What was Heinrich Heine's full birth name, and where and when was he born?

Heinrich Heine was born Christian Johann Heinrich Heine, but his birth name was Harry Heine. He was born on December 13, 1797, in Düsseldorf, which was then part of the Duchy of Berg in the Holy Roman Empire.

When and where did Heinrich Heine die, and at what age?

Heinrich Heine died on February 17, 1856, in Paris, France, at the age of 58. Paris was then part of the Second French Empire.

What were Heinrich Heine's primary professional roles during his career?

Heinrich Heine was primarily known as a poet, but he also worked as an essayist, journalist, and literary critic throughout his career.

To which major literary movement is Heinrich Heine most closely associated?

Heinrich Heine is primarily associated with the literary movement of Romanticism. However, his later works incorporated significant irony and satire, moving beyond purely Romantic ideals.

What is the most famous quote attributed to Heinrich Heine, and what is its significance?

Heinrich Heine is widely remembered for coining the phrase, "Where books burn, so do people." This quote serves as a powerful warning about the progression from censorship to persecution, highlighting the dangers of suppressing ideas and knowledge.

How did Heinrich Heine's later verse and prose distinguish themselves from his earlier works?

Heine's later verse and prose were characterized by their satirical wit and irony. These elements were often used to critique societal and political issues of his time, setting them apart from his earlier, more lyrical poetry.

What were Heinrich Heine's political views, and how did they affect his career?

Heine held radical liberal political views, which led to many of his works being banned by German authorities. This censorship, particularly after he wrote political poems like 'Germany. A Winter's Tale,' paradoxically contributed to his fame.

For how long and where did Heinrich Heine live as an expatriate?

Heinrich Heine spent the last 25 years of his life as an expatriate in Paris, France, having moved there in 1831.

What role did Heine play in the development and spread of the feuilleton?

Karl Kraus accused Heine of being instrumental in spreading the feuilleton from France to Germany. The feuilleton originated in France as a literary form used to subtly critique political regimes, evolving into a precursor for modern arts and culture sections in newspapers.

What was the nature of Heinrich Heine's relationship with Karl Marx?

Heinrich Heine was friends with and a correspondent of Karl Marx. Both writers shared a critical view of the bourgeoisie and its societal impact, although Heine's work became more palliative and popular as liberal values gained prominence.

Describe Heinrich Heine's family background and his early life in Düsseldorf.

Born Harry Heine to a Jewish family in Düsseldorf on December 13, 1797, his father, Samson Heine, was a textile merchant, and his mother was Peira (Betty) van Geldern. His formative years were influenced by the political changes in Germany due to the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars.

Where did Heinrich Heine pursue his university education, and what were some key experiences during this time?

Heine studied law, literature, and history at the Universities of Bonn, Göttingen, and Berlin. During his studies, he encountered influential figures like August Wilhelm Schlegel and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, experienced anti-Semitism, and engaged in duels.

Why did Heinrich Heine convert to Lutheran Christianity, and what was his later perspective on this decision?

Heine converted to Lutheran Christianity in 1825, viewing it as a "ticket of admission into European culture," partly to overcome career barriers against Jews. However, he later stated, "I make no secret of my Judaism, to which I have not returned, because I never left it."

Who was Heinrich Heine's primary publisher, and what characterized their relationship?

Julius Campe was Heinrich Heine's chief publisher for most of his life. Their relationship was often stormy, marked by disagreements over censorship, though it began productively with the publication of works like *Reisebilder* (Travel Pictures).

What were some of Heinrich Heine's significant early literary successes?

Key early successes included *Reisebilder* (Travel Pictures) in 1826, which blended Romantic descriptions with satire, and *Buch der Lieder* (Book of Songs) in 1827, a collection of poems that gained popularity when set to music.

How did Heine's poetry evolve, particularly in relation to Romanticism?

Starting in the mid-1820s, Heine began to distance himself from Romanticism by incorporating irony, sarcasm, and satire into his poetry. He often mocked the sentimental awe of nature and the figures of speech prevalent in contemporary poetry.

What was the "Platen affair" that Heinrich Heine was involved in?

The "Platen affair" was a literary polemic where Heine responded to the poet August von Platen's anti-Semitic attacks by mocking Platen's homosexuality in his work *Die Bäder von Lucca* (The Baths of Lucca).

When did Heine move to Paris, and what were the main reasons for this move?

Heine moved to Paris in 1831, seeking freedom from German censorship, embracing the liberal spirit of the July Revolution, and exploring the utopian political doctrine of Saint-Simonianism.

How did Heine see himself in relation to Germany and France?

Heine viewed himself as a mediator between Germany and France, believing that mutual understanding between the two nations would foster progress. He aimed to achieve this through his writings, such as *De l'Allemagne* (On Germany).

What was Heine's criticism of Madame de Staël's book *De l'Allemagne*?

Heine criticized Madame de Staël's *De l'Allemagne* for portraying a reactionary, Romantic, and obscurantist Germany of "poets and thinkers," which he felt suited the oppressive German authorities and ignored modern revolutionary currents.

Who was Mathilde Mirat, and what was her significance in Heine's life?

Mathilde Mirat (Crescence Eugénie Mirat) was a shopgirl Heine met in Paris whom he nicknamed "Mathilde." Despite her lack of cultural or intellectual interests, she moved in with him in 1836, lived with him until his death, and they married in 1841.

How did Heinrich Heine become associated with the "Young Germany" movement?

Heine, along with fellow exile Ludwig Börne, became a role model for the younger writers of the "Young Germany" movement. However, his name was added to their banned list by German authorities in 1835 due to his radical political commentary.

What was the nature of Heine's relationship with Ludwig Börne, and what controversy arose from it?

Heine's relationship with fellow exile Ludwig Börne was troubled. After Börne's death, Heine wrote a critical "memorial" that was poorly received by radicals, alienating Heine from his public due to perceived *ad hominem* attacks.

How did the Damascus Affair influence Heine's decision to publish *Der Rabbi von Bacherach*?

The Damascus Affair, involving blood libel accusations against Jews and subsequent persecution, prompted Heine to publish his unfinished novel *Der Rabbi von Bacherach*. He saw reactionary Austria's exposure of the libel as a reversal of values compared to France's temporizing stance.

What characterized Heine's political poetry in the 1840s?

In the 1840s, Heine's poetry became more political, featuring satirical attacks against German rulers, the political apathy of the German people, and the ruling class's greed and cruelty. His poem "The Silesian Weavers" became particularly popular.

How did Heine's friendship with Karl Marx develop, and what were their shared views?

Heine met Karl Marx and his wife in Paris in December 1843. They got along well, and Heine published poems in Marx's journal *Vorwärts*. They shared a negativity and lack of faith in the bourgeoisie.

What were Heine's mixed feelings about communism?

Heine confessed that communism held a "magical appeal" due to its logic and his hatred for its enemies, but he also feared its radicalism and materialism would destroy European art and culture.

What health issues did Heine face in his final years, and what was the confirmed cause?

In May 1848, Heine became paralyzed and confined to bed, calling it his "mattress-grave" (*Matratzengruft*). Analysis in 1997 confirmed he suffered from chronic lead poisoning, though multiple sclerosis and syphilis had also been suggested.

Where is Heinrich Heine buried, and what is notable about his tombstone?

Heinrich Heine is interred in the Cimetière de Montmartre in Paris. His tombstone features his poem "Where?" engraved on three sides, designed by sculptor Louis Hasselriis.

How did Friedrich Nietzsche assess Heinrich Heine's work?

Friedrich Nietzsche praised Heine highly, calling him the "highest conception of the lyric poet" and admiring his "sweet and passionate music" and "divine malice." He considered Heine, along with himself, to be one of the greatest artists of the German language.

How is Heine's quote about burning books connected to the Nazi era?

Heine's line, "Where they burn books, they will ultimately burn people as well," from his play *Almansor*, was engraved at the site of the 1933 Nazi book burnings in Berlin to memorialize the event.

What kind of revolution did Heine predict for Germany in his writings?

In his essay "The History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany," Heine predicted a future German revolution that would be far more impactful than the French Revolution, involving the resurgence of ancient gods and a "crashing such as never before has been heard."

How did the Nazis treat Heine's writings and legacy?

The Nazis abhorred Heine's writings, calling them "degenerate" and attempting to purge his influence. They removed or destroyed his monuments, suppressed his books, and banned them from 1940 onwards.

Name some prominent composers who set Heinrich Heine's poems to music.

Many composers set Heine's works to music, including Robert Schumann (notably in *Dichterliebe*), Franz Schubert, Franz Liszt, Felix Mendelssohn, Johannes Brahms, and Hugo Wolf.

What literary work by Heine served as the basis for operas by other composers?

Heine's play *William Ratcliff* was used as the basis for operas by César Cui and Pietro Mascagni.

What composition by Morton Feldman was inspired by Heine?

Morton Feldman's composition *I Met Heine on the Rue Fürstemberg* was inspired by a vision of the dead Heine in Paris, reflecting on Heine's experience as a Jewish exile.

What controversy surrounded the memorial fountain commissioned for Düsseldorf, and where did it eventually end up?

The memorial fountain for Düsseldorf faced anti-Semitic, nationalist, and religious criticism, preventing its installation there. It was eventually transplanted to the Bronx, New York City, where it is known as the Lorelei Fountain.

What was the subject of Heine's 1820 essay titled *Die Romantik*?

Heine's 1820 essay *Die Romantik* was a short critical essay on the subject of Romanticism.

What significant works were included in Heine's 1823 publication *Tragödien nebst einem lyrischen Intermezzo*?

This publication included Heine's plays *Almansor* and *William Ratcliff*, as well as the cycle of poems *Lyrisches Intermezzo*.

What is *Buch der Lieder* (Book of Songs), and when was it published?

*Buch der Lieder* is a collection of Heine's previously published poems, released in October 1827. It contains sections like "Youthful Sorrows," "The Homecoming," and "Lyrical Intermezzo."

What is *Germany. A Winter's Tale*, and what was its reception?

*Germany. A Winter's Tale* is a long poem by Heine, published in 1844 as part of *Neue Gedichte*. It satirically attacked the political situation in Germany, outdoing radical poets in its critique, and was subsequently banned by German authorities.

What is *Romanzero*, and how is it structured?

*Romanzero*, published in 1851, is a collection of Heine's poems divided into three books: "Histories," "Lamentations," and "Hebrew Melodies."

What did Heine's *Vermischte Schriften* (Miscellaneous Writings) contain?

Published in 1854 in three volumes, *Vermischte Schriften* included autobiographical works like *Geständnisse* (Confessions), essays such as *Die Götter im Exil* (The Gods in Exile), poetry collections, and his journalism collected in *Lutezia*.

What significant work by Heine was published posthumously?

Heine's *Memoiren* (Memoirs) were first published in a magazine in 1884 and later released as a book in English.

Name two notable English translations or collections of Heinrich Heine's works.

Notable English editions include Louis Untermeyer's *Poems of Heinrich Heine* (1917) and Hal Draper's *The Complete Poems of Heinrich Heine* (1982).

What did Heine predict about the future of German thought?

Heine predicted that German thought would prove to be a more explosive force than the French Revolution, suggesting a significant societal upheaval.

What was the nature of Heine's relationship with his uncle, Salomon Heine?

Salomon Heine was a wealthy banker and Heine's uncle, who supported him financially and provided him with an apprenticeship. Heine moved to Hamburg to work for his uncle's bank but showed little aptitude for business.

How did Heine view the rising German nationalism of his time?

Heine was critical of what he perceived as the "narrow-mindedness" of ordinary people and the rising German form of nationalism, particularly in contrast to the French Revolution.

What did Heine refer to as his "mattress-grave"?

Heine referred to his bedridden state, starting in May 1848 due to paralysis, as his "mattress-grave" (*Matratzengruft*), a condition from which he suffered until his death eight years later.

What has been the subject of debate regarding Heine's legacy in Israel?

In Israel, there has been debate between secularists who view Heine as a prominent figure in Jewish history and religious individuals who consider his conversion to Christianity a betrayal. This led to delays in naming streets after him.

Where is Heine's quote about burning books prominently displayed?

Heine's quote, "Where books burn, so do people," is prominently displayed in the Yad Vashem Holocaust museum in Jerusalem and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

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The Lyrical Rebel

A Poetic Force

Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (born Harry Heine, 1797–1856) was a German poet, writer, and literary critic. He is celebrated globally for his early lyric poetry, famously set to music by composers like Robert Schumann and Franz Schubert. Heine is also remembered for his prescient quote, "Where books burn, so do people."

Wit and Irony

His later works are distinguished by their satirical wit and irony, marking him as a significant figure of the "Young Germany" movement. Heine's radical political views led to his works being banned by German authorities, paradoxically enhancing his fame.

Exile and Influence

Spending the last 25 years of his life as an expatriate in Paris, Heine became a symbol of liberal and cosmopolitan values. His writings and persona influenced the mainstream press and became an avatar for these ideals, cementing his status as a cultural commentator.

Formative Years

Düsseldorf Beginnings

Born in Düsseldorf in 1797 to a Jewish family, Heine's early life was shaped by the political upheavals of the Napoleonic era. His father, Samson Heine, was a textile merchant, and his mother, Betty, came from a family of physicians. The family's fortunes fluctuated, influenced by the changing political landscape of the Rhineland.

Academic Pursuits

Initially apprenticed in banking in Hamburg, Heine displayed little aptitude for commerce. His uncle, a successful banker, supported his decision to study law. Heine attended universities in Bonn, Göttingen, and Berlin, where he was exposed to influential thinkers like August Wilhelm Schlegel and G.W.F. Hegel, and began to develop his poetic voice.

Heine's academic path was marked by intellectual curiosity and a growing dissatisfaction with the conservative political climate and the limitations of legal studies. His experiences with anti-Semitism and academic restrictions fueled his liberal sentiments.

Bonn University: Studied law, influenced by August Wilhelm Schlegel's lectures on Romanticism.
Göttingen University: Faced aristocratic snobbery and academic suspension, deepening his critique of societal structures.
Berlin University: Engaged with philosophers like Hegel, exploring ideas of progressive history and developing his interest in Jewish history and culture.

Conversion and Identity

In 1825, Heine converted to Lutheran Christianity, a decision he described as a "ticket of admission into European culture," aiming to overcome professional barriers against Jews in Prussia. However, this conversion did not significantly benefit his career and he later reflected, "I make no secret of my Judaism, to which I have not returned, because I never left it."

Literary Milestones

Early Successes

Heine's literary career began to flourish with the publication of his poetry collections. His 1827 work, Buch der Lieder ("Book of Songs"), became immensely popular, particularly after composers began setting his poems to music, showcasing his profound lyrical talent.

Gedichte (1821): His first collection of poems.
Reisebilder (1826-1831): "Travel Pictures," a series of prose works blending romantic descriptions with sharp satire.
Buch der Lieder (1827): A seminal collection including "Junge Leiden" (Youthful Sorrows), "Die Heimkehr" (The Homecoming), and "Lyrisches Intermezzo."

Style and Satire

Heine evolved beyond pure Romanticism, incorporating irony, sarcasm, and biting satire. He critically engaged with contemporary literary trends, often mocking sentimentalism and romantic tropes. His prose works, like Die Harzreise, exemplified a new style of travel writing.

The Feuilletonist

Heine is credited with popularizing the feuilleton, a journalistic style often featuring literary criticism, social commentary, and personal reflection. This form, originating in France, allowed for subtle political critique and became a significant medium for Heine's influential voice.

Life in Paris

Seeking Freedom

In 1831, Heine relocated to Paris, seeking refuge from German censorship and embracing the spirit of the July Revolution. Paris offered him a vibrant cultural milieu and a platform to engage with European intellectual currents, including Saint-Simonianism, though his enthusiasm for utopian ideologies eventually waned.

Parisian Celebrity

Heine quickly became a celebrated figure in Paris, interacting with prominent artists and intellectuals. He worked as a foreign correspondent, contributing articles on French affairs that were later collected in Französische Zustände ("Conditions in France"). He saw himself as a mediator between German and French cultures.

Personal Life

Heine's long-term relationship was with Mathilde Mirat, a shopgirl whom he married in 1841. Despite her lack of interest in his intellectual pursuits, she remained a constant companion. His later years were marked by declining health, confining him to his "mattress-grave" from 1848 until his death in 1856.

Political Convictions

Liberalism and Critique

Heine was a staunch liberal, critical of German despotism, nationalism, and the conservative order. He championed revolutionary ideals of liberty and equality, often expressing his views through sharp satire and political commentary in his writings and journalism.

Prophetic Warnings

His writings contained prescient warnings about the potential for resurgent Germanic barbarism, famously stating, "Where they burn books, there they will ultimately burn people too." This sentiment gained chilling relevance during the Nazi era.

In his 1835 essay "On the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany," Heine foresaw a potential resurgence of ancient Germanic paganism and a violent revolution that would dwarf the French Revolution:

"Should that subduing talisman, the cross, be shattered, the frenzied madness of the ancient warriors... will once more burst into flame... This talisman is fragile... Then the ancient stony gods will rise... and finally Thor with his giant hammer will jump up and smash the Gothic cathedrals... German thunder is of true Germanic character; it is not very nimble, but it rumbles along ponderously. Yet, it will come and when you hear a crashing such as never before has been heard in the world's history, then you know that the German thunderbolt has fallen at last."

Relationship with Marx

Heine maintained a complex relationship with Karl Marx, a distant relative and fellow revolutionary. While they shared a critical view of the bourgeoisie, their approaches to revolution differed, with Heine leaning towards cultural and sensual emancipation, and Marx towards scientific socialism. Heine published some of his political poems in Marx's journal Vorwärts.

Enduring Legacy

Musical Inspiration

Heine's poetry has been a profound source of inspiration for composers, with hundreds of his poems set to music. Figures like Robert Schumann (Dichterliebe), Franz Schubert, Franz Liszt, and Johannes Brahms created iconic musical settings, cementing Heine's place in the art song tradition.

Memorials and Recognition

Heine is honored through numerous monuments, streets, and institutions worldwide. Notably, the Heinrich Heine University in Düsseldorf bears his name. His quote about burning books is inscribed at memorial sites related to book burnings, such as Bebelplatz in Berlin and the Holocaust museums.

Lorelei Fountain (Bronx, NYC): Originally commissioned by Empress Elisabeth of Austria, this statue eventually found its home in New York.
Heine Monuments: Found in cities like Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Berlin, and Sankt Goarshausen.
Plaque at Bebelplatz: Bears his quote warning against the consequences of book burning.

Nazi Persecution

During the Nazi regime, Heine's works were banned and his monuments removed due to his Jewish heritage and liberal, anti-fascist views. His writings were deemed "degenerate," and efforts were made to erase his influence, highlighting the enduring power and threat perceived in his words.

Key Works

Poetry Collections

Heine's poetry is renowned for its lyrical beauty, emotional depth, and sharp wit. His collections often explored themes of love, nature, politics, and exile.

Gedichte (Poems, 1821)
Reisebilder (Travel Pictures, 1826–1831)
Buch der Lieder (Book of Songs, 1827)
Neue Gedichte (New Poems, 1844)
Romanzero (1851)

Prose and Criticism

Beyond poetry, Heine was a prolific prose writer, essayist, and literary critic. His critical works often engaged with philosophy, politics, and the cultural landscape of his time.

Die Harzreise (The Harz Journey, 1826)
Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland (On the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany, 1835)
Die romantische Schule (The Romantic School, 1835)
Französische Zustände (Conditions in France, 1833)
Der Rabbi von Bacherach (The Rabbi of Bacharach, unfinished)

Dramatic Works

Heine also penned several plays, though they met with less theatrical success than his poetry and prose. These works often explored dramatic themes and character studies.

Almansor (play, 1821–1822)
William Ratcliff (play, 1822)

Heine in Music

Lieder Masters

Heine's lyrical poetry found its most profound musical expression in the German Lied (art song). Composers like Robert Schumann, Franz Schubert, and Franz Liszt masterfully set his verses, capturing their emotional nuance and melodic potential.

Robert Schumann: Dichterliebe, Liederkreis
Franz Schubert: Numerous songs, including settings from Schwanengesang.
Franz Liszt: Various songs and settings of Heine's poems.

Operas and Beyond

His dramatic works also inspired operatic compositions, and his influence extended to later 20th-century musicians exploring jazz and contemporary classical forms.

Operas: Based on William Ratcliff by César Cui and Pietro Mascagni.
Modern Interpretations: Works by composers like Hans Werner Henze and Morton Feldman.

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References

Willi Goetschel, "Heine's Aesthetics of Dissonance," The Germanic Review 90 (2015), p. 304 ff. See also Willi Goetschel, "German Studies in a Post-National Age," Rutgers German Studies Occasional Papers 9 (2009), pp. 13-17.

âIntroduction by Michael Jenningsâ to Walter Benjaminâs One Way St. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016 pp. i-xxx

Walter Benjamin. âKarl Krausâ(1931) collected in One Way Street & Other Writings Verso Books, p. 260

Walter Benjamin. âKarl Krausâ(1931) collected in One Way Street & Other Writings Verso Books, p. 275

Walter Benjamin. âKarl Krausâ(1931) collected in One Way Street & Other Writings Verso Books, p. 259

Nietzsche. Ecce Homo. page 40

The Rabbi of Bacharach on Wikisource.

Perry, Beate Julia, Schumann's Dichterliebe and Early Romantic Poetics: Fragmentation of Desire, Cambridge University Press; 2002, p. 87-88

Walker, Alan, Franz Liszt: The virtuoso years, 1811â1847, Cornell University Press; Rev. ed edition, 1997, p. 164

Friedrich Nietzsche, A Nietzsche Reader, Translated by R. J. Hollingdale, Penguin 1977, p. 147

North American Heine Society, University of Connecticut

Buffalo News. Performers revel in premiere of Tyberg songs

Richard S. Levy, Heine Monument Controversy, in Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution, ABC-CLIO, 2005, p.295

Rolf Hosfeld, Heinrich Heine: Die Erfindung des europÃ¤ischen Intellektuellen â Biographie (Munich 2014), p. 153

A full list of references for this article are available at the Heinrich Heine Wikipedia page

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Heinrich Heine

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The Lyrical Rebel ✒️

📜 A Poetic Force

🎭 Wit and Irony

🌍 Exile and Influence

Formative Years 🌱

👶 Düsseldorf Beginnings

🎓 Academic Pursuits

⛪ Conversion and Identity

Literary Milestones 📚

📖 Early Successes

🖋️ Style and Satire

📰 The Feuilletonist

Life in Paris 🇫🇷

✈️ Seeking Freedom

🌟 Parisian Celebrity

❤️ Personal Life

Political Convictions ⚖️

✊ Liberalism and Critique

🔥 Prophetic Warnings

🤝 Relationship with Marx

Enduring Legacy 🌟

🎶 Musical Inspiration

🏛️ Memorials and Recognition

🔥 Nazi Persecution

Key Works 📖

📚 Poetry Collections

✍️ Prose and Criticism

🎭 Dramatic Works

Heine in Music 🎵

🎶 Lieder Masters

🎼 Operas and Beyond

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

The Lyrical Rebel

A Poetic Force

Wit and Irony

Exile and Influence

Formative Years

Düsseldorf Beginnings

Academic Pursuits

Conversion and Identity

Literary Milestones

Early Successes

Style and Satire

The Feuilletonist

Life in Paris

Seeking Freedom

Parisian Celebrity

Personal Life

Political Convictions

Liberalism and Critique

Prophetic Warnings

Relationship with Marx

Enduring Legacy

Musical Inspiration

Memorials and Recognition

Nazi Persecution

Key Works

Poetry Collections

Prose and Criticism

Dramatic Works

Heine in Music

Lieder Masters

Operas and Beyond

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice