Understanding the Go-Around Maneuver
An in-depth analysis of aborted landings and their critical role in aviation safety.
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Definition and Context
Aborted Landing
In aviation, a go-around signifies an aborted landing of an aircraft that is either on its final approach or has already touched down. This maneuver can be initiated by the pilot in command or requested by air traffic control. Common triggers include an unstabilized approach, an obstruction on the runway, or other unsafe flight conditions.
Traffic Pattern Origins
The term "go-around" originates from the traditional practice of aircraft executing a complete circuit or pattern around an airfield before attempting a landing. If a landing was deemed unsafe or inadvisable, the pilot could simply rejoin the pattern and fly another circuit. While modern airliners often employ specific go-around procedures rather than strict traditional patterns, the terminology persists.
Reasons for Initiation
Air Traffic Control & Pilot Discretion
A go-around may be directed by air traffic control (ATC), typically the tower controller at a controlled airfield. More frequently, it is initiated by the pilot based on their assessment of the approach and landing conditions. Reasons include:
- An unstabilized approach, where the aircraft is not in the correct configuration or flight path for landing.
- An improperly executed landing, such as a significant bounce.
- Sudden changes in wind conditions.
- Detection of an obstruction on the runway (e.g., another aircraft, vehicle, or debris).
- Emergence of a mechanical issue or other unsafe flight condition.
Naval Aviation: The Wave-off
In naval aviation, particularly carrier operations, the term wave-off is used synonymously with go-around. A critical distinction is that pilots on carriers initiate a wave-off by applying full thrust as a standard fail-safe measure during touchdown. This ensures the aircraft can become airborne again if the tailhook fails to engage an arrestor cable (a "bolter"). Without this proactive measure, the aircraft might not have sufficient speed or runway to take off safely if the arrestor system fails.
Operational Guidelines
Airlines and aircraft manufacturers establish comprehensive operations manuals outlining conditions that must be met for a safe landing. If these criteria are not satisfied, a go-around is often mandated or strongly recommended. These guidelines empower pilots to exercise judgment within established safety parameters, ensuring that safety remains paramount.
Executing the Maneuver
Standard Procedure
Upon deciding or being instructed to go around, the pilot applies full thrust, often utilizing the Takeoff and Go Around (TOGA) setting. The aircraft is then established in an appropriate climb attitude and airspeed. The landing gear is retracted once a positive rate of climb is confirmed. Flaps are adjusted as necessary, and the pilot follows ATC instructions or a published go-around procedure. If weather is a factor, the pilot might circle the airport or divert to an alternate.
Autothrottle Integration
Many modern aircraft, including those manufactured by Boeing and Airbus, feature autothrottle or autothrust systems. When engaged, these systems can automatically set the required go-around thrust upon initiation of the maneuver, simplifying the pilot's workload and ensuring consistent power application.
General Aviation Steps
For pilots operating smaller aircraft commonly found in general aviation, the go-around procedure typically involves:
- Applying go-around power (often full power).
- Establishing a suitable climb attitude and airspeed.
- Retracting one stage of flaps if applicable.
- Confirming a positive rate of climb before retracting landing gear (if equipped).
- Fully retracting flaps once a safe airspeed and altitude are achieved.
- Climbing to the assigned altitude or pattern altitude.
- Communicating the go-around action to ATC or acknowledging instructions.
Safety Considerations
Occurrence Rates and Risks
Go-arounds occur relatively infrequently, estimated at 1-3 per 1000 approaches, with rates varying by operational environment. While not considered an emergency, they carry inherent risks. A significant portion of commercial jet accidents occur during the approach, landing, and go-around phases. The decision to *not* execute a go-around when needed is a leading risk factor in approach and landing accidents, contributing to runway excursions and other incidents. Despite this, only a small percentage of unstabilized approaches result in a go-around.
Potential Hazards
Improper execution or decision-making during a go-around can lead to serious consequences:
- Loss of Control (LOC): Failure to maintain aircraft control during the maneuver.
- Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT): Colliding with the ground or obstacles while the aircraft is under positive control.
- Mid-Air Collision (MAC): Risk increases if required flight paths or separation are not maintained.
- Wake Turbulence Encounters: The aircraft's own wake can pose a hazard to other aircraft.
- Exceeding Performance Limits: Ineffective initiation can lead to situations where the aircraft cannot safely climb or maneuver.
Predictors of Unstable Approaches
Research, including a study by Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, identified key factors correlating with unstable approaches at 500 feet Above Ground Level (AGL). These include thrust levers at idle, deactivated autothrottle, deployed speed brakes, glideslope or localizer deviation, flaps not extended, excessive rate of descent, deviation in approach speed, and an incomplete landing checklist. Addressing these factors is crucial for preventing unstabilized approaches and promoting timely go-around decisions.
Baulked Landing
Late Go-Arounds
A baulked landing, or rejected landing, is an unofficial term often referring to a go-around initiated very late in the landing sequenceโpotentially after the aircraft has touched down. This maneuver is considered high-risk due to the aircraft's low energy state, low altitude, idle thrust, and decelerating airspeed. The proximity to terrain and obstacles increases the risk of CFIT, even when adhering to standard missed approach procedures.
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Disclaimer
Important Notice Regarding Aviation Information
This page has been generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is derived from publicly available data and aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the go-around maneuver in aviation.
This is not flight instruction or professional aviation advice. The information presented here is not a substitute for formal flight training, official aircraft operating manuals, or consultation with certified aviation professionals. Pilots must always adhere to their aircraft's specific procedures, regulatory requirements, and the guidance of qualified instructors and air traffic control.
The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors, omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein. Safe flight operations depend on rigorous training, adherence to established protocols, and sound judgment.