How is folk music generally defined, encompassing both traditional and contemporary forms?

Folk music is defined as a genre that includes traditional folk music and the contemporary genre that evolved from it during the 20th-century folk revival. Some types of folk music can also be categorized as world music.

What are several ways traditional folk music has been defined by observers?

Traditional folk music has been defined in various ways, including as music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers, music played on traditional instruments, music reflecting cultural or national identity, music that changes across generations (the folk process), music linked to a people's folklore, or music performed by custom over a long period.

How is traditional folk music often contrasted with other musical styles?

Traditional folk music is often contrasted with commercial and classical music styles, highlighting its distinct origins and transmission methods.

When did the term 'folk music' originate, and what influenced its meaning?

The term 'folk music' originated in the 19th century, extending from the concept of 'folklore' coined by William Thoms to describe traditions of the uncultured classes. It also draws from the German term 'Volk,' meaning 'the people as a whole,' as used by Johann Gottfried Herder and German Romantics to refer to popular and national music.

What is the significance of the 'folk revival' in the evolution of folk music?

Starting in the mid-20th century, a new popular form of folk music emerged from traditional folk music, known as the second folk revival, which peaked in the 1960s. This contemporary folk music is sometimes called folk revival music to distinguish it from earlier forms.

How does contemporary folk music relate to traditional folk music, particularly in American English?

While contemporary folk music is a distinct genre, in American English, it shares the same name as traditional folk music and often features the same performers and venues. This genre also includes fusion styles like folk rock and folk metal.

What is the specific meaning of 'tune' within the context of folk music?

In folk music, a 'tune' refers to a short instrumental piece, essentially a melody, which often has repeating sections and is played multiple times.

What is the most common musical form for tunes found in folk music?

The most common musical form for tunes in folk music is AABB, also known as binary form.

How has oral transmission historically shaped folk music?

For many societies, especially pre-literate ones, the cultural transmission of folk music relies on learning by ear. While notation exists in some cultures, oral transmission is key to the folk character, involving the community's continuous fashioning and re-fashioning of the music.

How does folk music serve as a marker of cultural or national identity?

In many nations and regions, traditional folk music acts as a significant badge of cultural or national identity, helping to preserve traditions and distinguish groups, especially in the face of globalization and the rise of popular music.

What was a primary characteristic of traditional folk music regarding its transmission before the 20th century?

Traditionally, folk music was transmitted through an oral tradition, meaning ordinary people learned songs by memory, often without the aid of books or recorded media, as literacy was not widespread.

How is folk music often related to national culture?

Folk music is frequently culturally particular, originating from a specific region or culture, and plays a role in emphasizing cultural identity, particularly within immigrant communities seeking to maintain connections to their heritage.

What types of events or cycles are often commemorated in folk songs?

Folk songs often commemorate historical and personal events, such as holidays (Christmas, Easter, May Day), birthdays, weddings, and funerals, serving to mark the passage of time and foster emotional bonding within communities.

What theory did folklorist Cecil Sharp propose regarding the evolution of folk song variants?

Cecil Sharp theorized that competing variants of a traditional song would undergo a process similar to natural selection, with the most appealing versions being adopted and transmitted, leading to incremental community improvement over time.

How did nationalist composers in Europe utilize folk melodies?

Nationalist composers from Central Europe, Russia, Scandinavia, Spain, and Britain, such as Dvořák, Grieg, and Bartók, drew heavily upon folk melodies, incorporating them into their original classical compositions and arrangements.

What was Cecil Sharp's contribution to the study of folk music in North America?

Cecil Sharp, a British folklorist, recorded traditional songs in the Appalachian Mountains of America between 1916 and 1918, collecting hundreds of ballads that had been passed down from English and Scottish ancestors.

Who was John Lomax, and what was his significance in American folk music studies?

John Lomax was a prominent American scholar who studied distinctly American folk music, including that of cowboys and southern Black communities. His 1911 publication, *Cowboy Songs and Other Frontier Ballads*, was a major early work in the field.

What was a significant theme among folk scholars in the early 20th century, particularly in the US?

A strong theme was regionalism, focusing on analyzing the diversity of folk music based on different regions of the US, rather than solely on historical roots. Carl Sandburg's collection, *The American Songbag*, exemplified this by incorporating a class dynamic into the understanding of American folk music.

How did folk music become intertwined with political and social movements in the 1930s?

During the Great Depression, folk music became associated with political and social activism. The U.S. Communist Party saw folk music as a tool for reaching Americans, and politically active musicians and scholars were influenced by communist ideals as a potential alternative system. Woody Guthrie is a notable example of an artist with this outlook.

What was the trend regarding folk music festivals in the 1930s?

Folk music festivals proliferated during the 1930s, with President Franklin D. Roosevelt being a notable patron, hosting concerts at the White House and attending festivals, viewing them as forces for social good like democracy and cultural pluralism.

What significant project did Alan Lomax undertake in his later years, and what happened to his archive?

Alan Lomax spent his final 20 years developing an interactive multimedia educational project called the Global Jukebox, which included extensive sound recordings, film, videotapes, and photographs. In 2012, his archive of recordings from 1946 onwards was digitized and made available online by the American Folklife Center at the Library of Congress.

How is folk music characterized across the African continent?

Africa is a vast continent with diverse regional and national musical traditions. The music of North Africa generally differs from Sub-Saharan African music traditions, and the music of the African diaspora, such as in the Caribbean and Latin America, is founded on the music of enslaved Africans.

How do many Asian civilizations distinguish between different types of music?

Many Asian civilizations differentiate between art/court/classical styles and 'folk' music, with examples like Alam Lohar being classified as a folk singer in South Asia, and specific genres like Khunung Eshei from Manipur representing Asian folk music.

What are some key characteristics of Chinese folk music?

Chinese folk music, dating back 7,000 years, is largely based on the pentatonic scale. Instruments like the suona and chuigushou are common in northern villages, while Nanyin ballads are found in Fujian and Taiwan, often featuring sorrowful themes of love.

What influences the art, music, and dance of Sri Lanka, and what are some key elements?

Sri Lankan art, music, and dance derive from natural elements and are enjoyed within a Buddhist environment. Traditional dances, such as the Mayura Wannama (peacock dance) and Hanuma Wannama (monkey dance), are inspired by animals and nature, while musical types include Kolam and Nadagam, with drums like the Gatabera being essential for Kandyan dance.

What are the main influences on Australian folk music traditions?

Australian folk music traditions were brought by early settlers from England, Scotland, and Ireland, gaining a foothold in the rural outback. Bush ballads, often telling personal stories of life in the Australian landscape, became a prominent genre, with 'Waltzing Matilda' being particularly famous. Indigenous Australian music also forms a vital part of the cultural landscape.

What musical traditions are encompassed by the term 'Celtic music'?

Celtic music is a broad term used to describe genres evolving from the folk traditions of Celtic peoples, including Irish, Scottish, Manx, Cornish, Welsh, and Breton traditions. Asturian and Galician music are also often included.

Which artists and movements contributed to the revival and popularization of Irish traditional music?

Artists like The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem, The Dubliners, Clannad, Planxty, and The Chieftains have been instrumental in revitalizing Irish traditional music, often drawing inspiration from earlier artists and benefiting from the work of collectors like Seamus Ennis and Peter Kennedy.

How have contemporary Scottish artists kept folk music vibrant?

Scottish artists such as The Corries, Silly Wizard, Capercaillie, and Runrig have kept Scottish folk vibrant by blending traditional Scottish and Gaelic songs with contemporary genres, achieving commercial success across Europe and North America.

What was the role of the state in promoting folk dancing in Eastern Bloc countries?

During the Eastern Bloc era, national folk dancing was actively promoted by the state, with troupes touring internationally. Eastern Europe is also recognized as the origin of the Jewish Klezmer tradition.

Where did the polka originate, and in which countries does it remain a popular folk music genre?

The polka originated in Bohemia in the mid-19th century and remains a popular folk music genre in many European countries, including Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands, Croatia, Slovenia, Germany, Hungary, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, and Slovakia.

How were German folk songs (Volkslieder) revived and compiled during the Romantic period?

German Volkslieder, dating back to medieval traditions, were revived in the late 18th century during German Romanticism, notably promoted by Johann Gottfried Herder. Later compilations were made by figures like Achim von Arnim and Clemens Brentano in *Des Knaben Wunderhorn*.

What historical period significantly influenced Balkan folk music, and what are some of its characteristics?

Balkan folk music was influenced by the mingling of ethnic groups during the Ottoman Empire. It encompasses the music of various nations and regions, sometimes characterized by complex rhythms, with notable acts like 'The Mystery of the Bulgarian Voices' achieving international acclaim.

What countries are generally included in the definition of Nordic folk music, and what are some shared traditions?

Nordic folk music generally includes traditions from Scandinavian countries like Iceland, Norway, Finland, Sweden, and Denmark, and sometimes the Baltic countries. While sharing some traditions, regional variations exist, such as the Psalmodikon in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway.

What are the primary instruments and dance forms associated with Swedish folk music?

The fiddle is the primary instrument in Swedish folk music, alongside the unique nyckelharpa. Most instrumental folk music serves as dance music, with the polska being the signature music and dance form.

What are the three main musical types that converged to form the folk music of the Americas?

The folk music of the Americas is a result of the encounter and union of three primary musical types: European traditional music, the traditional music of American natives, and tribal African music brought by enslaved people.

Where does Andean music originate, and what movement helped revive it?

Andean music comes from the Quechua, Aymara, and other peoples inhabiting the region of the former Inca Empire. The Nueva Canción movement of the 1970s played a significant role in reviving this genre across Latin America.

What is Nueva Canción, and what role did it play in Latin America?

Nueva Canción, meaning 'new song,' is a movement and genre within Latin American and Iberian folk music characterized by socially committed lyrics. It emerged in the 1960s, became associated with revolutionary movements and human rights, and is considered a precursor to Rock en español.

How is Canadian traditional folk music described in terms of diversity?

Canada's traditional folk music is exceptionally diverse, reflecting its history of Indigenous and European settlement. Academics refer to various ethnic traditions (like Acadian, Irish-Canadian, Blackfoot) and regional traditions (like Newfoundland, Cape Breton fiddling, Quebecois) rather than a single Canadian tradition.

What is American traditional music also known as, and what genres does it encompass?

American traditional music is also called roots music and encompasses genres such as bluegrass, country music, gospel, old-time music, jug bands, Appalachian folk, blues, Cajun, and Native American music. It is considered American because it originated or developed significantly within the United States.

What are the primary influences on Appalachian music?

Appalachian music draws from various European and African influences, including English ballads, Irish and Scottish fiddle music, hymns, and African-American blues. It significantly influenced the development of old-time music, country music, and bluegrass.

What was the impact of The Carter Family on American music?

The Carter Family, a traditional American folk music group active from 1927 to 1956, profoundly influenced bluegrass, country, Southern gospel, pop, and rock musicians. They were the first country music vocal group stars, marking a divergence of country music from traditional folk.

What does the term 'folk music revival' generally refer to?

A 'folk music revival' can refer to a period of renewed interest in traditional folk music or an event that transforms it, often incorporating a social activism component. The mid-20th century folk revival in the English-speaking world, particularly the US, is considered the most influential example.

What is considered one of the earliest folk music festivals in the United States?

The Mountain Dance and Folk Festival, founded in Asheville, North Carolina, in 1928 by Bascom Lamar Lunsford, is often cited as one of the earliest folk music festivals in the United States.

When did the Newport Folk Festival begin, and what is its approximate annual attendance?

The Newport Folk Festival, held near Newport, Rhode Island, began in 1959 and has run most years since then. It typically attracts approximately 10,000 attendees annually.

When did the Philadelphia Folk Festival start, and who sponsors it?

The Philadelphia Folk Festival began in 1962 and is sponsored by the non-profit Philadelphia Folksong Society. It hosts a wide range of contemporary and traditional artists across various genres.

When did the Sidmouth and Cambridge Folk Festivals begin?

The Sidmouth Festival began in 1954, and the Cambridge Folk Festival commenced in 1965, with the latter being noted for its broad definition of invited folk musicians.

What are some of Australia's major annual folk festival events?

Major annual folk festivals in Australia include the National Folk Festival, the Woodford Folk Festival, and the Port Fairy Folk Festival, which attract significant numbers of attendees and feature both international and local artists.

What is the significance of Stan Rogers in the context of Canadian folk festivals?

Stan Rogers is a significant figure in Canadian folk festivals, particularly Summerfolk in Owen Sound, Ontario, where the main stage is dedicated to him. His song 'The Mary Ellen Carter' is traditionally sung by performers and the audience at the festival's conclusion.

How do governments and international organizations protect regional music traditions?

Governments protect regional music traditions through measures like the Intangible Cultural Heritage program organized by UNESCO, which aims to prevent the disappearance of these traditions.

What was the original meaning of 'folklore' when coined by William Thoms?

When William Thoms coined the term 'folklore' in 1846, he used it to describe 'the traditions, customs, and superstitions of the uncultured classes.'

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Defining Folk Music

Etymology and Evolution

The term "folk music" emerged in the 19th century, extending from the concept of "folklore." It signifies traditions, customs, and beliefs of the populace, drawing from the German term Volk (the people as a whole), as championed by Johann Gottfried Herder. While precise definitions remain elusive, folk music is broadly understood as music of the people, often contrasted with commercial and classical styles.³⁴⁵

Key Characteristics

Traditional folk music is often characterized by:

Oral Transmission: Passed down through generations without reliance on written notation or recordings.³
Cultural Particularity: Deeply tied to the identity and heritage of a specific region or community.¹³
Communal Performance: Often associated with social gatherings, festivals, and historical commemorations.¹³
Evolutionary Process: Subject to continuous modification and adaptation by the community, leading to numerous variants.⁸

Traditional vs. Contemporary

The term encompasses both traditional folk music, rooted in historical practices, and contemporary folk music, which emerged from the 20th-century folk revival. This revival saw new compositions imitating traditional styles, sometimes leading to fusion genres like folk rock and folk metal.¹ While distinct, these forms often share performers and venues, particularly in U.S. English usage.¹

Historical Roots

Pre-Recording Era

For most of human history, music was created and transmitted orally. Work songs facilitated communal labor by reducing monotony, maintaining rhythm, and setting pace. In leisure time, music served as entertainment and a means of storytelling, predating modern media.²³²⁴

Art Music and Folk

Some scholars posit that folk music originated from art music, subsequently altered through oral transmission. This perspective suggests a dynamic interplay where societal character shapes musical evolution.³ The distinction between "folk," "art," and "court" music varies across cultures, with some viewing folk music as integral to a society's historical narrative.¹⁴

Cultural Transmission

In many pre-literate societies, folk music was learned aurally, though notation evolved in some cultures. The concept of "folk" often implies music associated with a lower socioeconomic class within stratified societies, forming part of a schema that includes 'primitive,' 'elite,' 'folk,' and 'popular' musical types.¹³¹⁴

Thematic Landscape

Narrative and Lyric Content

Traditional folk music frequently incorporates sung words, often featuring narrative verse. This includes epic poetry, accounts of battles, tragedies, natural disasters, and the remembrance of folk heroes like John Henry or Robin Hood.³⁵³⁶⁴³⁴⁵

Religious and Ritualistic Themes

Hymns and various forms of religious music often possess traditional, unknown origins. Gregorian chant, initially transmitted orally, exemplifies this. Songs like "Green grow the rushes, O" use mnemonic structures to convey religious lore, similar to Western Christmas carols.⁴⁷⁵⁰

Personal and Social Narratives

Love poetry, often tinged with tragedy or regret, is prominent. Additionally, nursery rhymes, children's songs, and nonsense verse designed for amusement or comfort are common subjects within folk traditions.⁵⁵⁵⁶ Work songs, employing call-and-response structures, also served practical purposes in coordinating labor.⁵¹

Global Tapestry of Folk Music

Africa and Asia

African musical traditions are vast and regionally diverse. Sub-Saharan African music, in particular, has profoundly influenced the African diaspora's music, including genres in the Americas and Caribbean.¹¹⁵¹¹⁶ Asian civilizations often distinguish between art and folk styles. China's folk music, dating back millennia, is largely pentatonic, with regional variations like Nanyin and Sizhu.¹²¹¹²⁹ Sri Lankan music draws from nature and Buddhist traditions, featuring distinct dance forms and percussion.¹⁴⁹

Africa: Diverse traditions across the continent, with Sub-Saharan music influencing diaspora genres. Instruments like the mbira are notable.¹¹¹

Asia:

China: Ancient pentatonic roots, diverse regional styles (Nanyin, Sizhu), instruments like suona and sheng.¹²¹¹²⁸
Sri Lanka: Influenced by nature and Buddhism, featuring unique dance forms (e.g., Mayura Wannama) and percussion (Geta Bera, Yak-bera).¹⁴⁹¹⁷⁵
India: Distinctions between classical and folk music, with regional styles like Baul music.¹¹⁷

Australia and Europe

Indigenous Australian music, integral to cultural observances, includes unique instruments and performance styles, alongside European influences like the bush ballad tradition.¹⁹²¹⁹⁹ European folk music is rich and varied, encompassing Celtic traditions, Alpine music, Balkan styles, and Slavic forms. The polka, originating in Bohemia, remains popular across Central and Eastern Europe.²⁵⁰

Australia: Indigenous traditions (didgeridoo, ceremonial songs) and European-influenced bush ballads (e.g., "Waltzing Matilda").¹⁹²²⁰⁶

Europe:

Celtic: Irish, Scottish, Welsh, Breton traditions, revitalized by contemporary artists.²⁰⁷
Central/Eastern: Polka's origins in Bohemia, state promotion of folk dance, Klezmer tradition.²⁵⁰²⁴⁹
Balkan: Influenced by Ottoman Empire, complex rhythms, notable vocal choirs.²⁷⁰
Nordic: Scandinavian traditions, unique instruments like the nyckelharpa, Sami joik.²⁷⁷²⁸⁶
Alpine/Germanic: Volkslieder, dances like polka, persistence against industrialization.²⁵²²⁶¹

Americas

Folk music in the Americas is a synthesis of European, Indigenous, and African musical elements. Latin American folk music, particularly Andean music and Nueva Canción, reflects this fusion and often carries socio-political commentary.²⁸⁹²⁹¹ Canadian folk music is diverse, reflecting its multicultural heritage, with distinct regional traditions like Quebecois and Cape Breton fiddling.²⁹³ United States roots music encompasses genres like Appalachian music, blues, and country, forming the bedrock for later American popular music.²⁹⁴

Latin America: Fusion of Indigenous, Iberian, and African influences. Andean music and Nueva Canción are prominent.²⁸⁹²⁹¹

Canada: Multicultural mosaic, diverse ethnic and regional traditions (Acadian, Quebecois, Métis fiddle, Cape Breton fiddling).²⁹³

United States: Roots music encompasses Appalachian, blues, country, bluegrass. Foundation for rock, jazz, and contemporary folk.²⁹⁴ Notable artists like the Carter Family were pivotal.²⁹⁵

Fieldwork and Scholarly Pursuit

Early Documentation

The 19th century saw scholars like Francis James Child (Child Ballads), Sabine Baring-Gould, and Cecil Sharp meticulously collecting and preserving folk songs, music, and dances, particularly in Europe. Their efforts, often involving transcription and dissemination, laid the groundwork for the formal study of folk traditions.¹⁰⁶⁴

Recording and Revival

The advent of audio recording technology revolutionized fieldwork. Scholars like John and Alan Lomax in the U.S. captured vast archives of American folk music, documenting diverse traditions. The mid-20th century folk revival further popularized folk music, intertwining it with social and political movements.⁷⁶¹⁰⁵

Interdisciplinary Approaches

Ethnomusicologists and folklorists collaborate to understand folk music's role in cultural maintenance and identity. Initiatives like UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage program highlight the importance of preserving these traditions. The study often involves analyzing musical structures, lyrical content, and their socio-cultural contexts.⁶¹

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References

Charles Seeger (1980), citing the approach of Redfield (1947) and Dundes (1965), quoted in Middleton (1990) p. 127.

Michael Ann Williams, Staging Tradition: John Lair and Sarah Gertrude Knott (University of Illinois Press, 2006) p. 13

GCSE Music â Edexcel Areas of Study, Coordination Group Publications, UK, 2006, p. 34, quoting examination board syllabus.

G. Smith, Singing Australian: A History of Folk and Country Music (Pluto Press Australia, 2005), p. 2.

Who'll come a waltzing Matilda with me?", The National Library of Australia, retrieved March 14, 2008.

Kaminsky, David (2005) pp. 33â41. "Hidden Traditions: Conceptualizing Swedish Folk Music in the Twenty-First Century." Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University.

Jersild, Margareta (1976) pp. 53â66. "Om fÃ¶rhÃ¥llandet mellan vokalt och instrumentalt i svensk folkmusik. Svensk tidskrift fÃ¶r musikforskning 58(2): 53â66. (in Swedish)

Ted Olson, "Music â Introduction". Encyclopedia of Appalachia (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), pp. 1109â20.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Folk music Wikipedia page

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This document has been generated by an AI, adopting the persona of a PhD Professor, to provide an academic overview of folk music. The content is synthesized from publicly available data and aims for scholarly accuracy and depth. However, it is intended for educational purposes and should not be considered exhaustive or a substitute for primary source research or expert consultation in musicology or ethnomusicology.

This is not professional musicological advice. The information presented is based on a snapshot of data and may not reflect the most current academic discourse or nuanced interpretations. Always consult peer-reviewed literature and scholarly databases for comprehensive and up-to-date information.

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Harmonies of Heritage

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Defining Folk Music ℹ️

📜 Etymology and Evolution

🔄 Key Characteristics

⚖️ Traditional vs. Contemporary

Historical Roots 🌱

⏳ Pre-Recording Era

🏛️ Art Music and Folk

🎶 Cultural Transmission

Thematic Landscape 📖

🗣️ Narrative and Lyric Content

🙏 Religious and Ritualistic Themes

❤️ Personal and Social Narratives

Global Tapestry of Folk Music 🌍

🌏 Africa and Asia

🇦🇺 Australia and Europe

🌎 Americas

Fieldwork and Scholarly Pursuit 🔬

🧐 Early Documentation

🎙️ Recording and Revival

🤝 Interdisciplinary Approaches

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

📜 References

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Academic Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Considerations

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Defining Folk Music

Etymology and Evolution

Key Characteristics

Traditional vs. Contemporary

Historical Roots

Pre-Recording Era

Art Music and Folk

Cultural Transmission

Thematic Landscape

Narrative and Lyric Content

Religious and Ritualistic Themes

Personal and Social Narratives

Global Tapestry of Folk Music

Africa and Asia

Australia and Europe

Americas

Fieldwork and Scholarly Pursuit

Early Documentation

Recording and Revival

Interdisciplinary Approaches

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Academic Disclaimer

Important Considerations