What is the fundamental definition of ethnography?

Ethnography is defined as a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures, exploring cultural phenomena from the perspective of the people being studied. It is also a type of social research that involves examining the behavior of participants within a specific social situation and understanding their interpretations of that behavior.

What is the primary research method associated with ethnography?

The primary research method associated with ethnography is participant observation. This involves the researcher actively participating in the setting or with the people being studied, often in a peripheral role, to gather detailed insights into social interactions and participant perspectives within their natural context.

When did ethnography as a distinct discipline originate, and where did it spread?

Ethnography, as a method of inquiry, originated in social and cultural anthropology in the early twentieth century. Since then, it has expanded its reach to other social science disciplines, notably sociology.

What types of data collection methods are typically employed in ethnography?

Ethnographers primarily utilize qualitative methods, although quantitative data may also be included. The approach is generally holistic, often incorporating historical context, environmental factors, and detailed observations of social interactions and cultural practices.

Can ethnography be conducted in non-traditional settings or about past events?

Yes, while traditionally ethnography relied on the researcher's physical presence, it has evolved. It can be used to investigate past events through interviews or documents, such as the NASA Challenger disaster, and is also conducted in virtual or online environments, sometimes referred to as netnography or cyber-ethnography.

What is the etymological origin of the word 'ethnography'?

The term 'ethnography' is derived from Greek words: 'éthnos' (ἔθνος), meaning 'folk, people, or nation,' and 'gráphō' (γράφω), meaning 'I write.' This combination reflects its historical purpose of describing and analyzing different cultures.

Who are considered early figures in ancient ethnography?

Ancient authors like the Roman historian Tacitus, known for his works such as 'Germania,' are considered early practitioners of ethnography. While Homer's 'Odyssey' is sometimes cited as an early example, Herodotus' 'Histories' is more commonly recognized as a starting point for ancient ethnographic writing.

How does ethnography as a science differ from its ancient practice?

Ethnography as a science, distinct from historical description, did not exist in the ancient world. The concept of ethnography as a separate discipline began to develop in the 18th century, with figures like Gerhard Friedrich Müller distinguishing the study of peoples as a unique area of inquiry.

What role did Gerhard Friedrich Müller play in the development of ethnography as a science?

Gerhard Friedrich Müller, a professor of history and geography, contributed to the conceptualization of ethnography as a distinct discipline during the Second Kamchatka Expedition (1733-1743). He differentiated the study of peoples, known as *Völker-Beschreibung*, as a separate field of academic pursuit.

What are the key features of ethnographic research?

Ethnographic research focuses on understanding the context of a situation rather than generalizing findings. Researchers gather data on what people do, say, and how they work, often integrating qualitative data with quantitative insights. It can also be used within other methodological frameworks, such as action research, to facilitate change and improvement.

How is ethnography utilized in qualitative geographic research?

In qualitative geographic research, ethnography is an effective methodology for examining people's perceptions and experiences. It is particularly useful for understanding individuals' immersion within a social group and their connection to place.

What are some common data collection methods used by ethnographers?

Ethnographers commonly employ methods such as participant observation, detailed field notes, interviews (often recorded and transcribed), surveys, and various visual methods. Secondary research and document analysis are also used to gain deeper insights into the research topic.

How does ethnography handle researcher bias?

Ethnographers strive to minimize personal bias in data collection and interpretation. A practice known as 'reflexivity' is often employed, where researchers examine how their own involvement influences the research process and findings, acknowledging that complete objectivity is challenging.

What is the role of informants in ethnographic research?

Ethnographers typically select knowledgeable informants who are well-versed in the community's activities. These individuals are often asked to identify other informants who can represent different facets of the community, frequently using snowball or chain sampling techniques.

What is 'resocialization' in the context of ethnographic fieldwork?

Resocialization occurs when an ethnographer, through deep immersion and participation in the studied culture, begins to adopt some of its norms, values, and practices. This means the researcher might become skilled in a local activity or even adopt a social role within the community, illustrating that they cannot remain a detached observer.

How has ethnography been applied in fields beyond anthropology and sociology?

Ethnography is utilized across a wide array of disciplines, including cultural studies, occupational therapy, economics, social work, education, design, psychology, computer science, ethnomusicology, religious studies, geography, history, linguistics, communication studies, advertising, accounting research, nursing, and urban planning.

What are some seminal ethnographic works in cultural and social anthropology?

Key ethnographic texts that shaped cultural and social anthropology include Bronisław Malinowski's 'Argonauts of the Western Pacific' (1922), Margaret Mead's 'Coming of Age in Samoa' (1928), and E. E. Evans-Pritchard's 'The Nuer' (1940).

What is the typical structure or outline of a traditional ethnography?

A traditional ethnography often follows a holistic structure, including a brief history of the culture, an analysis of its physical geography and climate, details on material culture and technology, kinship and social structures, language, child-rearing practices, personality and values, and religious beliefs and rituals.

How did Clifford Geertz influence ethnographic approaches?

Clifford Geertz, through his interpretive anthropology, shifted focus towards less tangible cultural aspects like values and worldview, termed the 'ethos.' He used elements of phenomenology to trace the meanings and contexts of cultural symbols, like winking, to understand cultural boundaries beyond simple linguistic or geographic limits.

What are 'bio-confessional' and 'reflexive' ethnographies?

'Bio-confessional' ethnographies, emerging in the mid-20th century, intentionally exposed the nature of ethnographic research and the researcher's personal experiences. 'Reflexive' ethnographies, developing later, further refined this by representing how cultural differences impacted the ethnographer, highlighting the researcher's subjective role.

What was the impact of 'Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography'?

Published in 1986 and edited by James Clifford and George Marcus, 'Writing Culture' significantly influenced sociocultural anthropology. It brought about changes described as 'postmodern,' 'reflexive,' and 'literary,' drawing attention to the epistemic and political challenges in ethnographic representation and practice, and questioning claims of objective neutrality.

How has ethnography been used in sociology, particularly by the Chicago School?

The Chicago School of sociology, especially in urban sociology, extensively used ethnographic research. Early examples include W. E. B. Du Bois's 'The Philadelphia Negro' and William Foote Whyte's 'Street Corner Society,' focusing on the detailed study of urban life and social interactions.

What is institutional ethnography?

Institutional ethnography is an approach developed by Dorothy E. Smith that focuses on studying the social relations structuring people's everyday lives, often examining how institutions influence individual experiences.

How did ethnography become prominent in communication studies?

Ethnographic research methods gained significant traction in communication studies starting in the 1960s and 1970s. Scholars like Gerry Philipsen used ethnography to analyze cultural communication strategies, paving the way for its broader application in understanding communicative behaviors within specific groups.

How is ethnography applied in business and design contexts?

In business and design, ethnography helps understand consumer behavior and product usage in natural settings, identifying areas of friction and improving user experience. It provides insights into unstated desires and cultural practices surrounding products, bridging the gap between what people say and what they do, unlike focus groups.

What are the five criteria proposed by Richardson for evaluating ethnography?

Laurel Richardson proposed five criteria for evaluating ethnographic work: substantive contribution (understanding social life), aesthetic merit (artistic success), reflexivity (author's self-awareness), impact (intellectual/emotional effect), and expression of reality (credibility).

What ethical considerations are highlighted by Gary Alan Fine regarding ethnography?

Gary Alan Fine argues that ethnographic research often involves ethical dilemmas that deviate from traditional research ethics. He suggests researchers may present idealized ethical claims, engage in deception (like concealing research goals), or make approximations of truth to maintain occupational reputation, paradoxically revealing deeper truths through these 'lies'.

What guidance do anthropologists often follow for ethnographic ethics?

While no single international standard exists, many Western anthropologists refer to the American Anthropological Association (AAA) for guidance. The AAA's code of ethics addresses moral obligations to various groups, the impact of research on people and animals, and the need for transparency with funders and participants.

What are the 'Classic Virtues' discussed in relation to ethnographic ethics?

The 'Classic Virtues' in ethnographic ethics, as described by Fine, include being 'kindly' (presenting oneself as more sympathetic than one might be), 'friendly' (avoiding dislike and potentially omitting critical individuals from findings), and 'honest' (sometimes concealing research goals to avoid skewing participant responses).

What are the 'Technical Skills' discussed in ethnographic ethics?

The 'Technical Skills' category includes the 'Precise Ethnographer' (creating an illusion of data accuracy), the 'Observant Ethnographer' (implying completeness in reporting, though omniscience is impossible), and the 'Unobtrusive Ethnographer' (acknowledging the researcher's unavoidable effect on the research setting).

What does the 'Ethnographic Self' refer to in ethical considerations?

The 'Ethnographic Self' relates to how researchers present themselves, including the 'Candid Ethnographer' (where personal positioning is ethically complex), the 'Chaste Ethnographer' (relationships with subjects not always fully reported), the 'Fair Ethnographer' (questioning the possibility of true objectivity), and the 'Literary Ethnographer' (balancing 'showing' and 'telling' through style).

What is autoethnography?

Autoethnography is a research method where a researcher connects personal experiences to broader cultural, political, and social meanings. It uses the researcher's own life as data to describe and critique cultural practices, emphasizing self-reflection and the intersection of the personal with the social.

What are the key characteristics of autoethnography as defined by Adams et al.?

Adams et al. define autoethnography by its use of personal experience to critique culture, acknowledgment of researcher relationships, deep self-reflection (reflexivity), depiction of people navigating struggles, balance of rigor with emotion, and striving for social justice.

What is the genealogical method in ethnography?

The genealogical method investigates kinship ties determined by marriage and descent. Originating with W. H. R. Rivers, it was crucial in understanding the social structure and relationships within non-industrial societies, where marriage often dictated alliances between groups.

How has digital technology impacted ethnography?

Modern computing power and AI have enhanced digital ethnography, allowing for more efficient data collection and analysis using multimedia and machine learning. This enables the study of online interactions and behaviors through platforms like social media, and can correlate various data sources for refined outputs.

What ethical considerations are specific to digital ethnography?

Digital ethnography raises unique ethical questions, often guided by the Association of Internet Researchers' guidelines. Gabriele de Seta's work, for instance, explores methodological challenges specific to studying online environments, building upon foundational ethnographic texts.

What distinguishes multispecies ethnography from traditional ethnography?

Multispecies ethnography expands the focus beyond human participants to include nonhuman entities within a group or culture. It examines the interconnectedness of species with human social lives, cultures, economies, and politics, tracing its roots back to early anthropological studies of animals, like Lewis Henry Morgan's work on beavers.

What is relational ethnography?

Relational ethnography focuses on studying 'fields' and 'processes' rather than fixed places or bounded groups. It examines the configurations of relationships among various agents or institutions, understanding how places and meanings are continuously recreated through shared narratives and interactions.

What is the purpose of ethnography in the context of business and product development?

Businesses use ethnography to understand how consumers use products and services in real-world settings. This approach helps identify user experience friction points and ensures that new products or services are better aligned with consumers' actual behaviors and needs, rather than relying solely on self-reported data.

What is 'thick description' in ethnography?

Thick description, a concept associated with Clifford Geertz, refers to the detailed, contextualized interpretation of cultural actions and symbols. It goes beyond simply observing behavior to understanding the layers of meaning and social significance embedded within those actions.

How did the 'Chicago School' contribute to ethnographic research in sociology?

The Chicago School of sociology was instrumental in developing ethnographic methods, particularly in urban sociology. They produced seminal works like 'The Philadelphia Negro' and 'Street Corner Society,' which provided in-depth qualitative studies of urban communities and social life.

What is the significance of participant observation in ethnographic fieldwork?

Participant observation is a cornerstone of ethnography, enabling researchers to gain deep, firsthand understanding by actively engaging in the daily lives and activities of the group they are studying. This immersive approach allows for the collection of rich, contextual data that might not be accessible through other methods.

What are some of the key concepts explored in ethnography related to cultural understanding?

Key concepts in ethnography include cultural relativism (understanding practices within their own cultural context), ethnocentrism (judging other cultures by one's own standards), and the emic (insider's perspective) versus etic (outsider's analytical perspective) approaches to cultural analysis.

How does ethnography differ from ethnology?

While related, ethnography typically refers to the in-depth, descriptive study of a specific culture or group, often based on fieldwork. Ethnology, on the other hand, involves the comparative analysis of different cultures to identify patterns and generalizations, often drawing upon ethnographic data.

What role does fieldwork play in the ethnographic process?

Fieldwork is central to ethnography, typically involving extended periods of immersion (often a year or more) within the community or setting being studied. This direct engagement allows the ethnographer to observe, participate, and gather detailed data firsthand.

What are some of the ethical challenges faced by ethnographers?

Ethnographers face ethical challenges related to informed consent, maintaining confidentiality, managing relationships with participants, potential impacts of their research on the studied community, and the inherent subjectivity in representing cultural realities. The tension between gaining trust and maintaining analytical distance is a constant consideration.

What is the 'fly on the wall' metaphor in relation to ethnographic fieldwork?

The 'fly on the wall' metaphor refers to the ideal of a completely detached and unnoticed observer. However, ethnographers like Emerson, Fretz, and Shaw argue that this is impossible, as participation inherently influences the field and the researcher's understanding, making it crucial to acknowledge the researcher's presence and impact.

How does ethnography contribute to understanding 'taken-for-granted' routines?

Ethnography excels at uncovering and analyzing the 'taken-for-granted' routines and assumptions that shape everyday life and social interactions. By observing people in their natural settings, ethnographers can reveal the implicit rules and meanings that guide behavior, which participants themselves may not consciously recognize.

What is the relationship between ethnography and 'cultural ecology'?

Ethnographic research is a fundamental methodology within cultural ecology. It helps researchers understand how human cultures adapt to and interact with their environments, examining the interplay between social practices, beliefs, and ecological conditions.

What is the significance of 'emic' and 'etic' perspectives in ethnography?

The 'emic' perspective represents the insider's view, capturing the meanings and interpretations of cultural participants. The 'etic' perspective is the outsider's analytical framework, used by the researcher to describe and compare cultural phenomena objectively. Ethnographers often strive to integrate both to provide a comprehensive understanding.

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Overview

Definition and Purpose

Ethnography is defined as the systematic study of individual cultures, exploring cultural phenomena from the perspective of the subjects being studied. It is a form of social research focused on understanding the behavior and interpretations of participants within their specific social contexts. At its core, ethnography seeks to provide an in-depth, holistic account of a particular group or society.

Core Methodology: Participant Observation

The cornerstone of ethnographic research is participant observation. This involves the researcher immersing themselves within the studied environment, often assuming a marginal role, to meticulously document social interactions and gain an insider's understanding (emic perspective) of the participants' experiences and interpretations within their natural settings.

Data Approach

While primarily employing qualitative methods to capture nuanced social meanings and everyday activities, ethnography may also incorporate quantitative data. The goal is to collect data with minimal researcher bias, focusing on context-specific understanding rather than broad generalization.

Origins and Development

Ancient Roots

The practice of describing foreign cultures dates back to antiquity, with figures like Herodotus and Tacitus producing detailed accounts of different peoples. While these works contained ethnographic elements, ethnography as a distinct scientific discipline did not emerge until much later. Ancient writers likely did not consider this a separate mode of inquiry from history itself.

Emergence as a Science

The formal conceptualization of ethnography as a distinct discipline began to take shape in the 18th century. Scholars like Gerhard Friedrich Müller and figures associated with the University of Göttingen introduced the term and began differentiating the systematic study of cultures (ethnography) from broader historical analysis. This marked a shift towards a more structured and academic approach to cultural description.

Foundation in Anthropology

Ethnography became intrinsically linked with the development of social and cultural anthropology in the early 20th century. Canonical works by anthropologists like Bronisław Malinowski and Margaret Mead, based on extensive fieldwork, solidified ethnography as a central methodology within the discipline, emphasizing deep immersion and detailed cultural analysis.

Key Features of Ethnographic Research

Context-Centricity

Ethnographic research prioritizes understanding phenomena within their specific situational context. Findings are interpreted in relation to the environment and social dynamics, rather than aiming for universal generalizations. This focus on the particular is a defining characteristic.

Holistic Approach

A traditional ethnography typically adopts a holistic perspective, encompassing a broad range of cultural aspects. This often includes historical background, analysis of the physical environment, climate, habitat, material culture, technology, subsistence strategies, kinship and social structures, language, child-rearing practices, values, and religious beliefs.

Reflexivity

Researchers often strive for reflexivity, acknowledging and exploring how their own involvement and perspective influence the research process and findings. This involves self-awareness and transparency about the researcher's positionality to allow readers to critically assess the account.

Data Collection Methods

Fieldwork Techniques

Ethnographers gather data directly from "naturally occurring settings" or "the field." Key methods include:

Participant Observation: Direct involvement and observation of social life.
Field Notes: Detailed, contemporaneous recording of observations, interactions, and reflections.
Interviews: Conducting structured, semi-structured, or unstructured conversations, often recorded and transcribed for analysis.
Surveys: May be used to gather quantitative data or supplement qualitative findings.
Document Analysis: Examining existing texts, records, and artifacts relevant to the study.
Visual Methods: Utilizing photographs or videos (though images are excluded here, the methodology is noted).

Building Rapport

Establishing trust and rapport with informants is crucial. Researchers often select knowledgeable individuals ("key informants") who can provide deep insights. Sampling methods like snowball or chain sampling are frequently used to identify participants who best represent the community or topic under study.

Capturing Meaning and Experience

Ethnography aims to capture not just observable behaviors but also the subjective meanings, experiences, and perspectives of individuals. Techniques like analyzing "images" (an individual's perspective on concepts) and understanding "social meanings" are employed to gain a rich, nuanced understanding.

Disciplinary Applications

Anthropology

Ethnography is foundational to cultural and social anthropology. Classic works often serve as the discipline's canonical texts, providing detailed studies of specific cultures based on extensive fieldwork and emic perspectives.

Sociology

Prominent in urban sociology and associated with the Chicago School, ethnography has been used to study diverse social phenomena, from community life to organizational practices. Symbolic interactionism, a major theoretical perspective, also draws heavily on ethnographic methods.

Communication Studies

Since the mid-20th century, communication scholars have utilized ethnography to analyze communicative behaviors, cultural patterns, and the social production of meaning within various groups and contexts.

Broader Reach

The ethnographic method's utility extends to numerous other fields, including cultural studies, occupational therapy, economics, social work, education, design, psychology, computer science, history, linguistics, political science, and criminology, among others. Its focus on context and lived experience makes it valuable for understanding complex human behaviors across diverse domains.

Forms of Ethnography

Autoethnography

This form involves the researcher using their personal experiences to describe and critique broader cultural, political, and social phenomena. It emphasizes deep self-reflection (reflexivity) and aims to connect the personal to the cultural, often appearing in various narrative forms.

Multispecies Ethnography

Expanding beyond human participants, this approach incorporates nonhuman actors (animals, plants, etc.) into the analysis. It examines the interconnectedness of species within social, cultural, political, and economic systems, recognizing the influence of nonhuman life on human societies.

Digital Ethnography

Also known as virtual ethnography, this method studies cultures and societies through online environments and digital platforms. It leverages social media, blogs, and other digital interactions to analyze behavior and communication, often employing computational analysis alongside traditional ethnographic techniques.

Relational Ethnography

This approach focuses on studying configurations of relations among agents, institutions, and places, rather than bounded groups or specific locations. It emphasizes the processes and historical narratives that shape meaning and connection within a social field.

Ethical Considerations

Navigating Ethical Dilemmas

Ethnographic research presents unique ethical challenges throughout its process. Researchers must navigate issues of informed consent, potential impacts on participants, data confidentiality, and the representation of findings. The researcher's role, often involving deception or partial truths to maintain rapport and gather authentic data, complicates adherence to traditional research ethics.

Classic Virtues: The tension between presenting oneself as "kindly" or "friendly" while maintaining research objectivity, and the ethical implications of concealing research goals ("honest ethnographer").
Technical Skills: The illusion of completeness in field notes ("precise ethnographer"), the inherent limitations of observation ("observant ethnographer"), and the unavoidable influence of the researcher's presence ("unobtrusive ethnographer").
Ethnographic Self: Issues surrounding the researcher's personal involvement ("candid ethnographer"), the nature of relationships formed ("chaste ethnographer"), the subjectivity of findings ("fair ethnographer"), and the role of writing style ("literary ethnographer").

Professional Guidelines

Organizations like the American Anthropological Association (AAA) provide codes of ethics guiding research, teaching, application, and dissemination. These codes emphasize moral obligations to participants, communities, and the environment, requiring transparency about research purposes and potential impacts. Adherence to these principles, while sometimes challenging in practice, is crucial for responsible ethnographic work.

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References

Vermeulen, Han F., 2008, Early History of Ethnography and Ethnology in the German Enlightenment, Leiden, p. 199.

(Dewan M. (2018) Understanding Ethnography: An 'Exotic' Ethnographer's Perspective. In: Mura P., Khoo-Lattimore C. (eds) Asian Qualitative Research in Tourism. Perspectives on Asian Tourism. Springer, Singapore).

Preece, J., Sharp, H., & Rogers, Y. (2015). Interaction Design: Beyond Human-Computer Interaction (4th edition). Wiley.

[Nightingale, David & Cromby, John. Social Constructionist Psychology: A Critical Analysis of Theory and Practice. Philadelphia: Open University Press. p. 228.]

S. Ybema, D. Yanow, H. Wels, & F. Kamsteeg (2010). "Ethnography." In A. Mills, G. Durepos, & E. Wiebe (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Case Study Research. (pp. 348â352). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Schatz, Edward, ed. Political Ethnography: What Immersion Contributes to the Study of Power. University Of Chicago Press. 2009.

Chavez, Leo. Shadowed Lives: Undocumented Workers in American Society (Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology). 1997, Prentice Hall.

Literary Ethnography http://literary-ethnography.tumblr.com/

Rubin, R. B., Rubin, A. M., and Piele, L. J. (2005). Communication Research: Strategies and Sources. Belmont, California: Thomson Wadworth. pp. 229.

Bentz, V. M., and Shapiro, J. J. (1998). Mindful Inquiry in Social Research. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. p. 117.

Salvador, Tony; Genevieve Bell; and Ken Anderson (1999) "Design Ethnography," Design Management Journal (pp. 35â41). p. 37

A Simple Guide For Conducting Consumer Research by Brian Lischer http://www.ignytebrands.com/customer-research/

For post-colonial critiques of ethnography from various locations, see essays in Prem Poddar et al, Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures--Continental Europe and its Empires, Edinburgh University Press, 2008.

American Anthropology Association Code of Ethics (PDF). p. 1.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Ethnography Wikipedia page

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This content has been generated by an AI model and is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It is based on data extracted from publicly available sources, primarily Wikipedia. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy and adherence to the source material, the information may not be entirely comprehensive, up-to-date, or free from interpretation.

This is not professional academic advice. The information provided should not substitute consultation with qualified academic advisors or researchers. Always consult original sources and expert guidance for rigorous academic work or specific research needs. The creators of this page are not liable for any errors, omissions, or actions taken based on the information presented herein.

Unveiling Cultures: The Ethnographic Lens

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview 🌍

🧐 Definition and Purpose

🚶 Core Methodology: Participant Observation

📊 Data Approach

Origins and Development 📜

🏛️ Ancient Roots

💡 Emergence as a Science

🎓 Foundation in Anthropology

Key Features of Ethnographic Research ✨

📍 Context-Centricity

🤔 Holistic Approach

🔄 Reflexivity

Data Collection Methods 🔬

📝 Fieldwork Techniques

🤝 Building Rapport

💡 Capturing Meaning and Experience

Disciplinary Applications 📚

🏛️ Anthropology

🏢 Sociology

💬 Communication Studies

🌐 Broader Reach

Forms of Ethnography 🎭

👤 Autoethnography

🌳 Multispecies Ethnography

💻 Digital Ethnography

🔗 Relational Ethnography

Ethical Considerations ⚖️

❓ Navigating Ethical Dilemmas

📜 Professional Guidelines

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

Definition and Purpose

Core Methodology: Participant Observation

Data Approach

Origins and Development

Ancient Roots

Emergence as a Science

Foundation in Anthropology

Key Features of Ethnographic Research

Context-Centricity

Holistic Approach

Reflexivity

Data Collection Methods

Fieldwork Techniques

Building Rapport

Capturing Meaning and Experience

Disciplinary Applications

Anthropology

Sociology

Communication Studies

Broader Reach

Forms of Ethnography

Autoethnography

Multispecies Ethnography

Digital Ethnography

Relational Ethnography

Ethical Considerations

Navigating Ethical Dilemmas

Professional Guidelines

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice