What is the primary purpose of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages?

The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML) is a European treaty adopted in 1992 by the Council of Europe. Its main objective is to protect and promote the historical regional and minority languages spoken within Europe.

Under whose auspices was the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages adopted?

The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages was adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the Council of Europe.

Does the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages provide a definition for what constitutes a regional or minority language?

No, the Charter itself does not provide a specific criterion or definition for an idiom to be classified as a regional or minority language. The classification remains at the discretion of the national state.

Which predecessor body was involved in the preparation of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages?

The preparation for the Charter was undertaken by the Standing Conference of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe, which is the predecessor to the current Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe. This involvement was deemed essential due to the importance of local and regional government.

What types of languages does the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages apply to?

The Charter applies to languages that have traditionally been used by nationals of the State Parties. These languages must significantly differ from the majority or official language of the state and can either have a territorial basis or be used by linguistic minorities across the state.

What types of languages are excluded from the scope of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages?

The Charter excludes languages used by recent immigrants from other states, often referred to as immigrant languages. It also excludes what a state party might consider mere local dialects of its official or majority language.

How do some countries, like Ukraine and Sweden, approach the definition of minority languages in relation to the Charter?

Some countries, such as Ukraine and Sweden, have linked the status of a minority language to their recognized national minorities, which are typically defined by ethnic, cultural, or religious criteria. This approach can sometimes circumvent the Charter's broader notion of a linguistic minority.

Can languages that are official within specific regions or federal units of a state benefit from the Charter?

Yes, languages that hold official status within regions, provinces, or federal units, but not at the national level (like Catalan in Spain), can be classified as regional languages and may benefit from the protections offered by the Charter.

Why has Ireland been unable to sign the Charter for the Irish language?

Ireland has not been able to sign the Charter for the Irish language because it is officially defined as the first official language of the state, which falls outside the scope of languages traditionally used by minority groups as defined by the Charter's criteria.

Which languages did the United Kingdom ratify the Charter for, and in which regions?

The United Kingdom ratified the Charter for Welsh in Wales, Scots and Gaelic in Scotland, and Irish in Northern Ireland.

What constitutional obstacle has prevented France from ratifying the Charter?

France, despite being a signatory, faces a constitutional barrier that prevents it from ratifying the Charter in respect to the languages spoken within France.

What are the two levels of protection provided by the Charter for regional or minority languages?

All signatories must apply a lower level of protection to qualifying languages. Additionally, signatories can choose to provide a higher level of protection, which involves undertaking at least 35 specific actions from a defined list.

How does the Charter address non-compliance by state parties?

The Charter does not include procedures for reactive judicial processing in cases of non-compliance. Instead, it establishes a proactive, regular monitoring process where a Committee of Experts provides formal feedback and recommendations on the situation in signatory countries.

What is the distinction between countries ratifying the Charter under Part II versus Part III?

Countries can ratify the Charter based on Part II, which outlines general principles and objectives for language preservation, or Part III, which details comprehensive rules and specific undertakings across various sectors. Some countries, like the UK for Welsh, apply both Part II and Part III commitments.

What are the eight core principles and objectives outlined in Part II of the Charter?

Part II's principles include: recognition of regional or minority languages as cultural wealth, respect for their geographical areas, promotion of their use in public and private life, facilitation of teaching and study, promotion of transnational exchanges, prohibition of discrimination based on language use, and promotion of understanding between linguistic groups.

What does Part III of the Charter require states to do for languages it covers?

Part III requires states to select at least 35 specific undertakings for each named language. These undertakings cover areas such as education, judicial and administrative authorities, media, cultural activities, economic and social life, and transnational exchanges, with options of varying stringency.

In which areas must states choose specific undertakings if they apply Part III of the Charter?

The areas for specific undertakings under Part III include education, judicial authorities, administrative authorities and public services, media, cultural activities and facilities, economic and social life, and transnational exchanges.

Which languages are protected in Austria under the Charter, and in which regions are they specified?

Austria protects Burgenland Croatian (in Burgenland), Czech (in Vienna), Hungarian (in Burgenland and Vienna), Romani (in Burgenland), Slovak (in Vienna), and Slovene (in Carinthia and Styria).

What is the ratification date for Bosnia and Herzegovina, and which languages does it protect?

Bosnia and Herzegovina ratified the Charter on September 21, 2010. The languages protected are Albanian, Czech, German, Hungarian, Italian, Ladino, Polish, Romani, Romanian, Rusyn, Slovak, Slovenian, Turkish, Ukrainian, and Yiddish.

Which languages are covered by Croatia's ratification of the Charter, and when did it ratify?

Croatia ratified the Charter on November 5, 1997. The protected languages include Czech, German, Hungarian, Boyash Romanian, Istro-Romanian, Italian, Romani, Rusyn, Serbian, Slovakian, Slovenian, and Ukrainian.

When did Cyprus ratify the Charter, and for which languages?

Cyprus ratified the Charter on August 26, 2002, for Armenian (under Article 7.5) and Cypriot Maronite Arabic (under Article 7).

What are the protected languages in the Czech Republic, and what is the ratification date?

The Czech Republic ratified the Charter on November 15, 2006. The protected languages are Moravian Croatian, German, Polish, Romani, and Slovak.

Which language is protected in Denmark under the Charter, and where is it spoken?

Denmark ratified the Charter on September 8, 2000, protecting the German language, specifically in Southern Jutland.

What is the ratification date for Finland, and which minority languages are protected?

Finland ratified the Charter on November 9, 1994. The protected languages include Inari Sami, Karelian, North Sami, Romani, Russian, Skolt Sami, Swedish, Tatar, and Yiddish.

Which languages does Germany protect under the Charter, and when did it ratify?

Germany ratified the Charter on September 16, 1998. The protected languages are Danish, Low German, Lower Sorbian, North Frisian, Romani, Saterland Frisian, and Upper Sorbian.

When did Hungary ratify the Charter, and what minority languages are recognized?

Hungary ratified the Charter on April 26, 1995. The recognized languages include Armenian, Boyash Romanian, Bulgarian, Croatian, German, Greek, Polish, Romani, Romanian, Rusyn, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, and Ukrainian.

Does Liechtenstein protect any regional or minority languages under the Charter, and when did it ratify?

Liechtenstein ratified the Charter on November 18, 1997, but it does not protect any specific regional or minority languages.

What is the status of regional or minority language protection in Luxembourg according to the Charter?

Luxembourg ratified the Charter on June 22, 2005, but it does not protect any specific regional or minority languages.

Which languages are protected in Montenegro under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages?

Montenegro ratified the Charter on February 15, 2006, and protects Albanian, Bosnian, Croatian, and Romani languages.

What languages are protected in the Netherlands under the Charter, and when did it ratify?

The Netherlands ratified the Charter on May 2, 1996. The protected languages are Frisian (in Friesland), Limburgish (in Limburg), Low Saxon, Papiamento (on Bonaire), Romani, and Yiddish.

When did Norway ratify the Charter, and which languages are covered?

Norway ratified the Charter on November 10, 1993. The protected languages are Kven/Finnish, Lule Sami, North Sami, Romanes, Romani, and South Sami.

What is the ratification date for Poland, and which languages does it protect?

Poland ratified the Charter on February 12, 2009. The protected languages include Armenian, Belarusian, Czech, German, Karaim, Kashub, Lemko, Lithuanian, Romani, Russian, Slovakian, Tatar, Ukrainian, and Yiddish.

Which languages are protected in Romania under the Charter, and what are the details of its ratification?

Romania ratified the Charter on January 29, 2008. It protects Albanian, Armenian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Macedonian, Polish, Romani, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, Slovak, Tatar, Turkish, Ukrainian, and Yiddish, with varying levels of protection (Part II or Part III).

What languages are protected in Serbia according to the Charter, and when was it ratified?

Serbia ratified the Charter on February 15, 2006. The protected languages include Albanian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Bunjevac, Croatian, Czech, German, Hungarian, Macedonian, Romani, Romanian, Rusyn, Slovakian, Ukrainian, and Vlach.

When did Slovakia ratify the Charter, and which languages does it cover?

Slovakia ratified the Charter on September 5, 2001. The protected languages are Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, German, Hungarian, Polish, Romani, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, Ukrainian, and Yiddish.

Which languages are protected in Slovenia under the Charter, and when did it ratify?

Slovenia ratified the Charter on October 4, 2000. The protected languages are Croatian, German, Hungarian, Italian, Romani, and Serbian.

What are the languages protected in Spain under the Charter, and what is its ratification date?

Spain ratified the Charter on April 9, 2001. The protected languages include Amazigh (in Melilla), Aragonese, Aranese (Occitan), Asturian, Basque, Catalan, Darija, Extremaduran, Fala, Galician, Leonese, Portuguese, and Valencian.

Which languages does Sweden protect under the Charter, and when did it ratify?

Sweden ratified the Charter on February 9, 2000. The protected languages are Finnish, Lule Sami, Meänkieli, North Sami, Romani, South Sami, and Yiddish.

What languages are protected in Switzerland under the Charter, and when did it ratify?

Switzerland ratified the Charter on December 23, 1997. The protected languages are Franco-Provençal, French, German, Italian, Romansh, and Yenish.

How does Ukraine specify the languages protected under its ratification of the Charter?

Ukraine ratified the Charter on September 19, 2005, and does not specify languages by name but rather ratifies on behalf of the languages of specific ethnic minorities, including Armenian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Crimean Tatar, Gagauz, German, Greek, Hungarian, Karaim, Krimchak, Moldovan, Polish, Romani, Romanian, Russian, Rusyn, Slovakian, and Yiddish.

Which languages did the United Kingdom ratify the Charter for, and what are the specific details for Welsh and Scottish Gaelic?

The UK ratified the Charter on March 27, 2001, for Cornish, Irish, Scots, Ulster-Scots, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh. For Welsh, it covers Articles 2 and 3 of Part II and Part III, supported by the Welsh Language Act 1993. For Scottish Gaelic, it covers Articles 2 and 3 of Part II and Part III, supported by the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005.

What is the status of the Charter's application to the Isle of Man?

The Isle of Man ratified the Charter on March 27, 2001, for Manx Gaelic under Article 2, Part II only. The UK government declared the Charter's extension to the Isle of Man on April 23, 2003.

What is the role of the Committee of Experts in monitoring the Charter's implementation?

The Committee of Experts is responsible for the proactive, regular monitoring of the Charter's implementation. It drafts formal feedback and recommendations regarding the situation of regional and minority languages in countries that are parties to the charter.

What does the phrase 'languages traditionally used by the nationals of the State Parties' imply regarding immigrant languages?

This phrase indicates that the Charter is intended to protect languages with a historical presence within a state, used by its long-standing national populations. It explicitly excludes languages brought into the country by more recent immigrants.

How does the Charter aim to prevent the suppression of regional or minority languages?

Part II of the Charter includes a principle that mandates the prohibition of all forms of unjustified distinction, exclusion, restriction, or preference related to the use of a regional or minority language, specifically when such actions are intended to discourage or endanger its maintenance or development.

What is the significance of the ratification date of 5 November 1992 mentioned in the infobox?

The date 5 November 1992, as indicated in the infobox, is when the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages was signed, marking the initial step in its adoption process before ratification by member states.

What does the term 'CETS 148' refer to in relation to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages?

CETS 148 refers to the Charter's designation as Treaty number 148 within the Council of Europe's Treaty Series, indicating its official numbering and classification among European treaties.

What is the purpose of the 'See also' section in the article?

The 'See also' section provides links to related topics and concepts, such as Euromosaic, linguistic rights, and other relevant conventions or declarations, helping readers explore the broader context of regional and minority languages in Europe.

What information is provided in the 'External links' section?

The 'External links' section offers direct links to the official text of the Charter, further information about the treaty, the Charter's dedicated website, related organizations like Eurolang, and explanatory reports, providing resources for deeper study.

How does the Charter promote the teaching and study of regional or minority languages?

Part II of the Charter emphasizes the need for states to provide appropriate forms and means for the teaching and study of these languages at all appropriate stages, ensuring their transmission to future generations.

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The European Charter

Foundational Treaty

The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML), designated as CETS 148, is a significant European treaty adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the Council of Europe. Its primary objective is to protect and promote the historical regional and minority languages spoken within Europe.

Definition and Scope

Crucially, the Charter does not provide a definitive, universally applicable criterion for classifying a language as "regional" or "minority." This classification remains largely within the purview of individual national states. The Charter applies to languages traditionally used by nationals of the State Parties, distinguishing them from languages of recent immigrants. It also excludes idioms considered mere local dialects of the official or majority language, though this distinction is also subject to state interpretation.

Collaborative Development

The preparatory work for the Charter was significantly influenced by the Standing Conference of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe, emphasizing the essential role of local and regional governmental bodies in language policy. The final text was shaped within the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, building upon the Congress's recommendations.

Protective Frameworks

Part II: Core Principles

Part II of the Charter outlines eight fundamental principles and objectives that guide State Parties in their policies and legislation concerning regional or minority languages. These principles serve as the foundational framework for language preservation and promotion, emphasizing:

Recognition of these languages as integral to Europe's cultural heritage.
Respect for the geographical areas where these languages are traditionally spoken.
Commitment to resolute action for their promotion.
Facilitation and encouragement of their use in both public and private spheres.
Provision of appropriate educational opportunities for their study at all levels.
Promotion of relevant transnational exchanges.
Prohibition of discriminatory practices that hinder language maintenance.
Fostering mutual understanding among the nation's linguistic groups.

Part III: Specific Undertakings

Part III details comprehensive, sector-specific commitments that States must undertake for each language they choose to protect under this part. States must select a minimum of thirty-five specific undertakings, with options for varying degrees of stringency tailored to the language's specific situation. These commitments span critical areas such as:

Education
Judicial Authorities
Administrative Authorities and Public Services
Media
Cultural Activities and Facilities
Economic and Social Life
Transfrontier Exchanges

Monitoring and Recommendations

The Charter's compliance mechanism is proactive rather than reactive. It relies on a regular monitoring process conducted by a Committee of Experts. This committee evaluates the situation in State Parties and provides formal feedback and recommendations, fostering continuous improvement in language protection efforts.

Charter Provisions

Part II: Guiding Principles

Part II establishes the fundamental principles that State Parties must adhere to. These include recognizing regional or minority languages as a vital expression of cultural wealth, respecting their traditional geographical areas, and actively promoting their use in speech and writing. It also mandates the facilitation of teaching and study, the prohibition of discrimination, and the promotion of inter-group understanding.

Part III: Actionable Commitments

Part III requires states to select specific undertakings across various domains for each language they wish to protect. These commitments are detailed and cover areas like education, judicial and administrative services, media, cultural activities, economic and social life, and transfrontier exchanges. The flexibility in choosing undertakings allows for adaptation to the unique circumstances of each language.

Languages Protected

Ratification Overview

The following table details the countries that have ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, along with the specific languages for which ratification was made and any relevant notes regarding their status or the application of the Charter's parts.

Country	Ratification	Language	Notes
Armenia	25 January 2002	Assyrian	Part II and III
		German	Part II
		Greek	Part II and III
		Kurdish	Part II and III
		Russian	Part II and III
		Ukrainian	Part II
		Yezidi	Part II and III
Austria	28 June 2001	Burgenland Croatian	(in Burgenland)
		Czech	(in Vienna)
		Hungarian	(in Burgenland and Vienna)
		Romani	(in Burgenland)
		Slovak	(in Vienna)
		Slovene	(in Carinthia and Styria)
Bosnia and Herzegovina	21 September 2010	Albanian	Part II and III
		Czech	Part II and III
		German	Part II and III
		Hungarian	Part II and III
		Italian	Part II and III
		Ladino (language)	Part II and III
		Polish	Part II and III
		Romani	Part II and III
		Romanian	Part II and III
		Rusyn (as Ruthenian)	Part II and III
		Slovak	Part II and III
		Slovenian	Part II and III
		Turkish	Part II and III
		Ukrainian	Part II and III
		Yiddish	Part II and III
Croatia	5 November 1997	Czech
		German
		Hungarian
		Boyash Romanian
		Istro-Romanian
		Italian
		Romani
		Rusyn (as Ruthenian)
		Serbian
		Slovakian
		Slovenian
		Ukrainian
Cyprus	26 August 2002	Armenian	Part II (Article 7.5)
		Cypriot Maronite Arabic	Part II (Article 7)
Czech Republic	15 November 2006	Moravian Croatian	(part II only)
		German	(part II and part III in districts Cheb, Karlovy Vary, Sokolov, Liberec, Ústí nad Labem, Český Krumlov, Opava and Svitavy)
		Polish	(part II; and part III in Moravia-Silesia, in districts Frydek-Místek and Karviná)
		Romani	(part II only)
		Slovak	(parts II and III, across the whole territory)
Denmark	8 September 2000	German	(in Southern Jutland)
Finland	9 November 1994	Inari Sami
		Karelian
		North Sami
		Romani
		Russian
		Skolt Sami
		Swedish
		Tatar
		Yiddish
Germany	16 September 1998	Danish	(in Schleswig-Holstein)
		Low German	(part III in Bremen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein); (part II in Brandenburg, Northrhine-Westphalia and Saxony-Anhalt)
		Lower Sorbian	(in Brandenburg)
		North Frisian	(in Schleswig-Holstein)
		Romani	(across Germany)
		Saterland Frisian	(in Lower Saxony)
		Upper Sorbian	(in the Free State of Saxony)
Hungary	26 April 1995	Armenian
		Boyash Romanian
		Bulgarian
		Croatian
		German
		Greek
		Polish
		Romani
		Romanian
		Rusyn (as Ruthenian)
		Serbian
		Slovak
		Slovene
		Ukrainian
Liechtenstein	18 November 1997	No regional or minority languages
Luxembourg	22 June 2005	No regional or minority languages
Montenegro	15 February 2006	Albanian
		Bosnian
		Croatian
		Romani
Netherlands	2 May 1996	Frisian	(in Friesland, under part III)
		Limburgish	(in Limburg, under part II)
		Low Saxon	(across the Netherlands, under part II)
		Papiamento	(on Bonaire under part III)
		Romani	(across the Netherlands, under part II)
		Yiddish	(across the Netherlands, under part II)
Norway	10 November 1993	Kven/Finnish	(part II only)
		Lule Sami
		North Sami
		Romanes
		Romani
		South Sami
Poland	12 February 2009	Armenian
		Belarusian
		Czech
		German
		Karaim
		Kashub
		Lemko
		Lithuanian
		Romani
		Russian
		Slovakian
		Tatar
		Ukrainian
		Yiddish
Romania	29 January 2008	Albanian	(Part II only)
		Armenian	(Part II only)
		Bulgarian	(Part III only)
		Croatian	(Part III only)
		Czech	(Part III only)
		German	(Part III only)
		Greek	(Part II only)
		Hungarian	(Part III only)
		Italian	(Part II only)
		Macedonian	(Part II only)
		Polish	(Part II only)
		Romani	(Part II only)
		Russian	Part II and III
		Rusyn (as Ruthenian)	(Part II only)
		Serbian	(Part III only)
		Slovak	(Part III only)
		Tatar	(Part II only)
		Turkish	(Part III only)
		Ukrainian	(Part III only)
		Yiddish	(Part II only)
Serbia	15 February 2006	Albanian
		Bosnian
		Bulgarian
		Bunjevac
		Croatian
		Czech
		German
		Hungarian
		Macedonian
		Romani
		Romanian
		Rusyn (as Ruthenian)
		Slovakian
		Ukrainian
		Vlach
Slovakia	5 September 2001	Bulgarian
		Croatian
		Czech
		German
		Hungarian
		Polish
		Romani
		Russian
		Rusyn (as Ruthenian)
		Serbian
		Ukrainian
		Yiddish
Slovenia	4 October 2000	Croatian
		German
		Hungarian
		Italian
		Romani
		Serbian
Spain	9 April 2001	Amazigh	in Melilla
		Aragonese	luenga propia in Aragon
		Aranese (Occitan)	in Catalonia
		Asturian language	present in Asturias; and in part of Leon, Zamora, Salamanca, Cantabria and Extremadura (recognized in Asturias, Castile and León)
		Basque	(official in the Basque Country and part of Navarre)
		Catalan	official in the Balearic Islands and Catalonia; llengua pròpia in Aragon.
		Darija	in Ceuta
		Extremaduran	in Extremadura
		Fala	in Extremadura
		Galician	present in Galicia; and in part of Asturias, Leon and Zamora provinces (official in Galicia)
		Leonese
		Portuguese
		Valencian (A dialect of Catalan)	official in Valencia
Sweden	9 February 2000	Finnish
		Lule Sami
		Meänkieli
		North Sami
		Romani
		South Sami
		Yiddish
Switzerland	23 December 1997	Franco-Provençal
		French
		German
		Italian
		Romansh
		Yenish
Ukraine	19 September 2005	Armenian	Ukraine does not specify languages by name, but rather ratifies on behalf of "the languages of the following ethnic minorities of Ukraine
		Belarusian
		Bulgarian
		Crimean Tatar
		Gagauz
		German
		Greek
		Hungarian
		Karaim
		Krimchak
		Moldovan
		Polish
		Romani
		Romanian
		Russian
		Rusyn (as Ruthenian)
		Slovakian
		Yiddish
United Kingdom	27 March 2001	Cornish	(Article 2, Part II only (Article 7))
		Irish	(Articles 2 and 3, Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8–14, with reservations))
		Scots	(Articles 2 and 3, Part II only (Article 7))
		Ulster-Scots	(Articles 2 and 3, Part II only (Article 7))
		Scottish Gaelic	(Articles 2 and 3, Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8–14, with reservations))
		Welsh	(Articles 2 and 3, Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8–14, with reservations))
Isle of Man	27 March 2001	Manx Gaelic	(Article 2, Part II only (Article 7))

Official Resources

Charter Texts

Access the official documentation and related reports for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.

Charter Text (opens in new tab)
More Information on the Treaty (opens in new tab)
Explanatory Report (opens in new tab)

Council of Europe & Eurolang

Explore resources from the Council of Europe and Eurolang for comprehensive information on minority languages.

Charter Website (opens in new tab)
Eurolang (News Agency) (opens in new tab)

Wikisource

Access the original text of the Charter on Wikisource for detailed study.

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages on Wikisource (opens in new tab)

Authority Control

Standardized Identifiers

This section provides standardized identifiers for cataloging and referencing the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages across various databases.

International	VIAF
National	Germany United States Czech Republic Sweden Israel

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References

Hult, F.M. (2004). Planning for multilingualism and minority language rights in Sweden. Language Policy, 3(2), 181-201.

A full list of references for this article are available at the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages Wikipedia page

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Important Notice

This page has been generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is derived from publicly available data and may not be exhaustive or entirely current. It is presented in an academic tone suitable for higher education students.

This is not legal or policy advice. The information provided herein should not be considered a substitute for professional consultation regarding international treaties, language policy, or legal matters. Always refer to official documentation and consult with qualified experts for specific advice.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided.

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