Fjordland Legacy: Hordaland's Enduring Norwegian Saga
An in-depth academic exploration of Hordaland, a former Norwegian county, detailing its history, geography, governance, and cultural significance.
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Hordaland: An Overview
A Former Norwegian County
Hordaland was a significant county (fylke) in Norway, situated on the western coast. It shared borders with Sogn og Fjordane, Buskerud, Telemark, and Rogaland counties. Notably, Hordaland was the third-largest county in Norway by population, following Akershus and Oslo.
Governance and Administration
The administrative center and seat of the county government, known as the Hordaland County Municipality, was located in Bergen. Historically, the city of Bergen maintained a distinct status as its own separate county until 1972, when it was integrated into Hordaland.
Merged into Vestland
On January 1, 2020, Hordaland ceased to exist as an independent county. It underwent a significant administrative merger with the neighboring Sogn og Fjordane county, collectively forming the new and larger Vestland county. This reorganization marked a new chapter in Norway's regional administration.
Etymology: The Name Hordaland
Origins in Old Norse
The name "Hordaland" is a revival of the ancient regional designation, reinstated in 1919. Its roots trace back to Old Norse, specifically "Hǫrðaland." The initial component, "hǫrðar," is the plural genitive case referring to an ancient Germanic tribe, the Charudes. The latter element, "land," directly translates to 'land' or 'region' in the Norwegian language.
Pre-1919 Designation
Prior to its renaming in 1919, the county was officially known as "Søndre Bergenhus amt." This translates to '(the) southern (part of) Bergenhus amt.' The original Bergenhus amt was established in 1662 and subsequently divided into northern and southern administrative units in 1763, setting the stage for Hordaland's later designation.
Symbols of Hordaland
The County Flag
The flag of Hordaland features a striking design: two golden axes surmounted by a golden crown, all set against a vibrant red background. This emblem is a banner derived from the historical seal of the guild of St. Olav, which originated in Onarheim within the Tysnes municipality. This seal was notably employed by delegates from Sunnhordland in 1344 during the installation of King Haakon V of Norway. The axes are a direct reference to Saint Olav, the patron saint of the guild and a revered King of Norway, whose traditional symbol is an axe. The flag and coat of arms were officially adopted in 1961.
The Coat of Arms
The coat of arms for Hordaland was officially granted on December 1, 1961. Designed by Magnus Hardeland, its overall aesthetic draws from a design that was in use in the Sunnhordland region as early as the 14th century. In the early 20th century, county leaders began to re-adopt these historical arms as a symbol for the region. The design consists of two golden axes, crossed, with a golden crown positioned above them, all set on a red field.
A Glimpse into Hordaland's Past
Ancient Origins and Divisions
Hordaland boasts a history spanning over a millennium. By the 7th century, the area was a mosaic of petty kingdoms operating under the Gulating, and by approximately 900 AD, it was recognized as Hordafylke. In the early 16th century, Norway was structured into four "len," with Bergenhus len, headquartered in Bergen, governing a vast expanse of western and northern Norway.
Bergen's Evolving Status
The city of Bergen held a unique status as a city-county (byamt) from 1831 until 1972. During this period, in 1915, the municipality of Årstad was annexed into Bergen. A more substantial annexation occurred in 1972, when the neighboring municipalities of Arna, Fana, Laksevåg, and Åsane were incorporated into the city. Concurrently, Bergen relinquished its county status and became an integral part of Hordaland county.
Historical Population Trends
The demographic evolution of Hordaland reflects significant growth over centuries, influenced by various historical and economic factors. The population saw a substantial increase, particularly between 1769 and 1900, and continued to grow steadily through the 20th and early 21st centuries.
Religious Demographics
The religious landscape of Hordaland, as with much of Norway, has historically been dominated by Christianity. While the majority of the population identifies with Christian faiths, a smaller but significant portion adheres to other religions or life stances.
Hordaland's Governance Structure
County Administration
In Norway, a county (fylke) serves as the primary local administrative unit, with the nation divided into 19 such entities. Each county also functions as an electoral district, with popular elections held every four years to determine its leadership. Hordaland's governance was overseen by the Hordaland County Municipality, which comprised 57 elected members forming a county council (Fylkesting).
Executive Leadership
At the helm of the Fylkesting was the county mayor (fylkesordførar). The final individual to hold this position for the Hordaland County Municipality was Anne Gine Hestetun. Additionally, the county had a County Governor (fylkesmann), who acted as the direct representative of the King and Government of Norway. Lars Sponheim served as the last County Governor of Hordaland.
Judicial and Police Districts
The municipalities within Hordaland were organized under four distinct district courts (tingrett): Nordhordland, Sunnhordland, Bergen, and Hardanger. Furthermore, Hordaland was part of the Gulating Court of Appeal district, which is based in Bergen. For law enforcement, most of Hordaland fell under the Hordaland police district, which also included Gulen and Solund from the neighboring Sogn og Fjordane county. However, municipalities such as Bømlo, Etne, Fitjar, Stord, and Sveio were part of the "Haugaland and Sunnhordland" police district, alongside eight municipalities from Rogaland county.
Hordaland's Natural Landscape
Fjords and Coastline
Hordaland's distinctive semi-circular shape is defined by its location on Norway's western coast. The region is dramatically bisected from southwest to northeast by the Hardangerfjorden, a long and deep fjord that stands as one of Norway's most significant and a major draw for tourists. This intricate coastline is a hallmark of the county's natural beauty.
Mountains, Waterfalls, and Glaciers
The county's interior is equally impressive, encompassing approximately half of the Hardangervidda National Park, a vast mountain plateau. Hordaland is also home to several renowned waterfalls, including the majestic Vøringsfossen and Stykkjedalsfossen. Furthermore, the landscape is sculpted by prominent glaciers such as Folgefonna and Hardangerjøkulen, contributing to its rugged and awe-inspiring terrain.
Agricultural Significance
The Hardanger region within Hordaland is celebrated as one of Norway's most vital agricultural areas, particularly for fruit production. It contributes approximately 40% of the country's total fruit yield, including a diverse range of apples, plums, pears, cherries, and redcurrants, highlighting the fertility of its valleys amidst the dramatic scenery.
High Altitude and Urban Centers
A significant portion of Hordaland's population, over 60%, resides in Bergen and its surrounding areas, forming the primary urban hub. Other notable urban or semi-urban centers within the county included Leirvik, Voss, and Odda. The region also features Finse, which holds the distinction of being the highest point of the Norwegian Railway System, situated at an elevation of 1,222 meters (4,009 feet) above sea level.
Hordaland's Municipalities
Local Administrative Units
Upon its dissolution, Hordaland was composed of numerous municipalities, each contributing to the county's unique character and administrative fabric. These local units were responsible for various public services and local governance.
Geographical Districts
Regional Subdivisions
Hordaland was further organized into several traditional geographical districts, each with its own distinct identity and local characteristics. These divisions often reflect historical settlement patterns and natural boundaries.
Major Urban Centers
Cities of Hordaland
While Bergen was the largest urban center and administrative hub, Hordaland also included other significant cities that served as regional focal points for commerce, culture, and population.
Ecclesiastical Parishes
Historical Church Divisions
The county of Hordaland was historically divided into numerous parishes, reflecting the ecclesiastical and community structures that have long been integral to Norwegian society. These parishes often centered around local churches, serving as spiritual and social hubs.
Charming Rural Villages
Settlements Across the Landscape
Beyond its cities, Hordaland was dotted with numerous villages, each contributing to the region's rich tapestry of communities. These smaller settlements often served as local centers for agriculture, fishing, and traditional Norwegian life.
Former Municipalities
Historical Administrative Changes
Over its long history, Hordaland's administrative map evolved through numerous mergers and reconfigurations. Many municipalities that once existed independently were eventually integrated into larger units, reflecting ongoing efforts to streamline governance and adapt to demographic shifts.
International Relations
Twin Towns and Sister Cities
Hordaland county fostered international connections through its twin town and sister city agreements, building bridges with communities across Europe. These relationships promoted cultural exchange and mutual understanding.
The Edinburgh Christmas Tree
Since 1949, Hordaland has maintained a cherished tradition of gifting a Christmas tree to Edinburgh, the capital city of Scotland. This gesture serves as a poignant remembrance of the assistance provided to Norwegians by Scots during World War II. While the tree has been sourced from Scotland since 2008, it continues to be presented as a heartfelt gift from the people of Hordaland, symbolizing an enduring bond of gratitude and friendship.
Notable Residents
Prominent Individuals
Hordaland has been the birthplace or home to many distinguished individuals who have made significant contributions in various fields, including arts, politics, and music, leaving a lasting impact on Norway and beyond.
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References
References
- no:Hordaland
- The City and the Stril country University of Bergen Grind website.
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