards, significantly influenced the concepts of ethnicity and nationality. Nation-states often sought legitimacy by aligning state boundaries with perceived national (and by extension, ethnic) identities. This process, often driven by colonial expansion and capitalism, led to the formation of multi-ethnic states where diverse ethnic groups found themselves within common political borders.

Inclusion and Autonomy

In multi-ethnic states, excluded groups may advocate for inclusion within the nation or seek autonomy, potentially leading to political separation. Debates arise on whether states should enforce political and legal equality for individuals, disregarding ethnic identities (as argued by Habermas), or recognize and accommodate ethnic group needs within the state framework (as proposed by Taylor and Kymlicka).

Ethnicity and Race

Historical Intertwining

Historically, race and ethnicity were often conflated, with differences attributed to inherent biological traits. Early 20th-century anthropology, influenced by biological essentialism, sought to justify social hierarchies. However, post-World War II scholarship, notably influenced by UNESCO statements, began to decouple race from biology, emphasizing ethnicity as a social and cultural construct.

Social Construction of Identity

Modern perspectives, particularly in sociology and anthropology, view race as a social category, one factor among many (like language, religion, culture) that can shape ethnic identity. Scholars like Michael Omi and Howard Winant argue that racial categories are formed through socio-political dynamics, not fixed biological realities. The distinction highlights how ethnicity is often based on shared cultural practices and self-identification, while race has historically been imposed based on perceived physical differences.

The distinction is crucial: while race often refers to perceived biological differences, ethnicity encompasses a broader range of shared cultural, linguistic, ancestral, and social characteristics. The US Census Bureau, for instance, defines race not strictly biologically but as a social and cultural characteristic, acknowledging the complexity and fluidity of these identities.

A Global Tapestry

Africa

Africa is characterized by immense ethnic diversity, with hundreds of distinct groups, each typically possessing its own language and cultural traditions. This diversity is a fundamental aspect of the continent's social fabric.

Asia

Asia hosts a vast array of ethnic groups, adapted to diverse climates and environments. From hunter-gatherer societies to highly urbanized populations, ethnic diversity is shaped by millennia of history, migration, and the legacies of colonialism. Countries like Indonesia alone are home to over 600 distinct ethnic groups.

Europe

Europe features numerous ethnic groups, with many forming majority populations in nation-states, while others exist as significant ethnic minorities. The continent's history of migration, state formation, and cultural exchange has resulted in complex, often multicultural, societies.

The Americas

The Americas exhibit a complex ethnic landscape shaped by indigenous populations, European colonization, the Atlantic slave trade, and subsequent waves of immigration from Europe, Asia, and Africa. This has resulted in significant mestizo, mixed-race, and diverse immigrant communities across North, Central, and South America, as well as the Caribbean.

Oceania

Oceania's ethnic makeup is largely defined by indigenous Austronesian peoples (Melanesians, Micronesians, Polynesians) and Papuans, alongside significant European populations in countries like Australia and New Zealand. The region showcases a rich interplay of indigenous heritage and colonial history.

Related Concepts

Key Concepts

Understanding ethnicity involves exploring related concepts such as cultural identity, social stratification, ethnogenesis, diaspora, and the dynamics of ingroups and outgroups. These concepts help illuminate the formation, maintenance, and evolution of ethnic affiliations.

Academic Disciplines

The study of ethnicity is interdisciplinary, drawing heavily from anthropology (cultural, social, biological), sociology, history, political science, and linguistics. Each discipline offers unique perspectives on how ethnic identities are formed, expressed, and contested.

Teacher's Corner

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

Edit and Print Materials from this study in the wiki2web studio

Click here to open the "Ethnicity" Wiki2Web Studio curriculum kit

Use the free Wiki2web Studio to generate printable flashcards, worksheets, exams, and export your materials as a web page or an interactive game.

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Learn about ethnicity while playing the wiki2web Clarity Challenge game.

Unlock the mystery image and prove your knowledge by earning trophies. This simple game is addictively fun and is a great way to learn!

Play now

Explore More Topics

Discover other topics to study!

anglicisation

bloomfield hills michigan

washington commanders

73rd british academy film awards

west indies

levée en masse

References

ThiE. Tonkin, M. McDonald and M. Chapman, History and Ethnicity (London 1989), pp. 11â17 (quoted in J. Hutchinson & A.D. Smith (eds.), Oxford readers: Ethnicity (Oxford 1996), pp. 18â24)

roughly 300 million worldwide (CIA Factbook 2014 estimates, numbers subject to rapid population growth).

Herodotus, 8.144.2: "The kinship of all Greeks in blood and speech, and the shrines of gods and the sacrifices that we have in common, and the likeness of our way of life."

Fredrik Barth, ed. 1969 Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Cultural Difference; Eric Wolf 1982 Europe and the People Without History p. 381

J. Hutchinson & A.D. Smith (eds.), Oxford readers: Ethnicity (Oxford 1996), "Introduction", 8â9

Anthony Smith (1991) National Identity. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Seidner, (1982), Ethnicity, Language, and Power from a Psycholinguistic Perspective, pp. 2â3

Anderson 2006 Imagined Communities

Nira Yuval-Davis, Gender & Nation (London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 1997) pp. 12â13

Floya Anthias and Nira Yuval-Davis "WomanâNation-State" (London: Macmillan, 1989), p. 9

A. Metraux (1950) "United Nations Economic and Security Council Statement by Experts on Problems of Race", American Anthropologist 53(1): 142â145)

Wallman, S. "Ethnicity research in Britain", Current Anthropology, v. 18, n. 3, 1977, pp. 531â532.

Christoph Pan, Beate Sibylle Pfeil, Minderheitenrechte in Europa. Handbuch der europÃ¤ischen Volksgruppen (2002)., English translation 2004.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Ethnicity Wikipedia page

Feedback & Support

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer

Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not professional advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional anthropological, sociological, or historical consultation. Always refer to authoritative academic sources and consult with qualified professionals for specific research or analytical needs.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

The Human Mosaic

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

What is Ethnicity? ℹ️

👥 Defining Ethnicity

🔗 Distinguishing from Nation and Race

🌐 A Dynamic Social Construct

Terminology & Evolution 📜

🏛️ Etymological Roots

📖 Shifting Meanings

Conceptual Frameworks 🧠

🌳 Primordialism vs. Constructivism

🛠️ Instrumentalism & Stratification

Ethnicity and Nationality 🏛️

🗺️ The Rise of the Nation-State

⚖️ Inclusion and Autonomy

Ethnicity and Race 🧬

⚖️ Historical Intertwining

💬 Social Construction of Identity

A Global Tapestry 🌍

🌍 Africa

🌏 Asia

🇪🇺 Europe

🌎 The Americas

🏝️ Oceania

Related Concepts 🔗

💡 Key Concepts

🏛️ Academic Disciplines

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

True or False? 🤔

❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

Gamer's Corner 🎮

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Explore More Topics

📜 Discover other topics to study!

References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

What is Ethnicity?

Defining Ethnicity

Distinguishing from Nation and Race

A Dynamic Social Construct

Terminology & Evolution

Etymological Roots

Shifting Meanings

Conceptual Frameworks

Primordialism vs. Constructivism

Instrumentalism & Stratification

Ethnicity and Nationality

The Rise of the Nation-State

Inclusion and Autonomy

Ethnicity and Race

Historical Intertwining

Social Construction of Identity

A Global Tapestry

Africa

Asia

Europe

The Americas

Oceania

Related Concepts

Key Concepts

Academic Disciplines

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice