What was the Forum Boarium in ancient Rome?

The Forum Boarium was the cattle market, or *forum venalium*, of ancient Rome. It was situated on a level area near the Tiber River, nestled between the Capitoline, Palatine, and Aventine hills.

Where was the Forum Boarium located geographically?

The Forum Boarium was located on a level piece of land near the Tiber River, situated between the Capitoline, Palatine, and Aventine hills in ancient Rome.

What was the primary function of the Forum Boarium?

The primary function of the Forum Boarium was to serve as the cattle market (*forum venalium*) for ancient Rome.

What does the Latin name "Forum Boarium" translate to in English?

The Latin name "Forum Boarium" translates to "cattle market" or "ox market." Its Italian equivalent is "Foro Boario."

What historical significance did the Forum Boarium's location near the Tiber River hold?

Its location near the Tiber River, as the site of Rome's original docks (*Portus Tiberinus*) and adjacent to the Pons Aemilius (the earliest stone bridge across the Tiber), made the Forum Boarium a hub of intense commercial activity.

How does the Forum Boarium differ from the Roman Forum, as noted in the text?

The text distinguishes the Forum Boarium from the Roman Forum, noting that the Roman Forum was used as a cattle grazing area (*Campo Vaccino*) during the Middle Ages, implying a different primary function or historical period of use for the Forum Boarium.

What religious structures were historically present in the Forum Boarium?

The Forum Boarium was a religious center that housed the Temple of Hercules Victor, the Temple of Portunus (also known as the Temple of Fortuna Virilis), and the Ara Maxima, a large altar dating back to the 6th or 5th century BC.

What legend is associated with Hercules and the Forum Boarium?

According to legend, when Hercules arrived in the area with Geryon's oxen, he was robbed by the giant Cacus, who lived nearby. After Hercules slew Cacus, the ancient dwellers of the Palatine hill honored him as a god and dedicated an altar to him.

What is the significance of the Ara Maxima mentioned in relation to the Forum Boarium?

The Ara Maxima was a massive altar dating from the 6th or 5th century BC, believed to have been dedicated to Hercules by the ancient dwellers of the Palatine hill in honor of his slaying of the giant Cacus. The tufa stone core of this altar is now housed within the church of Santa Maria in Cosmedin.

What notable event, considered the first of its kind in Rome, took place at the Forum Boarium in 264 BC?

The first gladiatorial contest in Rome occurred at the Forum Boarium in 264 BC. This event was part of an aristocratic funerary ritual, known as a *munus*, or funeral gift for the deceased.

What was a *munus* in the context of ancient Roman practices?

A *munus* was a funeral gift for the dead, and in the context of the Forum Boarium's history, it specifically referred to the gladiatorial combat organized as part of such a ritual.

What disturbing ritualistic event occurred at the Forum Boarium in 215 BC?

In 215 BC, four individuals—a Gaulish man, a Gaulish woman, a Greek man, and a Greek woman—were buried alive under the Forum Boarium as human sacrifices. This act was performed to appease the gods following a series of events perceived as portents of disaster.

According to Livy's account, why were human sacrifices performed at the Forum Boarium?

Livy's account states that the human sacrifices were performed to placate the gods after a series of events were interpreted as portents of great disaster.

What did Livy describe as a practice "most repulsive to Roman feelings" that occurred at the Forum Boarium?

Livy described the practice of burying victims alive in a stone vault, which had previously been used for human sacrifices, as being "most repulsive to Roman feelings."

What action did Marcus Claudius Marcellus take after the human sacrifices in 215 BC?

After the human sacrifices were performed and the gods were believed to be propitiated, Marcus Claudius Marcellus sent 1,500 men, who had been enrolled for fleet service, to garrison Rome.

Describe the Temple of Hercules Victor.

The Temple of Hercules Victor, also known as Hercules Olivarius, is a circular building from the 2nd century BC. It features a colonnade of Corinthian columns surrounding a cylindrical cella, all resting on a tuff foundation. It is noted as the earliest surviving marble building in Rome.

What alternative names are associated with the Temple of Hercules Victor?

The Temple of Hercules Victor was also known as Hercules Olivarius, meaning "Hercules the Olive-Bearer." For centuries, it was mistakenly identified as the Temple of Vesta.

What is architecturally significant about the Temple of Hercules Victor?

The Temple of Hercules Victor is significant as the earliest surviving marble building in Rome. Its circular peristyle design with Corinthian columns is a notable architectural feature.

Describe the Temple of Portunus.

The Temple of Portunus is a rectangular building constructed between 100 and 80 BC. It features a tetrastyle Ionic portico and a cella raised on a podium, accessible by steps. The temple is constructed from tuff and travertine, covered with stucco.

What were the historical misidentifications of the Temple of Hercules Victor and the Temple of Portunus?

The Temple of Hercules Victor was known for centuries as the Temple of Vesta, while the Temple of Portunus was known as the Temple of Fortuna Virilis.

What materials and construction methods were used for the Temple of Portunus?

The Temple of Portunus was built using tuff and travertine stone, and its exterior was finished with a stucco surface.

What claims are made about a statue by the sculptor Myron in the Forum Boarium?

Sources suggest that the Forum Boarium was the location for a statue created by the sculptor Myron, which had been looted from Aegina. While one source mentions a cow, it's speculated the statue might have depicted Theseus defeating the Minotaur, which would have been fitting for a market area.

How were the temples within the Forum Boarium utilized in the late Western Roman Empire?

During the late period of the Western Roman Empire, the area became crowded with shops, and both the Temple of Hercules Victor and the Temple of Portunus were deconsecrated and converted into Christian churches.

What is the "Bocca della Verità," and where is it located in relation to the Forum Boarium?

The "Bocca della Verità" (Mouth of Truth) is a famous artifact housed in the church of Santa Maria in Cosmedin, which is located across the street from the Forum Boarium, linking a famous artifact to the vicinity of the ancient market.

What restoration efforts have been undertaken in the Forum Boarium?

Beginning in the late 1990s, a partnership between the Soprintendenza speciale per i beni archeologici di Roma and the World Monuments Fund led to the conservation of both the Temple of Hercules Victor and the Temple of Portunus in the Forum Boarium. This project also included new landscaping for the site.

Which structure in the Forum Boarium area remains unrestored according to the text?

The Arch of Janus, located in the Forum Boarium area, is mentioned as still being unrestored.

What does the mid-18th century etching by Giuseppe Vasi depict regarding the Forum Boarium?

The etching by Giuseppe Vasi shows the Temple of Hercules Victor with the Temple of Portunus situated on its right, providing a historical visual record of the Forum Boarium's architecture.

What does the caption for the image of the Temple of Portunus state?

The caption for the image of the Temple of Portunus states that it is shown after conservation work.

What does the caption for the image of the Temple of Hercules Victor today state?

The caption for the image of the Temple of Hercules Victor today simply identifies it as the Temple of Hercules Victor.

What does the caption for the scale model image state?

The caption for the scale model image states that it shows the Forum Boarium and the Temple of Hercules Victor in Italo Gismondi's scale model of imperial Rome, housed in the Museum of Roman Civilization.

What is the Forum Boarium's position in the "Landmarks of Rome" sequence within the provided navbox?

The Forum Boarium is listed directly under the "Landmarks of Rome" heading in the navbox.

According to the "Landmarks of Rome" navbox, what is listed immediately before the Forum Boarium?

In the sequence presented in the "Landmarks of Rome" navbox, Trajan's Forum is listed as preceding the Forum Boarium.

According to the "Landmarks of Rome" navbox, what is listed immediately after the Forum Boarium?

In the sequence presented in the "Landmarks of Rome" navbox, the Forum Holitorium is listed as succeeding the Forum Boarium.

What other types of "fora" are mentioned in the "Landmarks of Rome" navbox alongside the Forum Boarium?

Alongside the Forum Boarium, the navbox lists the Roman Forum and the Imperial fora (including the Forum of Augustus, Forum of Caesar, Forum of Nerva, Forum of Vespasian, and Trajan's Forum).

What does the map provided in the infobox illustrate?

The map provided in the infobox illustrates the location of the Forum Boarium within a plan of Augustan Rome.

What information is provided in the "Coordinates" section of the infobox?

The "Coordinates" section provides the geographical coordinates for the Forum Boarium in both degrees, minutes, and seconds (41°53′20″N 12°28′52″E) and decimal degrees (41.88889°N 12.48111°E), along with a link for accessing map data.

What is the significance of the *Portus Tiberinus* in relation to the Forum Boarium?

The *Portus Tiberinus* were the original docks of Rome, and their presence near the Forum Boarium contributed to the intense commercial activity experienced in the area.

What is the *Pons Aemilius* and its relevance to the Forum Boarium?

The *Pons Aemilius* was the earliest stone bridge built across the Tiber River. Its proximity to the Forum Boarium further enhanced the area's commercial importance.

What is the architectural style of the Temple of Hercules Victor's columns?

The Temple of Hercules Victor features a colonnade of Corinthian columns.

What is the architectural style of the Temple of Portunus's portico columns?

The Temple of Portunus features a portico with four free-standing Ionic columns.

What is the architectural material of the Temple of Hercules Victor's foundation?

The Temple of Hercules Victor rests on a foundation made of tuff stone.

What is the architectural material of the Temple of Portunus's podium?

The Temple of Portunus is mounted on a podium constructed from tuff and travertine.

What is the significance of the Temple of Hercules Victor being the "earliest surviving marble building in Rome"?

This designation highlights the Temple of Hercules Victor's historical importance as a preserved example of early marble construction techniques and architectural styles in ancient Rome.

What does the external link to Lacus Curtius offer regarding the Forum Boarium?

The external link to Lacus Curtius provides information about the Forum Boarium.

What does the external link to unicaen.fr offer regarding the Forum Boarium?

The external link to unicaen.fr provides a virtual tour and pictures of the Forum Boarium.

What authority control databases are listed for the Forum Boarium?

The authority control databases listed include international ones like ISNI and VIAF, national ones for Germany, the United States, France (including BnF data and IdRef), the Czech Republic, and Israel, as well as geographic databases like Pleiades and others like Yale LUX.

What was the Forum Boarium's role during the late Western Roman Empire?

During the late Western Roman Empire, the Forum Boarium area became increasingly occupied by shops, and its ancient temples were deconsecrated and repurposed as Christian churches.

What does the caption for the etching by Giuseppe Vasi state?

The caption for the etching by Giuseppe Vasi states that it depicts the Temple of Hercules Victor with the Temple of Portunus on the right, as rendered in a mid-18th century etching.

What is the Forum Boarium's Italian name?

The Italian name for the Forum Boarium is Foro Boario.

What ancient structures are mentioned as being located near the Pons Aemilius in relation to the Forum Boarium?

The Forum Boarium itself, which included the Temple of Hercules Victor and the Temple of Portunus, was located near the Pons Aemilius, the earliest stone bridge across the Tiber.

What is the significance of the Forum Boarium being the site of the original docks of Rome?

As the site of the *Portus Tiberinus*, the original docks of Rome, the Forum Boarium was a crucial center for trade and commerce, experiencing intense commercial activity.

Forum Boarium Wiki: Forum Boarium: Echoes of Ancient Rome's Commercial Heart

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

When you are ready...
🎮 Play the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge Game🎮

Introduction

The Cattle Market

The Forum Boarium, translating to "cattle market" in Classical Latin, served as the primary marketplace for livestock in ancient Rome. Situated on a level expanse near the Tiber River, it was strategically positioned between the Capitoline, Palatine, and Aventine hills. Its proximity to the original docks of Rome, known as Portus Tiberinus, and the Pons Aemilius, the earliest stone bridge across the Tiber, cemented its role as a hub of intense commercial activity.

Geographical Context

This vital area was located in the southeastern part of the ancient city, adjacent to the Tiber River. Its position facilitated trade and transport, making it a cornerstone of Rome's economic infrastructure. The surrounding hills provided a natural backdrop to this bustling center of commerce and civic life.

Historical Significance

Beyond its commercial function, the Forum Boarium was also a significant religious center. It housed important temples and altars, underscoring the interwoven nature of commerce, religion, and daily life in ancient Rome. Its history spans from the early days of the Republic through the Imperial era, witnessing numerous transformations.

Historical Developments

Religious Center

The site was a focal point for religious practices, home to the Temple of Hercules Victor and the Temple of Portunus. It also hosted the monumental Ara Maxima, an altar dating back to the 6th or 5th century BC. Legend connects this altar to Hercules himself, who, according to myth, slew the giant Cacus in this area before being honored by the early inhabitants of the Palatine Hill.

Gladiatorial Contests

In 264 BC, the Forum Boarium became the site of the first recorded gladiatorial contest in Rome. These combats, part of aristocratic funerary rituals known as munera, were initiated by Marcus and Decimus Junius Brutus Scaeva in honor of their deceased father, featuring three pairs of gladiators.

Ritual Sacrifices

A more somber historical event occurred in 215 BC when, according to Livy's historical accounts, four individuals—a Gaulish man and woman, and a Greek man and woman—were buried alive beneath the Forum Boarium. This act was performed as a human sacrifice intended to appease the gods during a period perceived as fraught with portents of disaster.

Architectural Heritage

Temple of Hercules Victor

This circular peristyle temple, dating from the 2nd century BC, is one of the most significant surviving structures in the Forum Boarium. It features a colonnade of Corinthian columns encircling a central cella, all resting on a tuff foundation. Notably, it is the earliest surviving marble building in Rome. For centuries, it was mistakenly identified as the Temple of Vesta.

Temple of Portunus

Constructed between 100 and 80 BC, this rectangular temple is characterized by its tetrastyle portico and cella, elevated on a podium accessible by steps. It showcases four free-standing Ionic columns at the front and engaged columns along the sides and rear, integrated with the cella walls. Built from tuff and travertine, its exterior was finished with stucco. Historically, it was known as the Temple of Fortuna Virilis.

Artistic Legacy

The Forum Boarium is associated with significant artistic works. Sources suggest it may have been the location for a statue group by the sculptor Myron, possibly depicting Theseus defeating the Minotaur, a theme fitting for a market dealing with livestock. During the late Western Roman Empire, the area became increasingly commercialized, with temples being repurposed as churches.

Conservation Efforts

Collaborative Preservation

In the late 1990s, a significant partnership was formed between the Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma and the World Monuments Fund. This collaboration led to the comprehensive conservation of both the Temple of Hercules Victor and the Temple of Portunus within the Forum Boarium.

Site Enhancement

Beyond the restoration of the temples themselves, the project also encompassed new landscaping for the surrounding area. This initiative aimed to enhance the presentation and accessibility of these ancient structures, preserving their historical context for future generations. However, structures like the Arch of Janus remain unrestored.

Further Exploration

Online Resources

For deeper insights into the Forum Boarium, consult the following external resources:

Lacus Curtius: Forum Boarium
Virtual Tour and Pictures of Boarium Forum
The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City

Related Landmarks

Ancient Roman Landmarks

The Forum Boarium is situated within a rich historical landscape. Below is a categorized list of significant landmarks in Rome, reflecting the city's extensive architectural and cultural heritage. Please note that direct links have been omitted as per content guidelines.

Landmarks of Rome
Walls and gates	Aurelian Walls (Porta Ardeatina, Porta Asinaria, Porta Latina, Porta Maggiore, Porta Metronia, Porta Nomentana, Porta Pia, Porta Pinciana, Porta del Popolo, Porta Portese, Porta San Pancrazio, Porta San Paolo, Porta San Giovanni, Porta San Sebastiano, Porta Settimiana, Porta Tiburtina) Leonine Wall (Porta Cavalleggeri, Porta Pertusa, Porta Santo Spirito) Castra Praetoria Janiculum Wall Terreus Wall Romuli Wall Servian Wall (Porta Caelimontana, Porta Capena, Porta Collina, Arch of Dolabella, Porta Esquilina, Porta Fontinalis, Arch of Gallienus, Porta Viminale, Porta Naevia, Porta Querquetulana, Porta Trigemina)
Ancient Obelisks	Lateran Obelisk Flaminian Obelisk Obelisk of Minerveo Obelisk of Montecitorio
Art	Apollo Belvedere Augustus of Prima Porta Colossus of Constantine La Bocca della Verità Laocoön and His Sons Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus Ecstasy of Saint Teresa Pietà Portonaccio Sarcophagus Raphael Rooms Sistine Chapel ceiling Velletri Sarcophagus
Ancient Roman Landmarks	Triumphal Arches: Arch of Constantine, Arch of Dolabella, Arch of Drusus, Arch of Gallienus, Arch of Janus, Arch of Septimius Severus, Arch of Titus, Arcus Novus Aqueducts: Aqua Appia, Aqua Alexandrina, Aqua Anio Vetus, Aqua Anio Novus, Aqua Claudia, Aqua Julia, Aqua Marcia, Aqua Tepula Sewers: Cloaca Maxima, Cloaca Circi Maximi Public Baths: Baths of Agrippa, Baths of Caracalla, Baths of Diocletian, Baths of Nero, Baths of Trajan Religious: Ara Pacis, Temple of Antoninus and Faustina, Temple of Apollo Palatinus, Temple of Apollo Sosianus, Temple of Hadrian, Temple of Hercules Victor, Temple of Janus, Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, Temple of Jupiter Tonans, Temple of Minerva Medica, Temple of Portunus, Temple of Saturn, Temple of Vesta, Largo di Torre Argentina, Lupercal, Pantheon, Porta Maggiore Basilica Fora: Roman Forum, Imperial fora (Forum of Augustus, Forum of Caesar, Forum of Nerva, Forum of Vespasian, Trajan's Forum), Forum Boarium, Forum Holitorium Civic: Basilica Argentaria, Basilica Julia, Basilica of Junius Bassus, Basilica of Maxentius, Basilica of Neptune, Basilica Ulpia, Comitium, Curia Julia, Portico Dii Consentes, Porticus Octaviae, Tabularium Entertainment: Circus Maximus, Circus of Maxentius, Circus of Nero, Colosseum (Ludus Magnus), Gardens of Maecenas, Gardens of Sallust, Stadium of Domitian, Theatre of Marcellus, Theatre of Pompey Palaces and Villae: Domus Augustana, Domus Aurea, Domus Transitoria, Flavian Palace, House of Augustus, Palace of Domitian, Villa Gordiani, Villa of Livia, Insula dell'Ara Coeli, Villa of the Quintilii, Villa dei Sette Bassi Column Monuments: Column of Antoninus Pius, Column of Marcus Aurelius, Column of Phocas, Trajan's Column, Five-Columns Monument Commerce: Porticus Aemilia, Trajan's Market Tombs: Casal Rotondo, Catacombs of Domitilla, Catacombs of Rome, Catacombs of San Sebastiano, Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas, Mausoleum of Augustus, Mausoleum of Helena, Mausoleum of Maxentius, Pyramid of Cestius, Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker, Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus, Tomb of the Haterii, Tomb of the Scipios, Tombs of Via Latina, Tomb of Priscilla, Vigna Randanini Bridges: Pons Cestius, Pons Fabricius, Ponte Milvio, Ponte Sant'Angelo
Roman Catholic Basilicas	Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran, Basilica of Saint Mary Major, Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican, S. Lorenzo fuori le mura, S. Agnese fuori le mura, S. Agostino, S. Anastasia al Palatino, S. Andrea delle Fratte, S. Andrea della Valle, S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana, S. Apollinare alle Terme, Ss. Apostoli, S. Balbina, S. Bartolomeo all'Isola, Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio, S. Camillo de Lellis, S. Carlo al Corso, S. Cecilia in Trastevere, Ss. Celso e Giuliano, S. Clemente, Ss. Cosma e Damiano, S. Crisogono, S. Croce in Via Flaminia, S. Croce in Gerusalemme, S. Eugenio, S. Eustachio, S. Francesca Romana, S. Giovanni a Porta Latina, S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini, Ss. Giovanni e Paolo, S. Lorenzo in Damaso, S. Lorenzo in Lucina, S. Maria Ausiliatrice, S. Marco, S. Maria degli Angeli, S. Maria dei Miracoli, S. Maria in Montesanto, S. Maria in Cosmedin, S. Maria in Domnica, S. Maria in Aracoeli, S. Maria del Popolo, S. Maria sopra Minerva, S. Maria in Trastevere, S. Maria in Via, S. Maria in Via Lata, S. Maria della Vittoria, S. Martino ai Monti, Ss. Nereo e Achilleo, S. Nicola in Carcere, S. Pancrazio, Pantheon, S. Pietro in Vincoli, S. Prassede, S. Pudenziana, Ss. Quattro Coronati, S. Saba, S. Sabina, Sacro Cuore di Maria, Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re, Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio, S. Sebastiano fuori le mura, S. Silvestro in Capite, S. Sisto Vecchio, S. Sofia a Via Boccea, S. Stefano Rotondo, S. Teresa, S. Vitale
Other churches	List of churches in Rome
Castles and palaces	Arx, Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi, Castel Sant'Angelo, Domus Internationalis Paulus VI, Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga, Palazzo Barberini, Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari, Palazzo Borghese, Palazzo della Cancelleria, Palazzo Chigi, Palazzo Colonna, Palazzo della Consulta, Palazzo Farnese, Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini, Palazzo Giustinani, Lateran Palace, Palazzo Madama, Palazzo Malta, Palazzo di Giustizia, Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne, Palazzo Mattei, Palazzo del Quirinale, Palazzo Pamphilj, Palazzo Poli, Palazzo Riario, Palazzo Ruspoli, Palazzo Spada, Palazzo Valentini, Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli, Palazzo del Viminale, Palazzo Wedekind, Palazzo Zuccari, Villa Farnesina, Villa Giulia, Villa Madama
Fountains	Api, Acqua Felice, Acqua Paola, Babuino, Barcaccia, Il Facchino, Libri, Marforio, Moro, Nasone, Navicella, Neptune, Nettuno, del Pantheon, Pianto, di Piazza d'Aracoeli, di Piazza Colonna, di Piazza Farnese, della Piazza dei Quiriti, di Piazza Nicosia, in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere, di Ponte Sisto, Quattro Fiumi, Quattro Fontane, Tartarughe, Trevi Fountain, Tritons, Tritone
Other landmarks	Altare della Patria (Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Italy), Campo Verano, Capocci Tower, Column of the Immaculate Conception, Conti Tower, Hospital of the Holy Spirit, Milizie Tower, Sisto Bridge, Spanish Steps
Squares, streets and public spaces	Appian Way, Campo de' Fiori, Clivus Capitolinus, Piazza Colonna, Piazza d'Aracoeli, Piazza del Popolo, Piazza della Minerva, Piazza della Repubblica, Piazza dei Cinquecento, Piazza Farnese, Piazza Navona, Piazza San Pietro, Piazza di Spagna, Piazza Venezia, Via dei Coronari, Via del Corso, Via della Conciliazione, Via dei Fori Imperiali, Via Sacra, Via Veneto
Parks, gardens and zoos	Bioparco, Villa Ada, Villa Borghese gardens, Villa Doria Pamphili, Villa Medici, Villa Torlonia, Parco degli Acquedotti
Museums and art galleries	Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum, Capitoline Museums, Casa di Goethe, Galleria Borghese, Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna, Galleria Doria Pamphilj, Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna, Giorgio de Chirico House Museum, Galleria Spada, Jewish Museum of Rome, Keats–Shelley Memorial House, MAXXI, Museo Archeologico Ostiense, Museo di Scultura Antica Giovanni Barracco, Museo Civico di Zoologia, Museo delle anime del Purgatorio, Museo delle Mura, Museo di Roma, Museo di Roma in Trastevere, Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia, Museo Nazionale Etrusco, Museo Nazionale Romano, Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria, Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome, Museum of the Ara Pacis, Museum of the Liberation of Rome, National Museum of Oriental Art, Palazzo Colonna, Palazzo delle Esposizioni, Pigorini National Museum, Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum, Venanzo Crocetti Museum
Landscape	Seven Hills: Aventine, Caelian, Capitoline, Esquiline, Palatine, Quirinal, Viminal Tiber Island, Monte Testaccio
Metropolitan City of Rome Capital	Appian Way Regional Park, Capo di Bove, Castello Orsini-Odescalchi, Frascati, Hadrian's Villa, Ostia Antica, Villa Aldobrandini, Villa d'Este, Villa Farnese
Events and traditions	Festa della Repubblica, Rome Quadriennale, Rome Film Festival
Enclave	Vatican City

Authority Control

Identifiers

Standardized identifiers for Forum Boarium across various databases:

Authority Control Databases
International	ISNI: 0000000122578418 VIAF: 128348297
National	Germany: GND ID United States: LCCN ID France: BNF data Czech Republic: NKC ID Israel: NLI ID
Geographic	Pleiades: 207271756
Other	IdRef: 105983462 Yale LUX: Collection ID

References

Teacher's Corner

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

Edit and Print Materials from this study in the wiki2web studio

Click here to open the "Forum Boarium" Wiki2Web Studio curriculum kit

Use the free Wiki2web Studio to generate printable flashcards, worksheets, exams, and export your materials as a web page or an interactive game.

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Learn about forum_boarium while playing the wiki2web Clarity Challenge game.

Unlock the mystery image and prove your knowledge by earning trophies. This simple game is addictively fun and is a great way to learn!

Play now

Explore More Topics

Discover other topics to study!

elevation

barber surgeon

esoteric christianity

air pollution

jihad

virginia railway express

isthmus department

hittite plague

national economic council united states

mid vowel

References

Barton Sholod, "Charlemagne in Spain. The Cultural Legacy of Roncesvalles", p. 144

New Guide of Rome, Naples and Their Environs, by Mariano Vasi, Antonio Nibby, page 115.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Forum Boarium Wikipedia page

Feedback & Support

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer

Important Notice

This page has been generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is derived from publicly available data and may not be entirely exhaustive, accurate, or up-to-date. Historical interpretations and specific details are presented based on the source material provided.

This is not professional historical or archaeological advice. The information presented should not substitute consultation with qualified historians, archaeologists, or relevant academic professionals. Always verify critical information through primary sources or expert consultation.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

Forum Boarium

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Introduction ℹ️

🐂 The Cattle Market

🌍 Geographical Context

📜 Historical Significance

Historical Developments ⏳

🏛️ Religious Center

⚔️ Gladiatorial Contests

🩸 Ritual Sacrifices

Architectural Heritage 🏛️

🌟 Temple of Hercules Victor

🏛️ Temple of Portunus

🗿 Artistic Legacy

Conservation Efforts 🛠️

🤝 Collaborative Preservation

🌳 Site Enhancement

Further Exploration 🔗

🌐 Online Resources

Related Landmarks 🗺️

🏛️ Ancient Roman Landmarks

Authority Control 🗂️

🔗 Identifiers

References 📚

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

True or False? 🤔

❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

Gamer's Corner 🎮

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Explore More Topics

📜 Discover other topics to study!

References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Introduction

The Cattle Market

Geographical Context

Historical Significance

Historical Developments

Religious Center

Gladiatorial Contests

Ritual Sacrifices

Architectural Heritage

Temple of Hercules Victor

Temple of Portunus

Artistic Legacy

Conservation Efforts

Collaborative Preservation

Site Enhancement

Further Exploration

Online Resources

Related Landmarks

Ancient Roman Landmarks

Authority Control

Identifiers

References

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice