What is the Ganges River, and where is it located?

The Ganges is a major trans-boundary river in Asia that flows through India and Bangladesh. It originates in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand and flows south and east through the Gangetic Plain of North India before entering Bangladesh, where its name changes to the Padma. It eventually forms the Ganges Delta and empties into the Bay of Bengal.

What is the approximate length of the Ganges River?

The Ganges River is approximately 2,525 kilometers (1,569 miles) long. Various sources provide slightly different figures, ranging from 2,601 km to 2,704 km, depending on the measurement points used for its source and mouth.

Where does the main stem of the Ganges River begin, and what are its source streams?

The main stem of the Ganges River begins at Devprayag in Uttarakhand, India, at the confluence of the Alaknanda River and the Bhagirathi River. While the Alaknanda is considered the hydrological source due to its greater length, the Bhagirathi is traditionally regarded as the source stream in Hindu mythology.

What are the six headstreams considered sacred in Hindu tradition that contribute to the Ganges?

The six sacred headstreams that form the upper reaches of the Ganges are the Alaknanda, Dhauliganga, Nandakini, Pindar, Mandakini, and Bhagirathi. Their confluences, known as the Panch Prayag, are significant pilgrimage sites along the Alaknanda's course before it meets the Bhagirathi to form the Ganges.

How does the Ganges River's name change as it flows into Bangladesh?

After entering Bangladesh, the main branch of the Ganges River is known as the Padma. It is later joined by the Jamuna (the lower course of the Brahmaputra) and then the Meghna River, before emptying into the Bay of Bengal.

What is the significance of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river system in terms of discharge?

The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna system is the second-largest river system on Earth by discharge. Only the Amazon and Congo rivers have a greater average discharge, and in full flood, only the Amazon is larger.

What is the geological origin of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, through which the Ganges flows?

The Indo-Gangetic Plain was formed in a vast trough, a foreland basin, created by tectonic plate movements. As the Indian tectonic plate drifted northeast and collided with the Eurasian Plate, the resulting uplift formed the Himalayas, and the trough south of them was filled with sediments carried by the Indus and Ganges river systems.

What are the major left-bank tributaries of the Ganges River?

The major left-bank tributaries of the Ganges include the Gomti River, Ghaghara River, Gandaki River, and Kosi River. These tributaries, originating from the Himalayas, contribute significantly to the Ganges' flow.

What are the major right-bank tributaries of the Ganges River?

The primary right-bank tributaries of the Ganges are the Yamuna River, Son River, Punpun, and Damodar. The Yamuna, also originating in the Himalayas, is a major tributary that joins the Ganges at Prayagraj.

Which tributary is considered the largest by discharge, and which is the third largest?

The Ghaghara River (also known as the Karnali River) is the largest tributary of the Ganges by discharge. The Kosi River is the third largest tributary, following the Ghaghara and the Yamuna.

What is the significance of the confluence of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers at Prayagraj?

The confluence of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers at Prayagraj (formerly Allahabad) is known as the Triveni Sangam and is considered a holy site in Hinduism. At this point, the Yamuna is larger than the Ganges, contributing a significant portion of the combined flow.

What was the purpose of the Farakka Barrage, and why did it cause a dispute?

The Farakka Barrage was built near the India-Bangladesh border to divert water into the Bhagirathi-Hooghly distributary. The goal was to improve navigability at the Port of Kolkata. However, the diversion significantly reduced the Ganges' flow into East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), leading to a protracted water-sharing dispute between the two countries.

What is the mythological story behind the descent of the Ganges to Earth?

According to Hindu mythology, the goddess Ganga descended from heaven to Earth to purify the ashes of King Sagara's sixty thousand sons, who had been reduced to ashes by the sage Kapila. King Bhagiratha performed severe penance to bring Ganga to Earth, and to prevent her powerful flow from destroying the planet, Lord Shiva caught her in his matted locks, breaking her fall.

Why is the Bhagirathi River named as the source stream in Hindu tradition, even though the Alaknanda is longer?

The Bhagirathi River is considered the source stream in Hindu tradition because of its mythological association with the sage Bhagiratha's penance to bring the Ganges to Earth. Hydrologically, the Alaknanda River is considered the source stream due to its greater length.

What is the significance of bathing in the Ganges on Ganga Dashahara?

Ganga Dashahara, celebrated in late May or early June, is a festival commemorating the descent of the Ganges. A dip in the river on this day is believed to cleanse the bather of ten sins, or sins accumulated over ten lifetimes.

How is the Ganges River personified in Hindu worship?

The Ganges River is personified as the goddess Ganga, who is revered as a consort to Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, and as a mother figure ('Ganga Mata'). She is seen as the embodiment of all sacred waters and represents moving, restless energy, particularly in her association with Shiva.

What are the typical elements found in classical Indian iconography of the goddess Ganga?

Classical depictions of the goddess Ganga often include her riding a makara (a mythical sea creature), holding a full pot of water (purna kumbha), accompanied by an attendant holding a parasol, and sometimes leaning on a dwarf attendant. The makara symbolizes both life-affirming waters and the fear of the unknown.

What is the significance of the Kumbh Mela, and where is it celebrated?

The Kumbh Mela is a major Hindu pilgrimage where devotees gather to bathe in sacred rivers, most notably the Ganges. Celebrated every three, six, twelve, or 144 years at specific locations like Prayagraj, Haridwar, Ujjain, and Nashik, it is considered the most sacred of all pilgrimages.

How has the Ganges River been used for irrigation historically?

The Ganges and its tributaries have been crucial for irrigation since ancient times. Dams and canals were common in the Gangetic Plain by the 4th century BCE, with notable canal projects undertaken by rulers like Firuz Shah Tughlaq and Shah Jahan, and later expanded significantly by the British.

What was the scale and impact of the British-built Ganges Canal?

The Ganges Canal, built between 1842 and 1854, was the largest canal ever attempted in the world at that time. It stretched 560 km with 480 km of branch lines, irrigating the Doab region and serving as a model for future canal projects in British India.

What are the primary ecological concerns regarding the Ganges River basin?

The Ganges basin faces severe ecological challenges due to extensive human development, primarily agriculture, which has degraded over 95% of the upper Gangetic Plain. This has led to habitat loss for many species, including tigers and elephants, and pollution threatens remaining wildlife and fish populations.

What are the main threats to fish populations in the Ganges basin?

Fish populations in the Ganges basin are threatened by overfishing (including illegal practices), pollution from various sources, water abstraction for irrigation, siltation, and the introduction of invasive species. These factors have led to significant declines in fish catches in recent decades.

Which species are considered critically endangered within the Ganges basin?

Critically endangered species found in the Ganges basin include the gharial (a fish-eating crocodilian), the South Asian river dolphin, and the Ganges shark. Several turtle species and mammals like the tiger and elephant also face significant threats.

How does climate change potentially impact the Ganges River's water resources?

Climate change poses risks to the Ganges' water resources primarily through the melting of Himalayan glaciers, which are vital sources of the river's flow. Studies suggest that increased summer monsoon flow and peak runoff could lead to a higher risk of flooding, while glacier retreat threatens long-term water availability.

What are the main sources of pollution in the Ganges River?

The Ganges suffers from extreme pollution caused by sewage from cities along its banks, industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and religious offerings. The sheer volume of untreated waste discharged daily, coupled with the reliance of millions on the river for daily needs, exacerbates the pollution problem.

What was the Ganga Action Plan (GAP), and why is it considered a failure?

The Ganga Action Plan (GAP), launched in 1985, was a large-scale environmental initiative aimed at cleaning up the Ganges River by treating effluents from towns along its banks. However, it is widely considered a failure due to issues like mismanagement, corruption, poor technical execution, lack of public involvement, and the continuation of polluting practices, leading to the river being more polluted than before.

What is the significance of Varanasi in relation to the Ganges River's religious practices?

Varanasi is a major holy city on the banks of the Ganges, attracting millions of pilgrims who bathe in its waters for purification. It is also known as the 'Great Cremation Ground' (Mahashmshana), where the dead are cremated on the ghats, and their ashes are immersed in the Ganges, believed to grant instant salvation.

How does the Ganges River dolphin contribute to India's national identity?

The Ganges river dolphin has been declared India's national aquatic animal. This recognition highlights its cultural and ecological importance, while also drawing attention to its endangered status due to pollution and habitat degradation.

What is the 'Avatarana' story related to the Ganges?

The 'Avatarana' story refers to the mythological descent of the goddess Ganga from heaven to Earth. It involves the sage Bhagiratha's penance, Shiva's role in breaking her fall, and her journey through various realms to ultimately save the souls of King Sagara's sons.

What is the cultural significance of 'Ganga Jal'?

'Ganga Jal' refers to the water carried from the Ganges River by pilgrims. This sacred water is used in Hindu rituals and is believed to possess purifying qualities, mystically connecting all sacred waters to the Ganges itself.

What are the reported health impacts of the Ganges' pollution on people living along its banks?

The severe pollution of the Ganges has significant health consequences. Studies indicate high rates of water-borne and enteric diseases among those who use the river's water for daily needs. Furthermore, areas along the Ganges in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Bengal have shown higher incidences of cancer, attributed to the river's contamination with heavy metals and chemicals.

What actions has the Indian government taken to address the Ganges' pollution?

The Indian government has undertaken several initiatives, including the Ganga Action Plan (GAP), the declaration of the Ganges as a 'National River' leading to the formation of the National Ganga River Basin Authority, and the 'Namami Gange Programme'. These efforts aim to improve water quality, conserve biodiversity, and rejuvenate the river ecosystem.

What was the outcome of the Uttarakhand High Court's ruling regarding the Ganges and Yamuna rivers in 2017?

In March 2017, the Uttarakhand High Court declared the Ganges and Yamuna rivers as legal 'living entities,' granting them rights equivalent to humans. This ruling was intended to aid efforts in cleaning the polluted rivers, although its enforceability and immediate benefits were questioned by experts.

How has illegal mining affected the Ganges River environment?

Illegal mining for stones and sand in the Ganges riverbed, particularly in Haridwar district, Uttarakhand, has been a persistent problem. This activity, despite being banned in certain zones, contributes to environmental degradation along the riverbanks.

What role do the Himalayas play in the Ganges' hydrology?

The Himalayas are crucial for the Ganges' hydrology as they are the source of its headwaters, formed by snowmelt from high peaks. The Himalayan tributaries contribute a significant portion of the river's flow, and the glaciers in this region are vital lifelines for the river's water supply.

What is the significance of the 'Panch Prayag'?

The Panch Prayag are five sacred confluences along the Alaknanda River in Uttarakhand, where its tributaries join before it meets the Bhagirathi to form the Ganges. These sites are important pilgrimage destinations in Hindu tradition.

How does the monsoon season affect the Ganges River's discharge?

The Ganges River's discharge is highly seasonal, heavily influenced by the Southwest Monsoon. Approximately 84% of the total rainfall occurs between June and September, leading to a significant increase in streamflow during the monsoon period compared to the dry season.

What is the 'Bengal Fan', and what is its significance?

The Bengal Fan is the world's largest submarine fan, formed by the sediment-laden flows of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers as they empty into the Bay of Bengal. It accounts for a substantial portion (10-20%) of the global burial of organic carbon.

What is the geological term for the Indo-Gangetic Plain?

Geologically, the Indo-Gangetic Plain is known as a foredeep or a foreland basin, formed between the rising Himalayas and the Indian subcontinent's tectonic plate.

What are the primary agricultural products cultivated in the Ganges Basin?

The fertile Ganges Basin supports significant agricultural economies, with chief crops including rice, sugarcane, lentils, oil seeds, potatoes, and wheat. Swamps and lakes along the banks also provide rich areas for crops like legumes, chillies, and jute.

How does the Ganges River contribute to tourism?

The Ganges attracts millions of tourists and pilgrims to its holy cities like Haridwar, Prayagraj, and Varanasi, where bathing in the river is a key activity. Additionally, cities like Rishikesh offer river rafting, and riverfront walkways in cities like Kanpur and Kolkata enhance tourism.

What historical traveler first mentioned the Ganges River in European records?

Megasthenes, a Greek envoy who visited India around the 4th century BCE, was the first European traveler to mention the Ganges River in his work 'Indica'.

What is the significance of the Ganges River in relation to the Hindu concept of salvation?

In Hindu tradition, the Ganges is deeply connected to salvation. It is believed that dying in Varanasi and having one's ashes immersed in the Ganges grants instant salvation or ensures a place in heaven, even if only a single bone touches the river's water.

What is the 'Ganga Action Plan' and what were its stated goals?

The Ganga Action Plan (GAP), launched in 1985, was an environmental initiative by the Indian government with the primary goal of improving the water quality of the Ganges River. Its objectives included making the water safe for bathing along its entire course and potable at key urban and pilgrim centers by treating effluents from major towns.

What are the main reasons cited for the failure of the Ganga Action Plan?

The failure of the Ganga Action Plan has been attributed to several factors, including mismanagement, corruption, a lack of technical expertise, poor environmental planning that didn't account for human-environment interactions, inadequate public involvement, insufficient diversion of sewage, and a lack of control over traditional practices like cremations and bathing along the riverbanks.

How has the water table in the Ganges basin been affected by human activities?

The water table in the Ganges basin has been significantly affected by human activities, particularly the increase in tube wells used to cope with water shortages. This reliance on groundwater extraction, along with canal leaks and the cultivation of water-intensive crops, contributes to a falling water table.

What is the significance of the 'makara' in the iconography of the goddess Ganga?

The 'makara' is a crucial element in the iconography of the goddess Ganga, often depicted as her mount or 'vahana'. This mythical creature symbolizes both the life-affirming waters and the hidden dangers within them, reflecting the dual nature of the river itself.

What is the meaning of the 'purna kumbha' in Ganga iconography?

The 'purna kumbha,' or full pot of water, is a significant symbol in Ganga iconography, representing formless Brahman, woman, the womb, and birth. It signifies abundance and the life-giving properties associated with the goddess Ganga and the river.

How does the Ganges River's flow change seasonally?

The Ganges River's flow is highly seasonal, with about 84% of its total rainfall and streamflow occurring during the monsoon months (June to September). This leads to a significant difference between dry season and monsoon discharge levels, impacting water resource management.

What is the 'Ganges water dispute'?

The Ganges water dispute arose between India and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) after India planned the Farakka Barrage in 1951. The core issue was the sharing of the river's water, particularly during dry seasons, with Bangladesh objecting to India's diversion of water intended for the Hooghly distributary.

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The River's Course

Himalayan Origins

The Ganges originates in the western Himalayas, specifically at the confluence of the Bhagirathi and Alaknanda rivers in Devprayag, Uttarakhand. While the Bhagirathi is considered the source in Hindu tradition, the Alaknanda is hydrologically longer and thus the source stream.

Journey Through India

Flowing south and east, the river traverses the vast Gangetic Plain of North India. It is joined by major tributaries like the Yamuna and Ghaghara, passing through numerous historically significant cities before reaching West Bengal.

Delta and Bay of Bengal

In Bangladesh, the river is known as the Padma. It merges with the Brahmaputra (Jamuna) and Meghna rivers, forming the immense Ganges Delta before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. The combined Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna system is the second-largest river globally by discharge.

Geological Formation

Tectonic Origins

The Indian subcontinent's tectonic plate movement, colliding with the Eurasian Plate, formed the Himalayas. This process created a vast foreland basin, the Indo-Gangetic Plain, which was gradually filled with sediments carried by the Indus and Ganges river systems.

Foreland Basin Dynamics

The Indo-Gangetic Plain is geologically classified as a foredeep or foreland basin. This vast, sediment-filled trough is a direct result of the immense geological forces shaping the region over millions of years.

Hydrological Characteristics

Length and Discharge

The Ganges is approximately 2,525 km (1,569 mi) long. Its discharge varies significantly, with average flows ranging from approximately 16,648 m³/s at Farakka Barrage to much higher combined flows in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna system.

Discharge data for the Ganges River at Farakka Barrage (1998-2023):

Year	Discharge (m³/s)			Year	Discharge (m³/s)
Year	Annual average	Average minimum	Average maximum	Year	Annual average	Average minimum	Average maximum
1998	21,200	11,260	32,139	2011	8,315	4,942	15,648
1999	20,227	12,308	27,275	2012	10,531	5,529	16,404
2000	18,953	11,558	26,789	2013	14,350	8,559	19,534
2001	14,825	9,371	19,872	2014	12,409	7,118	17,682
2002	10,495	5,636	16,783	2015	12,104	7,256	17,030
2003	12,580	6,881	19,516	2016	15,220	9,035	23,490
2004	9,735	5,468	14,631	2017	11,919	6,856	17,604
2005	12,200	7,019	18,397	2018	11,967	6,176	18,805
2006	11,522	7,741	16,718	2019	14,923	7,079	24,757
2007	14,816	9,574	20,325	2020	15,882	9,837	23,491
2008	16,183	9,968	22,870	2021	17,818	9,543	27,003
2009	9,241	4,524	13,282	2022	14,142	7,148	22,569
2010	7,148	3,343	12,375	2023	9,417	1,645	18,744
Average (1998/01/01 to 2023/12/31):					13,389.3	7,514.4	20,143.6

Seasonal Flow

The river's hydrology is heavily influenced by the Southwest Monsoon, which accounts for about 84% of its annual rainfall. This leads to significant seasonal variations in streamflow, contributing to both drought conditions in dry seasons and floods during monsoons.

Drainage Basin

The Ganges basin is extensive, covering parts of India, Nepal, China, and Bangladesh. Its size and the contribution of Himalayan meltwater and monsoon rains make it a vital water resource for millions.

Historical Significance

Ancient Roots

The Ganges has been historically significant since ancient times, with numerous provincial and imperial capitals situated along its banks, including Pataliputra, Kannauj, and Varanasi. Early European accounts, like those of Megasthenes, noted its importance and vastness.

Water Disputes

In the 20th century, the Ganges water dispute between India and Pakistan (later Bangladesh) arose concerning the Farakka Barrage. A treaty signed in 1996 aimed to address water-sharing issues, though challenges persist due to flow variations.

Cultural and Spiritual Importance

Sacred River

The Ganges is revered as the most sacred river by Hindus, embodying all sacred waters. Bathing in its waters is believed to cleanse sins and aid in attaining salvation. It is worshipped as the goddess Ganga.

Mythology and Rituals

Rich mythology surrounds the Ganges, including its descent from heaven, facilitated by Shiva and King Bhagiratha. Rituals like Shraddha and the immersion of ashes are performed on its banks, signifying its role in the cycle of life and death.

The Descent of Ganga (Avatarana): The story tells of the goddess Ganga descending from heaven to purify the ashes of King Sagara's sixty thousand sons. Shiva intervened by catching her turbulent flow in his matted locks, breaking her fall before she flowed to earth.

Redemption of the Dead: Hindus believe that even a single bone touching the Ganges' water ensures heavenly salvation. Rituals performed on its banks are central to rites for the deceased, reinforcing its role as a spiritual conduit.

Consort, Shakti, and Mother: Ganga is depicted as a consort to Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, and as the active, moving energy (Shakti) of Shiva. She is also revered as 'Ganga Mata' (Mother Ganges), a nurturing and forgiving maternal figure.

Purifying Waters

The Ganges is considered intrinsically pure and purifying. Its moving waters are believed to absorb and wash away symbolic impurities, including sins, offering spiritual cleansing to devotees.

Kumbh Mela

The river is central to the Kumbh Mela, the largest pilgrimage in the world. Millions gather for ritual bathing, religious assemblies, and spiritual practices, highlighting the river's profound connection to Hindu traditions.

Economic Lifeline

Agriculture

The fertile Ganges Basin is crucial for the agricultural economies of India and Bangladesh. The river provides a perennial source of irrigation for crops like rice, sugarcane, lentils, and wheat, supporting a vast population.

Industry and Transport

The river supports major industrial towns and historically served as a vital transport artery. Its banks are lined with cities like Kanpur, Kolkata, and Patna, which have developed riverfronts for tourism and commerce.

Tourism

Holy cities such as Haridwar, Prayagraj, and Varanasi attract millions of pilgrims annually. Adventure tourism, like river rafting in Rishikesh, also contributes to the local economy, drawing visitors to the river's natural beauty.

Ecological Landscape

Biodiversity

Historically, the Ganges basin supported diverse wildlife, including tigers, elephants, and rhinoceroses. While much of the natural vegetation has been converted to agriculture, remaining habitats host various species, though many are threatened.

Aquatic Life

The river system is home to numerous fish species, supporting significant fisheries. However, populations of species like carp and catfish have declined due to overfishing, pollution, and habitat degradation.

Endangered Species

The Ganges basin is critical for endangered species, including the Gharial (a fish-eating crocodile) and the critically endangered Ganges river dolphin, India's national aquatic animal. These species face severe threats from pollution and habitat loss.

Climate Change Impact

Climate change poses risks to the Ganges' water resources. Melting Himalayan glaciers, while potentially increasing water flow in the short term, threaten long-term water supplies. Changes in monsoon patterns may also increase flood risks.

Pollution and Concerns

Severe Contamination

The Ganges faces severe pollution from human waste, industrial discharge, and agricultural runoff. Fecal coliform bacteria levels near Varanasi exceed government limits by over 100 times, posing risks to human health and aquatic life.

Environmental Initiatives

Efforts like the Ganga Action Plan have been undertaken to clean the river but have faced challenges including corruption, lack of political will, and inadequate technical expertise, leading to limited success.

Ritual Pollution

While revered for its purity, the river also receives ritualistic pollution from cremations performed on its banks and the immersion of ashes and offerings, contributing to the complex environmental challenges it faces.

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References

Caso & Wolf (2010)"Chronology: 1985 *India launches Phase I of the Ganga Action Plan to restore the Ganges River; most deem it a failure by the early 1990s." (p. 320)

Los Angeles County Museum of Art & Pal 1988, p. 33

"How India's Success is Killing its Holy River". Jyoti Thottam. Time. 19 July 2010, pp. 12â17.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Ganges Wikipedia page

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This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not professional advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional consultation regarding environmental science, hydrology, cultural studies, or religious practices. Always refer to official documentation and consult with qualified professionals for specific needs.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

The Sacred Flow

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

The River's Course 🗺️

🏞️ Himalayan Origins

➡️ Journey Through India

🌊 Delta and Bay of Bengal

Geological Formation 🌍

tectonic_plate Tectonic Origins

⛰️ Foreland Basin Dynamics

Hydrological Characteristics 💧

📏 Length and Discharge

☔ Seasonal Flow

🌐 Drainage Basin

Historical Significance ⏳

🏛️ Ancient Roots

🤝 Water Disputes

Cultural and Spiritual Importance 🕉️

🙏 Sacred River

📜 Mythology and Rituals

✨ Purifying Waters

🎪 Kumbh Mela

Economic Lifeline 💰

🌾 Agriculture

🚢 Industry and Transport

🚶 Tourism

Ecological Landscape 🌳

🐅 Biodiversity

🐟 Aquatic Life

🐬 Endangered Species

🌡️ Climate Change Impact

Pollution and Concerns 🏭

☣️ Severe Contamination

📉 Environmental Initiatives

🔥 Ritual Pollution

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

The River's Course

Himalayan Origins

Journey Through India

Delta and Bay of Bengal

Geological Formation

Tectonic Origins

Foreland Basin Dynamics

Hydrological Characteristics

Length and Discharge

Seasonal Flow

Drainage Basin

Historical Significance

Ancient Roots

Water Disputes

Cultural and Spiritual Importance

Sacred River

Mythology and Rituals

Purifying Waters

Kumbh Mela

Economic Lifeline

Agriculture

Industry and Transport

Tourism

Ecological Landscape

Biodiversity

Aquatic Life

Endangered Species

Climate Change Impact

Pollution and Concerns

Severe Contamination

Environmental Initiatives

Ritual Pollution

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice