What is the definition of hanging as a method of killing?

Hanging is the process of killing a person by suspending them by the neck with a noose or ligature. It has been a standard method of capital punishment since the Middle Ages and is often carried out using a structure called a gallows. The earliest known account of execution by hanging appears in Homer's Odyssey.

What are the primary categories of judicial hanging methods based on the drop length?

Judicial hanging methods are primarily categorized by the length of the drop, which influences the mechanism of death. These categories include the short drop, standard drop, and long drop, each designed to cause death through either cervical fracture or strangulation.

Describe the short drop method of hanging and its historical prevalence.

In the short drop method, the condemned person stands on a raised platform, and the support is removed, leaving them suspended by a noose around the neck. This typically results in death by strangulation, with consciousness lost within minutes. It was the standard method of hanging before 1850 and remains common in suicides and extrajudicial executions.

What was the Austro-Hungarian "pole" method of hanging, also known as Würgegalgen?

The Austro-Hungarian "pole" method, or Würgegalgen, involved hoisting the condemned person to the top of a vertical pole using a chest sling, looping a noose around their neck secured to the pole's top, and then jerking them downward by a rope attached to their feet, causing strangulation. This method was later adopted by Czechoslovakia.

What was the intended purpose of the standard drop method of hanging, introduced in 1866?

The standard drop method, introduced in 1866 based on scientific details published by Dr. Samuel Haughton, was intended to be a more humane improvement over the short drop. Its goal was to provide a drop long enough to break the person's neck, leading to immediate unconsciousness and rapid brain death.

How did the long drop method, developed by William Marwood, aim to improve judicial hanging?

The long drop method, introduced by William Marwood in 1872 and refined by James Berry, calculated the drop distance based on the condemned person's height and weight. This was intended to ensure the neck was broken for a swift death, but without causing decapitation, a problem that had occurred with earlier methods.

What were the specific energy calculations and target vertebrae for the long drop method?

Initially, the long drop was calculated to deliver about 1,260 foot-pounds force (1,710 J) of energy, aiming to fracture the neck at the C2-C3 or C4-C5 cervical vertebrae. After 1892, the drop length was shortened to avoid decapitation, and the delivered energy was reduced to around 1,000 foot-pounds force (1,400 J).

Why is hanging a common method of suicide?

Hanging is a common suicide method because the necessary materials are readily available to most individuals. It is also notable that full suspension is not required, making it accessible even in institutional settings like prisons where full suspension supports might be difficult to devise.

What is the prevalence of hanging as a suicide method in Canada?

In Canada, hanging is reported to be the most common method of suicide.

How common is hanging as a suicide method in the United States compared to other methods?

In the U.S., hanging is the second most common method of suicide, following self-inflicted gunshot wounds.

What is the trend of hanging as a suicide method in the United Kingdom?

In the United Kingdom, hanging was the most common suicide method among men and the second most common among women in 2001, partly due to the relative difficulty of obtaining firearms compared to other countries.

What are the primary medical effects that can occur during or after a hanging?

Hanging can lead to several medical conditions, including cerebral hypoxia due to the closure of carotid arteries, closure of jugular veins, cervical fracture (potentially causing spinal cord injury or decapitation), and airway closure. Death can result from trauma, asphyxiation, or vascular obstruction.

What is a "hangman's fracture" in the context of judicial hanging?

A hangman's fracture refers to a specific type of cervical fracture, characterized by bilateral fractures of the pars interarticularis of the C2 vertebra, which can occur during judicial hanging if the drop is sufficient to break the neck.

Is there any historical suggestion of hanging being used as human sacrifice?

Yes, there are suggestions that Vikings may have practiced hanging as human sacrifices to Odin, honoring Odin's own sacrifice of hanging himself from Yggdrasil. It is also speculated that Iron Age bog bodies, showing signs of hanging, were victims of human sacrifice.

Who were some notable individuals executed by hanging by U.S. occupation authorities in Japan after World War II?

Following World War II, Hideki Tojo, Kenji Doihara, Akira Mutō, Iwane Matsui, Seishirō Itagaki, Kōki Hirota, and Heitarō Kimura were hanged at Sugamo Prison by U.S. occupation authorities for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against peace.

How was Saddam Hussein executed, and what was noted about the procedure?

Saddam Hussein was executed by hanging on December 30, 2006, for crimes against humanity. It was noted that during the drop, an audible crack indicated that his neck was broken, signifying a successful long-drop hanging.

What happened during the execution of Barzan Ibrahim, Saddam Hussein's half-brother?

Barzan Ibrahim, along with Awad Hamed al-Bandar, was executed by the long-drop method on January 15, 2007. However, Barzan Ibrahim was decapitated by the rope at the end of his fall.

When and where was Nazi leader Adolf Eichmann executed by hanging?

Adolf Eichmann was executed by hanging on May 31, 1962, in Israel, after being captured in Argentina, brought to Israel, tried, and sentenced to death.

What is the current method of capital punishment in Japan, and who are some notable figures executed by this method?

Hanging is the sole method of execution in Japan. Notable figures executed by hanging include Hideki Tojo and other war criminals after WWII, and more recently, Shoko Asahara, the mastermind of the Sarin gas attack, and serial killer Hiroaki Hidaka.

When did judicial hanging originate in England, and where were public hangings typically conducted?

Judicial hanging in England is thought to date back to the Anglo-Saxon period. Until 1868, hangings were public, often taking place at Tyburn, and later outside Newgate Prison near the Old Bailey.

Who were the last individuals executed by hanging in the United Kingdom?

The last hangings in Britain occurred in 1964. Peter Anthony Allen was executed at Walton Prison in Liverpool, and Gwynne Owen Evans was executed at Strangeways Prison in Manchester; both were convicted of the murder of John Alan West.

Who was the last woman executed by hanging in the UK, and by whom?

The last woman to be hanged in the UK was Ruth Ellis on July 13, 1955, executed by Albert Pierrepoint, a prominent hangman in 20th-century England.

How did the Puritans in the Massachusetts Bay Colony use hanging?

The Puritans used hanging to enforce religious and intellectual conformity, with the execution of Mary Dyer, a Quaker, being one of the most well-known instances, making her one of the four executed Quakers known as the Boston martyrs.

What event resulted in the largest mass execution in United States history, and how was it carried out?

The Dakota War of 1862 led to the largest mass execution in U.S. history, with 38 Sioux Indians being hanged in Mankato, Minnesota, in December 1862, following their conviction for attacking white settlers. President Abraham Lincoln had commuted the sentences of 303 initially condemned individuals.

When and where did the last public hanging in the United States (excluding lynchings) take place?

The last public hanging in the United States, excluding lynchings, occurred on August 14, 1936, in Owensboro, Kentucky, where Rainey Bethea was executed for rape and murder. This execution was presided over by Kentucky's first female sheriff, Florence Shoemaker Thompson.

What was the "upright jerker" method of hanging, and why did its use cease?

The upright jerker was a method developed in the late 19th-century United States where weights and pulleys jerked the condemned person into the air. It proved ineffective at breaking the neck, often resulting in death by asphyxiation, and its use ended in the late 1930s.

What was the "Jewish punishment" or inverted hanging, and where was it primarily associated?

Inverted hanging, or the "Jewish punishment" (Judenstrafe), involved hanging a convicted person by their legs, often with dogs present, and was primarily associated with Jews accused of theft in late medieval Germany. However, historical research indicates it was not exclusively a Jewish punishment.

What was the prescribed punishment under Queen Elizabeth I's reign for stealing a Royal Navy ship?

Under Queen Elizabeth I's reign, the captain was to cause anyone who stole one of Her Majesty's ships to be hanged by the heels until their brains were beaten out against the ship's sides, after which they were to be cut down and dropped into the sea.

What is "hanging by the ribs," and where was this practice noted?

Hanging by the ribs is a form of torture or execution where a person is suspended alive from their ribs, often with hooks. This practice was noted in the context of Juraj Jánošík in Slovakia, German physician Gottlob Schober's observations in Russia, and Dutch practices in Suriname.

How does the short drop method differ from the long drop method in terms of the intended cause of death?

The short drop method typically causes death by strangulation, whereas the long drop method is designed to cause death by breaking the neck, leading to rapid brain death.

Who was the first person executed by hanging in independent India, and for what crime?

Nathuram Godse, who assassinated Mahatma Gandhi, was the first person executed by hanging in independent India in 1949.

What is the status of hanging as a capital punishment method in Egypt?

Hanging remains the standard method of capital punishment in Egypt, and the country executes more people annually than any other African nation.

When was the last hanging carried out in Germany, and for whom?

The last known hanging in Germany occurred on June 7, 1951, in Landsberg am Lech, for several war criminals.

What recent legislative change in Florida affects the methods of execution?

In July 2025, Florida enacted legislation allowing "any execution method not explicitly deemed unconstitutional," which includes hanging, making the United States the only country in the Western world that currently allows executions via hanging.

What was the historical context and description of the "Jewish punishment" involving inverted hanging?

The "Jewish punishment" (Judenstrafe) in late medieval Germany involved hanging individuals by their legs, often with dogs present, as a form of torture or execution. Jurist Ulrich Tengler described the procedure in his 1509 Layenspiegel, detailing how the condemned would be dragged between dogs and then hanged by the feet.

What is the tradition regarding a "silken rope" for executions in the UK?

In the UK, there was a tradition that certain felons, such as hereditary peers convicted of capital offenses, were executed with a silken rope. However, historical accounts suggest this may not have always been the case, with Earl Ferrers' execution in 1760 reportedly using a normal hempen rope.

What was the significance of the Dakota War of 1862 in relation to executions in the United States?

The Dakota War of 1862 led to the largest mass execution in U.S. history, with 38 Sioux Indians being hanged in Mankato, Minnesota, after President Abraham Lincoln commuted the sentences of 303 initially condemned individuals.

Who was executed by hanging in Japan for the Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway?

Shoko Asahara, the mastermind of the Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway, was found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging. He and several cult members were eventually hanged in 2018 for their roles in the 1995 attack.

Besides Saddam Hussein, who else was executed by hanging in Iraq in connection with his regime's crimes?

Barzan Ibrahim, head of Saddam's security agency, and Awad Hamed al-Bandar, former chief judge, were executed by hanging on January 15, 2007. Ali Hassan al-Majid, known as "Chemical Ali," was also executed by hanging on January 25, 2010, for his role in the Anfal Campaign.

Who was Eli Cohen, and what was the circumstance of his execution in Syria?

Eli Cohen was an Israeli spy who was publicly hanged by Syria on May 18, 1965.

Who was the last person executed by hanging in Australia, and in which state?

The last execution in Australia was the hanging of Ronald Ryan on February 3, 1967, in Victoria.

When did the last hangings take place in Canada?

The last hangings in Canada occurred on December 11, 1962.

Name three British subjects hanged after World War II for aiding Nazi Germany.

John Amery, William Joyce (known as Lord Haw-Haw), and Theodore Schurch were hanged after World War II for treasonous activities supporting Nazi Germany.

Who were the four individuals involved in Abraham Lincoln's assassination who were executed by hanging?

Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, David Herold, and George Atzerodt were hanged on July 7, 1865, at Fort McNair in Washington, D.C., after being convicted by a military tribunal for their involvement in the assassination.

What was "hanging in chains," and when was it last practiced in the US?

Hanging in chains, also known as gibbeting, was a practice where the executed person's body was left hanging in chains as a deterrent. It was practiced mainly during the colonial era, with the last instance being John Marshall in West Virginia in 1913.

How did California transition from hanging to the gas chamber for executions?

Clinton Duffy, a former warden of San Quentin State Prison, documented several botched hangings and persuaded the California Legislature to replace hanging with the gas chamber in 1937, influenced by his predecessor Warden James B. Holohan.

Who was Victor Feguer, and what is his significance in the history of executions in Iowa?

Victor Feguer was executed by hanging in Iowa on March 15, 1963, making him the last inmate to be executed by this method in the state before the death penalty was abolished there in 1965.

Who was Billy Bailey, and what is his significance in the history of executions in Delaware?

Billy Bailey was executed by hanging in Delaware in 1996, representing the most recent hanging in American history. Hanging was the default method in Delaware for those convicted before 1986 if they did not choose lethal injection.

What was William Joyce's role during World War II, and why was he executed by hanging?

William Joyce, an American-born Irishman who broadcast propaganda for the Nazis under the nickname "Lord Haw-Haw," was executed by hanging on January 3, 1946, at Wandsworth Prison for treason, as his possession of a British passport made him subject to British law.

What was Theodore Schurch's wartime activity, and what was the outcome of his trial?

Theodore Schurch, a British soldier captured by Nazis, worked for German intelligence as a spy and informer. He was tried under the Treachery Act 1940 and hanged at HM Prison Pentonville on January 4, 1946.

Hanging Wiki: Suspended Judgments: A Comprehensive Examination of Hanging

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Introduction

Definition and Scope

Hanging is a method of execution or suicide by suspending a person by the neck with a noose or ligature. Historically, it has served as a primary method of capital punishment across numerous cultures and eras, often associated with structures known as gallows. Its origins trace back to antiquity, with early accounts found in classical literature. Beyond its use in judicial contexts, hanging is also recognized as a prevalent means of self-harm.

Historical Significance

The practice of hanging as a form of execution dates back to at least the Middle Ages and has been documented in various societies. Its implementation has evolved over time, with different techniques developed to achieve death through cervical fracture or strangulation. The method's prevalence underscores its long-standing role in legal systems and societal control.

Global Context

Hanging remains a method of capital punishment in several countries today, though its application and the specific techniques employed vary significantly worldwide. Understanding these practices requires examining their historical evolution, legal frameworks, and cultural contexts.

Methods of Judicial Hanging

Short Drop

The short drop method involves suspending the condemned from the neck after removing a support (like a stool or ladder) from beneath them. The body's weight tightens the noose, causing death primarily through strangulation. This was the standard method before the mid-19th century and remains common in suicides and extrajudicial hangings due to its simplicity.

Pole Method

A variant of the short drop, the Austro-Hungarian "pole" method (Würgegalgen) uses a vertical pole. The condemned is hoisted by a sling around the chest and feet, with a noose around the neck secured to the pole's top. Releasing the sling causes rapid downward movement, resulting in strangulation. This method was notably used in Czechoslovakia.

Standard Drop

Introduced around 1866, the standard drop aimed for a more humane execution by causing cervical fracture. A calculated drop of 4 to 6 feet (1.2–1.8 m) was intended to break the neck, leading to immediate unconsciousness and rapid brain death. This method spread through English-speaking countries.

Long Drop

Refined in the late 19th century, the long drop method involves precise calculation of the drop length based on the individual's height and weight. The goal is to ensure a fracture of the cervical vertebrae (typically C2-C3 or C4-C5) without causing decapitation. This method, designed for efficiency and perceived humanity, is still practiced in countries like Japan and Singapore.

Hanging as Suicide

Accessibility and Prevalence

Hanging is a common suicide method due to the relative accessibility of necessary materials compared to firearms or poisons. It is particularly prevalent in correctional facilities and institutions where full suspension may be difficult to achieve, leading to partial suspension or self-strangulation. Globally, it ranks as a leading method for suicide in many countries.

Survival Injuries

Individuals who survive hanging attempts, often due to equipment failure or timely intervention, can sustain severe injuries. These include cerebral anoxia leading to potential brain damage, fractures of the larynx, hyoid bone, or cervical spine, paralysis, tracheal damage, and injuries to the carotid arteries. The severity depends on the specific circumstances of the attempt.

Hanging in Ritual and Sacrifice

Historical Rituals

Historical accounts suggest that hanging may have been practiced as a form of human sacrifice in certain cultures. Notably, there are suggestions that Viking societies practiced hanging as a ritual offering to Odin, honoring his self-sacrifice on Yggdrasil. Evidence from Iron Age bog bodies, some showing signs of hanging, further supports speculation of ritualistic sacrifice.

Medical Effects

Physiological Impact

Hanging can induce several critical medical conditions. The primary mechanisms of death include severe trauma to the upper cervical spine (leading to spinal cord injury or decapitation), closure of carotid arteries causing cerebral hypoxia and ischemia (resulting in anoxic brain injury), and obstruction of the airway. Venous occlusion, particularly of the jugular veins, leads to cerebral edema and cyanosis.

Skeletal and Vascular Trauma

While the "hangman's fracture" (bilateral pars interarticularis fractures of C2) is a known outcome, studies indicate it is not universally present in judicial hangings. Other injuries can include ligamentous damage to the cervical spine and disruption of vertebral arteries. The specific injuries depend heavily on the drop length and the precise placement of the noose.

Global Practices and Historical Context

Diverse Applications

Hanging has been employed across the globe for capital punishment, with variations in methods and legal contexts. From ancient practices to modern applications, its use reflects diverse judicial systems and historical periods.

Afghanistan

Hanging is reported as the most common form of capital punishment in Afghanistan.

Australia

Capital punishment, including hanging, was practiced until 1985. The last execution occurred in 1967. Historically, it was used for a range of crimes, with approximately eighty executions annually in the 19th century.

Bahamas

Hanging is the execution method, though no executions have occurred since 2000. Sentences have been commuted.

Bangladesh

Hanging is the sole method of execution since the country's independence.

Brazil

Hanging was the customary method throughout Brazil's history, used for national heroes like Tiradentes. Capital punishment was abolished in 1890, except in wartime.

Bulgaria

The national hero Vasil Levski was hanged by the Ottoman court in 1873. Capital punishment was abolished in 1998.

Canada

Historically, hanging was the sole execution method. It was abolished in 1998, with the last hangings occurring in 1962.

Egypt

Hanging remains the standard method of capital punishment, with Egypt executing more people annually than any other African nation.

Germany

During Nazi occupation, strangulation hanging was used for public executions. Post-war, it was used by Allied zones for war criminals. West Germany abolished the death penalty in 1949, East Germany in 1987. The last hanging in Germany was in 1951.

Hong Kong

As a former British territory, Hong Kong used hanging. The last execution was in 1966. Capital punishment is not practiced currently.

Hungary

Imre Nagy, the Prime Minister during the 1956 Revolution, was secretly executed by hanging in 1958. Capital punishment was abolished in 1990.

India

Hanging is the sole method of execution since independence. Notable executions include Nathuram Godse, Ajmal Kasab, and those involved in the Delhi gang rape case.

Iran

Hanging is the most frequently used method of capital punishment.

Iraq

Hanging was used under Saddam Hussein and reinstated in 2004. Saddam Hussein himself was executed by long-drop hanging in 2006. The method has been used for war criminals and insurgents.

Israel

The death penalty has been used sparingly. Nazi leader Adolf Eichmann was executed by hanging in 1962.

Japan

All executions are carried out by hanging, primarily using the long-drop method. This includes war criminals post-WWII and individuals convicted of serious crimes.

Jordan

Hanging is the traditional method. Sajida al-Rishawi was executed by hanging in 2015.

Kuwait

Hanging is the execution method, sometimes performed publicly. Most recent executions were in 2022.

Lebanon

Hanging was used, but capital punishment is now suspended due to opposition.

Liberia

Public hangings occurred, such as the execution of seven men in Harper in 1979 for ritual killings.

Malaysia

Hanging is the traditional method for murder, drug trafficking, and waging war.

Pakistan

Hanging is the most common form of execution.

Portugal

The last hanging was in 1842. It was a common penalty before abolition.

Russia

Hanging was common in the Russian Empire. It was abolished in 1868, restored, and used for war criminals post-WWII. The last hangings were in 1946.

Singapore

Long-drop hanging is used for mandatory punishment for crimes like drug trafficking and murder.

Sri Lanka

Hanging was abolished in 1956, reinstated, and halted again in 1978. A notable botched execution occurred in 1975.

Syria

Public hangings have occurred, including for alleged spies. The Alawite sect reportedly had an aversion to hanging.

United Kingdom

Hanging dates back to the Anglo-Saxon period. Public hangings ceased in 1868. The last executions were in 1964. Capital punishment for murder was abolished in 1965, and for all crimes in 1998.

United States

Hanging was a primary method, especially in colonial times. The last public hanging was in 1936. While lethal injection is common, Florida allows hanging as an option. Notable events include the mass hanging of Dakota Sioux in 1862 and the execution of Lincoln assassination conspirators.

Grammar Note

"Hanged" vs. "Hung"

In the context of execution or suicide by suspension, the standard past tense and past participle form of the verb "hang" is "hanged." While some dictionaries list "hung" as an alternative, "hanged" is the preferred and historically correct usage for referring to the act of execution.

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References

MacDonogh G., After the Reich John Murray, London (2008) p. 450.

James R, Nasmyth-Jones R., "The occurrence of cervical fractures in victims of judicial hanging", Forensic Science International, April 1992; 54(1):81â91.

Wallace SK, Cohen WA, Stern EJ, Reay DT, "Judicial hanging: postmortem radiographic, CT, and MR imaging features with autopsy confirmation", Radiology, October 1994; 193(1):263â7.

"Iraq's 'Chemical Ali' sentenced to death", MSNBC, 24 June 2007. Retrieved on 24 June 2007.

"Second death sentence for Iraq's 'Chemical Ali'", MSNBC, 2 December 2008. Retrieved on 2 December 2008.

"'Chemical Ali' gets a new death sentence". MSNBC, 17 January 2010. Retrieved on 17 January 2010.

Burckhardt, J. L. (1922). Travels in Syria and the Holy Land. London: John Murray. p. 156.

Stedman, J.G.: "Narrative, of a five years' expedition", Vol.1, London 1813, p.116

Honour, Hugh (1975). The European Vision of America. Cleveland, Ohio: The Cleveland Museum of Art. p.343

A full list of references for this article are available at the Hanging Wikipedia page

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Disclaimer

Important Notice

This page has been generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on publicly available data and may not be exhaustive or entirely up-to-date. The subject matter is sensitive and deals with methods of death and execution.

This is not instructional content. The information provided is not a substitute for professional historical, legal, or psychological consultation. Always refer to authoritative sources and consult qualified professionals for specific inquiries. The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

Suspended Judgments

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Introduction ⚖️

🔗 Definition and Scope

📜 Historical Significance

🌍 Global Context

Methods of Judicial Hanging 🔪

⬇️ Short Drop

⛓️ Pole Method

📏 Standard Drop

📐 Long Drop

Hanging as Suicide 🎗️

❓ Accessibility and Prevalence

🩹 Survival Injuries

Hanging in Ritual and Sacrifice 🔥

⚔️ Historical Rituals

Medical Effects ⚕️

🧠 Physiological Impact

🦴 Skeletal and Vascular Trauma

Global Practices and Historical Context 🌐

🗺️ Diverse Applications

🇦🇫 Afghanistan

🇦🇺 Australia

🇧🇸 Bahamas

🇧🇩 Bangladesh

🇧🇷 Brazil

🇧🇬 Bulgaria

🇨🇦 Canada

🇪🇬 Egypt

🇩🇪 Germany

🇭🇰 Hong Kong

🇭🇺 Hungary

🇮🇳 India

🇮🇷 Iran

🇮🇶 Iraq

🇮🇱 Israel

🇯🇵 Japan

🇯🇴 Jordan

🇰🇼 Kuwait

🇱🇧 Lebanon

🇱🇷 Liberia

🇲🇾 Malaysia

🇵🇰 Pakistan

🇵🇹 Portugal

🇷🇺 Russia

🇸🇬 Singapore

🇱🇰 Sri Lanka

🇸🇾 Syria

🇬🇧 United Kingdom

🇺🇸 United States

Grammar Note ✍️

🗣️ "Hanged" vs. "Hung"

Related Topics 🔗

📌 Further Exploration

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Introduction

Definition and Scope

Historical Significance

Global Context

Methods of Judicial Hanging

Short Drop

Pole Method

Standard Drop

Long Drop

Hanging as Suicide

Accessibility and Prevalence

Survival Injuries

Hanging in Ritual and Sacrifice

Historical Rituals

Medical Effects

Physiological Impact

Skeletal and Vascular Trauma

Global Practices and Historical Context

Diverse Applications

Afghanistan

Australia

Bahamas

Bangladesh

Brazil

Bulgaria

Canada

Egypt

Germany

Hong Kong

Hungary

India

Iran

Iraq

Israel

Japan

Jordan

Kuwait

Lebanon

Liberia

Malaysia

Pakistan

Portugal

Russia

Singapore

Sri Lanka

Syria

United Kingdom

United States

Grammar Note

"Hanged" vs. "Hung"

Related Topics

Further Exploration

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice