What were the primary origins of the earliest Jewish communities in the United States during the colonial period?

The earliest Jewish communities in the United States, dating back to the colonial times, were primarily composed of Sephardi Jews who had immigrated from places like Brazil, Amsterdam, or England. Many of these individuals were seeking refuge from the Inquisition.

How did the demographics of Jewish communities in the United States change with later waves of immigration?

Later immigration, particularly of Ashkenazi Jews to New York, New Jersey, and other areas, significantly altered the demographics, vastly increasing the Jewish population compared to the earlier Sephardi communities.

Which city in North America had the largest Jewish community until the 1830s?

Until the 1830s, the Jewish community in Charleston, South Carolina, was the largest in North America.

What were the main sources of Jewish immigration to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many Jewish immigrants arrived from Europe, with German Jews coming in the mid-19th century and Eastern European, Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazi Jews arriving in large numbers between 1880 and 1914, often fleeing pogroms.

How did the political leanings of American Jews evolve, particularly concerning the Democratic Party?

American Jews have been notably active within the liberal wing of the Democratic Party, particularly as part of the New Deal coalition since the 1930s, although a conservative Republican element has emerged among Orthodox Jews more recently.

What is the general trend regarding the geographic distribution of the Jewish population in the United States?

Jewish communities in small towns have generally declined, leading to an increasing concentration of the population in large metropolitan areas.

What was the approximate Jewish population in the United States in the 1940s and as of 2019, and what percentage did they represent of the total population?

In the 1940s, Jews comprised 3.7% of the U.S. population. As of 2019, the population was about 7.1 million, representing approximately 2% of the national total, with the population shrinking due to low birth rates and assimilation.

What were the primary motivations for Jewish immigration to the United States?

Jewish immigration to the U.S. was initially driven by the appeal of American social and entrepreneurial opportunities, and later served as a refuge from the antisemitism prevalent in European diaspora communities.

What was the approximate Jewish population in the U.S. in 1790 and 1880?

In 1790, the American Jewish community numbered between 1,000 and 2,000 residents. By 1880, this population had grown to approximately 250,000.

What impact did the pogroms in Eastern Europe have on Jewish immigration to the United States between 1880 and 1914?

The pogroms and anti-Jewish riots in Eastern Europe, particularly in Russia starting in the early 1880s, made life untenable for many Jews, leading to a mass emigration of approximately 2,000,000 Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazi Jews to the United States.

How did U.S. immigration policies, specifically the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 and the Immigration Act of 1924, affect Jewish immigration?

These acts established immigration restrictions, particularly targeting groups from Eastern Europe, which severely limited Jewish immigration from these regions until the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965.

What role did Jewish immigrants play in the garment industry and trade unions in New York City?

Eastern European Jewish immigrants clustered in New York City, creating the garment industry there, which supplied clothing stores nationwide. Many were also heavily engaged in trade unions.

How did the established German Jews in the United States respond to the influx of Eastern European Jewish immigrants and the antisemitism in Europe?

The established German Jews prioritized the Americanization of recent immigrants and organized protests, publicity campaigns, and meetings with government officials to advocate for Jews facing persecution in Russia.

What was the significance of General Order No. 11 issued by Ulysses S. Grant during the Civil War?

General Order No. 11, issued by Ulysses S. Grant in December 1862, expelled Jews from areas under his control in western Tennessee, Mississippi, and Kentucky due to alleged violations of trade regulations. President Abraham Lincoln immediately ordered its rescission.

How did President Ulysses S. Grant attempt to make amends for General Order No. 11 after becoming president?

Upon becoming president in 1869, Grant appointed more Jews to public office than his predecessors and extended support to persecuted Jews in Russia and Romania, consciously working to assist Jews and secure their equality.

What were some of the prominent investment banking firms founded by German Jews in the mid-19th century United States?

Prominent Jewish-founded investment banks included Goldman Sachs, Kuhn Loeb, Lehman Brothers, Salomon Brothers, and Bache & Co.

How did Jewish settlers establish themselves in the American West during the 19th century?

Many Jewish settlers, primarily immigrants from Germany and later Eastern Europe, worked as peddlers before establishing themselves as merchants. They opened shops in cities serving the mining industry and in smaller communities, often specializing in clothing retail.

Who was Levi Strauss, and what significant contribution did he make to American culture and commerce?

Levi Strauss was a German Jewish immigrant who started as a wholesale dealer in clothing and notions. By 1873, he introduced blue jeans, which became an immediate success for miners and later a popular informal wear item.

What role did Jewish women play in the establishment of Jewish communities in the American West?

Jewish women played a prominent role, often leading the establishment of community institutions like the Hebrew Ladies Benevolent Society, which was instrumental in founding synagogues and providing charitable services.

What was the nature of Jewish political involvement in the United States during the 19th century, particularly in response to events like the Damascus affair?

Jews began organizing as a political group, with figures like Lewis Charles Levin and David Levy Yulee being elected to Congress. They also responded to international events like the Damascus Blood Libel by advocating for Jewish rights.

How did the immigration of Ashkenazi Jews from Eastern Europe between 1880 and 1925 impact American society and politics?

This mass immigration, driven by pogroms and persecution, led to a significant increase in the Jewish population, particularly in New York City. These immigrants were often involved in labor movements, socialism, and the garment industry, and their presence contributed to renewed nativist sentiment and immigration restrictions.

What was the "Galveston Movement," and how did it relate to Jewish immigration?

The Galveston Movement was an effort that brought Jewish immigrants, fleeing pogroms in Eastern Europe, to settle in Texas and other western states and territories, serving as an alternative route to the established East Coast ports.

How did the American Jewish community respond to the Russian pogroms of the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

The established German Jewish community in the U.S. organized protests, lobbied government officials, and raised public awareness about the persecution of Jews in Russia, influencing President Theodore Roosevelt's administration to address the issue.

What was the impact of the National Origins Quota of 1924 on Jewish immigration?

The quota severely restricted immigration from Eastern Europe, significantly limiting the number of Jewish refugees who could enter the United States, even during periods of intense persecution in Europe.

How did the New Deal era influence the political alignment of American Jews?

The New Deal's programs created economic opportunities and fostered a sense of inclusion for working-class urban populations, including Jews, leading to strong support for liberal Democratic policies and a significant role within the New Deal coalition.

What were some of the informal restrictions faced by Jewish Americans in universities, professions, and housing during the 1930s and 1940s?

Jewish applicants faced quotas at universities, limited hiring in elite professions, and exclusion from high-end housing communities and social clubs, which often had explicit agreements preventing Jewish membership or residency.

What was the U.S. government's response to Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi Germany in the 1930s and early 1940s?

Despite expressing concern, the U.S. consistently refused large-scale immigration of Jewish refugees, maintaining restrictive quotas and creating bureaucratic obstacles that significantly limited their ability to find asylum.

What is the historical significance of the SS St. Louis incident in relation to Jewish refugees?

The SS St. Louis, carrying Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi Germany, was denied permission to unload in the U.S. and other countries, forcing its return to Europe, where many of its passengers later perished in the Holocaust.

How did the American Jewish community react to the news of the Holocaust during World War II?

The community was divided, with some focusing on Zionism, others fearing an antisemitic backlash, and many leaders advocating for a low public profile. The severity of the Holocaust was not fully realized by the American Jewish community until late in the conflict.

What was the role of the New York Times publisher, Arthur Hays Sulzberger, regarding coverage of the Holocaust?

Sulzberger, adhering to a Reform Jewish view that defined Judaism solely as a religion, muted the newspaper's coverage of Nazi atrocities against Jews, burying stories and limiting editorials, which put him at odds with the broader American Jewish community's understanding of Jewish identity.

How did Hollywood and network radio address the persecution of Jews in Europe prior to Pearl Harbor?

With few exceptions, Hollywood films and radio programs avoided questioning Nazi persecution of European Jews before Pearl Harbor, as Jewish studio executives feared being accused of propaganda and facing antisemitic backlash.

What was the "Rabbis' March" in Washington D.C. in 1943?

Approximately 400 rabbis, primarily Orthodox, marched in Washington D.C. before Yom Kippur in 1943 to draw attention to the plight of Holocaust victims and advocate for increased immigration of refugees.

What impact did the Holocaust have on the American Jewish community after World War II?

The Holocaust profoundly impacted the community, leading to efforts to comprehend and commemorate the events, influencing Jewish ethnic identity, and providing a rationale for Jewish distinction during a time when other minorities were asserting their own.

How did the Six-Day War of June 1967 affect American Jews?

The war marked a turning point, as the fear of a "second Holocaust" and Israel's subsequent victory deeply resonated emotionally. This led to a sharp increase in financial support for Israel and a greater number of American Jews choosing to make Israel their permanent home.

What was the general political alignment of American Jews in the postwar period, particularly concerning presidential elections?

American Jews consistently voted in high percentages for Democratic candidates from the 1940s through the 1960s, showing strong support for figures like Roosevelt, Truman, Kennedy, and Johnson. While support for Republicans increased slightly in the 1950s and 1970s, the Democratic majority generally persisted.

How did Jewish involvement in the Civil Rights Movement shape both the movement and Jewish identity?

Jews were highly visible leaders in the Civil Rights Movement, driven by their own historical struggle against prejudice. This participation, however, sometimes created tensions within the Jewish community and strained relations with African Americans in certain contexts.

What were some of the key issues addressed by the early Jewish feminist movement in the United States in the 1970s?

Early Jewish feminists focused on issues such as exclusion from male-only prayer groups (minyan), exemption from positive time-bound mitzvot, women's inability to function as witnesses, and difficulties in initiating divorce.

Who was Sally Priesand, and what is her significance in American Jewish history?

Sally Priesand was ordained by the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion in 1972, becoming America's first female rabbi ordained by a rabbinical seminary.

What role did the "refuseniks" play in U.S.-Soviet relations during the late 20th century?

Refuseniks, Soviet Jews denied exit visas, attracted Western attention, particularly from the United States. They became a significant factor influencing economic and trade relations, with the 1975 Jackson Amendment linking trade status to liberalization of Soviet emigration laws.

What was the impact of the fall of the Soviet Union on Jewish immigration to the United States?

Following Mikhail Gorbachev's decision to allow free emigration, a large wave of Soviet Jews immigrated to the U.S. Initially, there was an agreement to a quota system, resulting in most Soviet Jewish emigrants settling in Israel, but many also found homes in the U.S.

How did the Jewish population in the United States fare economically in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, according to various studies?

Studies indicated that American Jews were among the most financially successful religious groups, with high household incomes and significant representation among the wealthy and Nobel laureates. However, a notable percentage also lived below the poverty line.

What demographic trends have characterized the American Jewish population in recent decades?

The population has not been increasing significantly, with high intermarriage rates and assimilation contributing to falling or steady population numbers. The population comprises a smaller percentage of the total U.S. population than in the early 20th century and is projected to decline.

How has the political affiliation of American Jews evolved since the mid-20th century?

While remaining strongly liberal and predominantly Democratic since the 1930s, there has been some shift, with a notable increase in Republican support in the late 1970s and early 1980s, though the Democratic majority has largely persisted into the 21st century.

What is meant by "American Jewish exceptionalism" in historical and sociological contexts?

American Jewish exceptionalism refers to the perceived unparalleled degree of freedom, acceptance, and prosperity experienced by Jews in the United States, allowing for easier integration of ethnic identity with national citizenship compared to European contexts. This is often linked to educational and economic achievements and a tendency towards political liberalism.

How did the creation of the State of Israel in 1948 influence American Jewish life?

The establishment of Israel became a central focus for American Jewish life, philanthropy, and a unifying symbol for the community.

What is the significance of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), and when was it founded?

The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) was founded in 1913 by Sigmund Livingston under the sponsorship of B'nai B'rith, becoming a leading Jewish organization dedicated to fighting antisemitism in the United States.

What historical event is associated with the revival of the Ku Klux Klan in 1915?

The revival of the Ku Klux Klan in 1915 is associated with the lynching of Leo Frank, a Jewish factory manager convicted of murder. Following public outrage over the commutation of Frank's death sentence, a mob kidnapped and lynched him, and shortly after, William J. Simmons inaugurated the Klan's revival on Stone Mountain.

How did the "Galveston Movement" facilitate Jewish settlement in the American West?

The Galveston Movement acted as a conduit, directing Jewish immigrants arriving from Europe to settlements in the western states and territories, including Texas, providing an alternative to the traditional East Coast immigration routes.

What were some of the key contributions of Julius Rosenwald to American society?

Julius Rosenwald, a prominent businessman, significantly contributed to philanthropy, particularly supporting African Americans through the Julius Rosenwald Foundation, which funded schools, hospitals, and YMCAs. He also made major contributions to the University of Chicago and Jewish philanthropies.

What was the general sentiment of American Jews regarding U.S. entry into World War I?

In the period of 1914-1916, few Jewish voices favored American entry into World War I, with many viewing the British government as hostile to Jewish interests and expressing concern over the Tsarist regime in Russia due to its history of pogroms and antisemitic policies.

How did the Jewish community's political engagement evolve during the New Deal era and beyond?

During the New Deal, Jews became a major political factor, strongly supporting liberal programs and working through third parties before integrating into the Democratic Party. They continued as a key element of the New Deal coalition, supporting the Civil Rights Movement, though relations with African Americans later became strained.

Chronicles of the American Diaspora

A Journey Through Jewish History in the United States

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Overview

Early Presence

The history of Jews in the United States traces back to the 1600s and 1700s, with the earliest communities established during the colonial era. Initially composed primarily of Sephardi immigrants fleeing the Inquisition, these small, often private communities laid the groundwork for a larger, more diverse Jewish population.

Population Growth

From a mere 1,000-2,000 residents in 1790, the Jewish population grew significantly through successive waves of immigration, particularly from Europe. By 1880, it reached approximately 250,000, and by 2019, it stood at about 7.1 million, representing roughly 2% of the U.S. population, though this figure is influenced by low birth rates and assimilation.

Community Development

Jewish communities rapidly organized, establishing synagogues, educational institutions, and philanthropic societies. These organizations played a crucial role in supporting immigrants, fostering cultural continuity, and integrating into American society, often bridging the gap between tradition and modernity.

Immigration Waves

Sephardi Roots

Early Jewish settlers, predominantly Sephardi Jews, arrived from places like Brazil, Amsterdam, and England. Many were seeking refuge from religious persecution, particularly the Spanish Inquisition. Cities like Newport, Charleston, and New York became early centers for these communities.

German Ashkenazi Migration

In the mid-19th century, a significant wave of Ashkenazi Jews arrived from German-speaking states. These immigrants, often educated and influenced by the Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment), established businesses across the country and played a key role in founding Reform and Conservative Judaism in America.

Eastern European Influx

From 1880 to 1914, approximately two million Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazi Jews immigrated from Eastern Europe, fleeing pogroms and antisemitism. They settled heavily in New York City, significantly shaping urban life, labor movements, and the garment industry.

Colonial Era

Early Settlements

Jewish individuals were present in the colonies from the 17th century. Joachim Gans arrived in 1584, and Elias Legarde in Virginia in 1621. The first organized Jewish community arrived in New Amsterdam (New York City) in 1654, fleeing Brazil. Religious tolerance, though varied, allowed for the establishment of congregations.

Religious Freedom

Colonial charters, such as that of South Carolina, often granted liberty of conscience. This facilitated the growth of communities in cities like Newport, Rhode Island, home to the historic Touro Synagogue (built 1759), and Charleston, South Carolina, which boasted the largest Jewish population in North America by 1816.

Revolutionary Era

Patriot Support

By the Revolution, around 2,000 Jews lived in the colonies. Many supported the Patriot cause, with figures like Haym Salomon playing a crucial role in financing the Continental Army. Francis Salvador was the first American Jew killed in action.

Political Equality

George Washington's letter to the Newport congregation in 1790 affirmed religious tolerance. While legal restrictions persisted in some states, the U.S. Bill of Rights and evolving state laws gradually moved towards granting full civil and political equality, fostering a sense of inclusion.

19th Century Developments

Community Organization

The 19th century saw organized Jewish philanthropy and community building, with institutions like B'nai B'rith founded in 1843. German Jewish immigrants established Reform and Conservative Judaism, adapting religious practices to the American context.

Banking and Commerce

German Jewish immigrants founded prominent investment banking firms like Goldman Sachs, Lehman Brothers, and Kuhn, Loeb & Co. They also established widespread dry goods stores and played significant roles in commerce and manufacturing across the nation.

Western Expansion

Jewish settlers were integral to the expansion westward, establishing communities in cities like San Francisco, Portland, and Seattle. Many began as peddlers before becoming successful merchants and entrepreneurs, with figures like Levi Strauss becoming iconic.

Civil War Era

Military Participation

Approximately 10,000 Jews served in the American Civil War, with roughly 7,000 on the Union side and 3,000 for the Confederacy. Jewish generals and officers served with distinction on both sides.

Grant's Order & Response

General Ulysses S. Grant's infamous General Order No. 11 in 1862, expelling Jews from his military district, was quickly rescinded by President Lincoln. This event, along with the successful fight for a Jewish chaplaincy, bolstered Jewish self-confidence and affirmed their rights.

Political Engagement

Jews began organizing politically, with early representatives like Lewis Charles Levin and David Levy Yulee elected to Congress. President Grant, seeking to amend for his wartime order, appointed Jews to public office, fostering greater inclusion.

Progressive Era & Social Movements

Labor and Socialism

Many Eastern European Jewish immigrants were drawn to labor and socialist movements, establishing influential Yiddish newspapers and organizations. They played a significant role in founding unions, particularly in the garment industry, and advocating for workers' rights.

Civil Rights Advocacy

Jewish Americans were at the forefront of various progressive causes, including civil rights, civil liberties, women's rights, and peace movements. They actively fought against prejudice and discrimination, contributing to broader social reforms.

The Leo Frank Case

The wrongful conviction and subsequent lynching of Leo Frank in Atlanta in 1913 highlighted rising antisemitism. In response, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) was founded in 1913 to combat prejudice and advocate for Jewish rights.

1930s & World War II

New Deal Coalition

Jewish voters, largely liberal and left-leaning, became a significant force within the Democratic Party's New Deal coalition. They supported New Deal programs and were active in the Civil Rights Movement, though tensions arose with the Black Power movement.

Refugees and Restrictions

Despite efforts by Jewish leaders, restrictive immigration quotas enacted in the 1920s severely limited the admission of Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi persecution in the 1930s. The U.S. became a primary refuge after the Holocaust destroyed European Jewish communities.

Military Service

During World War I and II, Jewish Americans served in disproportionately high numbers in the U.S. armed forces, reflecting their commitment to American ideals and their fight against Nazism.

Regional Developments

New York City

As the primary port of entry for Eastern European immigrants, New York City became the world's largest Jewish population center by 1910. Its vibrant Yiddish culture, labor movements, and political activism profoundly influenced American Jewish life.

San Francisco

Following the Gold Rush, San Francisco emerged as a major Jewish hub on the West Coast. Jewish entrepreneurs, including Levi Strauss, played pivotal roles in the city's development, often finding greater acceptance and opportunity in the West.

Chicago & Beyond

Chicago's Jewish community, initially German, grew with Eastern European immigrants, becoming a center for industry and social reform. Smaller communities across the nation, from Clarksburg, WV, to Wichita, KS, developed unique ethnoreligious identities, often centered around synagogues and family businesses.

Politics and Influence

Political Alignment

American Jews have historically leaned towards liberal and progressive political stances, strongly supporting the New Deal and the Civil Rights Movement. While a conservative element exists, particularly within Orthodox communities, the majority have remained aligned with the Democratic Party.

Government Representation

Jewish individuals have increasingly attained high-level positions in government, including cabinet appointments, Supreme Court justices, and congressional representation, reflecting their integration and influence in American political life.

Fighting Discrimination

Jewish organizations have been instrumental in combating antisemitism and advocating for religious freedom and minority rights. Their activism has contributed to shaping American laws and fostering interreligious dialogue.

Culture and Philanthropy

Philanthropic Traditions

Philanthropy is a core value, with significant contributions directed towards supporting Jewish communities, Israel, hospitals, and higher education. Figures like Julius Rosenwald exemplified large-scale philanthropy, impacting both Jewish and broader American society.

Education and Identity

Emphasis on education, both secular and religious, has been a hallmark. Organizations like the National Council of Jewish Women worked to Americanize immigrants while preserving Jewish identity, supporting religious education for girls and advocating for immigrant rights.

Language and Arts

Yiddish language and culture flourished, particularly among Eastern European immigrants, influencing literature, theater, and music. American Jewish contributions span diverse artistic fields, reflecting a rich cultural heritage adapted to the American landscape.

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References

Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews, p. 366

The Jews in America 1621-1977, A Chronology & Fact Book" Compiled and edited by Irving J. Sloan. Published in 1978 by Oceana Publications, Inc. Dobbs Ferry, New York.

volume 31 of The New England Historical and Genealogical Register published 1877, By David Clapp, 1877, page

Charleston, S.C.

Alexander DeConde, Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A History, p.52

["The Jewish Americans" Dir. David Grubin. PBS Home Video, 2008. Disc 1, Episode 1, Chapter 5, 0:30:40]

Eli N. Evans, Overview: The War Between Jewish Brothers in America, in Jews and the Civil War: A Reader (eds. Jonathan D. Sarna & Adam Mendelsohn), NYU Press: 2010, p. 36.

A Jewish Colonel in the Civil War: Marcus M. Spiegel of the Ohio Volunteers (eds. Jean Powers Soman & Frank L. Bryne), University of Nebraska Press, 1985.

Patrick Young, Jews Fight the Ban on Rabbis as Army Chaplains (Oct. 21, 2011).

Robert N. Rosen, Jewish Confederates, in Jews and the Civil War: A Reader (eds. Jonathan D. Sarna & Adam Mendelsohn), NYU Press: 2010, p. 240.

Sarah Blacher Cohen, ed., From Hester Street to Hollywood: The Jewish-American Stage and Screen (Indiana University Press, 1983).

Taylor Stults, "Roosevelt, Russian Persecution of Jews, and American Public Opinion" Jewish Social Studies (1971) 33#3 pp 13-22.

Gerald Sorin, A Time for Building: The Third Migration, 1880-1920 (1995) pp 200â206, 302â303.

Alan J. Ward, "Immigrant minority 'diplomacy': American Jews and Russia, 1901â1912." Bulletin of the British Association for American Studies 9 (1964): 7-23.

Stuart E. Knee, "The Diplomacy of Neutrality: Theodore Roosevelt and the Russian Pogroms of 1903-1906," Presidential Studies Quarterly (1989), 19#1 pp. 71-78.

Ann E. Healy, "Tsarist Anti-Semitism and Russian-American Relations." Slavic Review 42.3 (1983): 408-425.

Deborah R. Weiner, "The Jews of Clarksburg: Community Adaptation and Survival, 1900-60." West Virginia History 1995 54: 59-77. 0043-325x

William M. Kramer, "The Emergence of Oakland Jewry." Western States Jewish Historical Quarterly 1978 10 (2): 99-125, (3): 238-259, (4): 353-373; 11(1): 69-86; 1979 11(2): 173-186, (3): 265-278. 0043-4221

Fred Rosenbaum, Cosmopolitans: A Social and Cultural History of the Jews of the San Francisco Bay Area (U of California Press, 2009).

Stuart Svonkin, Jews against prejudice: American Jews and the fight for civil liberties. (Columbia U., 1997).

Evyatar Friesel, "Jacob H. Schiff and the Leadership of the American Jewish Community. Jewish Social Studies 2002 8(2-3): 61-72.

Seth Korelitz, "'A Magnificent Piece of Work': the Americanization Work of the National Council of Jewish Women." American Jewish History 1995 83(2): 177-203.

The Foundation gave away all its money and closed down in 1948. Lawrence P. Bachmann, "Julius Rosenwald," American Jewish Historical Quarterly 1976 66(1): 89-105; Peter M. Ascoli, Julius Rosenwald (2006)

Christopher M. Sterba, Good Americans: Italian and Jewish Immigrants During the First World War (2003), 61-63

Mary Ann Irwin, "'The Air is Becoming Full of War': Jewish San Francisco and World War I," Pacific Historical Review 74#3 (2005): 331-66

Joseph Rappaport, Jewish Immigrants and World War I: A Study of Yiddish Attitudes(1951), p. 78

Zosa Szajkowski, "Private and Organized American Jewish Overseas Relief (1914-1938)," American Jewish Historical Quarterly 57#1 (1967) 52-106 in JSTOR

Zosa Szajkowski, Jews, Wars, and Communism. Vol. I: The Attitude of American Jews to World War I, the Russian Revolutions of 1917, and Communism (1914-1945) (New York: KTAV, 1973) includes a great deal of undigested information.

Hasia Diner, The Jews of the United States, 1654 to 2000 (2004), ch 5

Ronald H. Bayor, Neighbors in Conflict: The Irish, Germans, Jews and Italians of New York City, 1929â1941, (1978)

See Murray Friedman, What Went Wrong? The Creation and Collapse of the Black-Jewish Alliance. (1995)

Joshua M. Zeitz, White Ethnic New York: Jews, Catholics, and the Shaping of Postwar Politics (2007).

Henry L. Feingold Zion in America: The Jewish Experience from Colonial Times to the present (2013)

David S. Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941-1945 (New York, 1984), p. 5.

Henry L. Feingold, A Time for Searching: Entering the Mainstream, 1920â1945 (1992), pp 225â65

Laurel Leff, Buried by The Times: The Holocaust and America's Most Important Newspaper (Cambridge University Press, 2005)

Laurel Leff, "A Tragic 'Fight In The Family': The New York Times, Reform Judaism and the Holocaust." American Jewish History 2000 88(1): 3-51. 0164-0178

Felicia Herman, "Hollywood, Nazism, and the Jews, 1933â41." American Jewish History 2001 89(1): 61â89; Joyce Fine, "American Radio Coverage of the Holocaust," Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual 1988 5: 145â165. 0741-8450.

Seelye, Katharine Q. (August 8, 2000). "The 2000 Campaign: The Vice President; Lieberman Will Run With Gore; First Jew On A Major U.S. Ticket". The New York Times. Retrieved July 15, 2021.

Tony Michels, "Is America 'Different'? A Critique of American Jewish Exceptionalism," American Jewish History, 96 (Sept. 2010), pp 201â24

David Sorkin, "Is American Jewry Exceptional? Comparing Jewish Emancipation in Europe and America," American Jewish History, 96 (Sept. 2010), pp 175â200.

Plaskow, Judith. "Jewish Feminist Thought" in Frank, Daniel H. & Leaman, Oliver. History of Jewish Philosophy, Routledge, first published 1997; this edition 2003.

Rob Spinney, "The Jewish Community in Nashville, 1939-1949." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 1993 52(4): 225-241. 0040-3261

Marianne Sanua, "Stages in the Development of Jewish Life at Princeton University," American Jewish History 1987 76(4): 391-415. 0164-0178

Sowell, Thomas, Ethnic America: a History, Basic Books, 1983, p 98.

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Timeline & Periods

Prehistoric & Pre-Columbian	until 1607
Colonial Era	1607–1765
Revolutionary Era	1765–1789
Early Republic	1789–1815
Era of Good Feelings	1817–1825
Jacksonian Era	1825–1849
Civil War Era	1849–1865
Reconstruction	1865–1877
Gilded Age	1877–1896
Progressive Era	1896–1917
World War I	1917–1918
Roaring Twenties	1918–1929
Great Depression	1929–1941
World War II	1941–1945
Post-War Era	1945–1964
Civil Rights Era	1954–1968
Late 20th Century	1964–1991
Post-Cold War	1991–2016
Contemporary	2016–Present

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Chronicles of the American Diaspora

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview 🌍

📜 Early Presence

📈 Population Growth

🏛️ Community Development

Immigration Waves 🚢

🇪🇸 Sephardi Roots

🇩🇪 German Ashkenazi Migration

🇷🇺 Eastern European Influx

Colonial Era 🏛️

📍 Early Settlements

⛪ Religious Freedom

Revolutionary Era 🇺🇸

⚔️ Patriot Support

⚖️ Political Equality

19th Century Developments 📈

🤝 Community Organization

🏦 Banking and Commerce

🏞️ Western Expansion

Civil War Era ⚔️

🎖️ Military Participation

📜 Grant's Order & Response

🏛️ Political Engagement

Progressive Era & Social Movements ✊

✊ Labor and Socialism

⚖️ Civil Rights Advocacy

⚖️ The Leo Frank Case

1930s & World War II 🎖️

🇺🇸 New Deal Coalition

🌍 Refugees and Restrictions

🎖️ Military Service

Regional Developments 🏙️

🗽 New York City

🌉 San Francisco

⚙️ Chicago & Beyond

Politics and Influence 🗳️

🗳️ Political Alignment

🏛️ Government Representation

⚖️ Fighting Discrimination

Culture and Philanthropy 🎨

💖 Philanthropic Traditions

📚 Education and Identity

🗣️ Language and Arts

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Overview

Early Presence

Population Growth

Community Development

Immigration Waves

Sephardi Roots

German Ashkenazi Migration

Eastern European Influx

Colonial Era

Early Settlements

Religious Freedom

Revolutionary Era

Patriot Support

Political Equality

19th Century Developments

Community Organization

Banking and Commerce

Western Expansion

Civil War Era

Military Participation

Grant's Order & Response

Political Engagement

Progressive Era & Social Movements

Labor and Socialism

Civil Rights Advocacy

The Leo Frank Case

1930s & World War II

New Deal Coalition

Refugees and Restrictions

Military Service

Regional Developments

New York City

San Francisco

Chicago & Beyond

Politics and Influence

Political Alignment

Government Representation

Fighting Discrimination

Culture and Philanthropy

Philanthropic Traditions

Education and Identity

Language and Arts

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice