What is the fundamental definition of a household?

A household is defined as one or more persons who reside in the same dwelling. This group can consist of a single family or a different type of person grouping.

Why is the household considered a significant unit in many analytical models?

The household is considered a basic unit of analysis in numerous social, microeconomic, and government models, making it important for fields like economics and inheritance studies. Its structure and composition can influence economic behavior and social outcomes.

How does the United Kingdom define a household for statistical purposes?

For statistical purposes in the UK, a household is defined as a single person or a group of people who have the accommodation as their only or main residence. For groups, they must either share at least one meal a day or share the living accommodation, such as a living room or sitting room.

What criteria does the UK Housing Act (2004) introduce for defining a single household?

The UK Housing Act of 2004 introduced a tighter definition of a single household, considering people as a household if they are related by blood, foster care, or step-relationships, or if they are in-laws or couples (married or unmarried) living as such. This helps clarify distinctions, especially in shared housing situations.

How does the United States Census define a household, particularly regarding living quarters?

The United States Census defines a household based on "separate living quarters," meaning those where occupants live and eat separately from any other persons in the building and have direct access from the outside or through a common hall. This definition encompasses various living arrangements, including single families, individuals living alone, or groups sharing living arrangements.

What term did the U.S. government replace "head of the household" and "head of the family" with, and when?

In 1980, the U.S. government replaced the terms "head of the household" and "head of the family" with the term "householder." This change aimed for more gender-neutral terminology.

What is the definition of a "householder" according to the U.S. Census?

According to the U.S. Census, a householder is the person, or one of the people, in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. If no one qualifies, any adult resident of the unit is considered the householder.

What simplification is often used in economic theory regarding household income streams, and why might it not reflect reality?

Economic theory often simplifies modeling by assuming a one-income-stream household. This simplification is useful for creating basic models but may not reflect the reality that many households have multiple income-earning members, which can affect economic decision-making.

Do economic models always equate households with traditional families?

No, most economic models do not equate households with traditional families, and there isn't always a one-to-one relationship between the two concepts. Households can include various living arrangements beyond the nuclear family structure.

How is a household defined in the context of social work?

In social work, a household is defined similarly to other contexts, referring to a residential group where housework is divided and performed by its members. Care may be provided by one householder to another based on their respective needs and abilities, highlighting the social support aspect within a household.

What is meant by "household work strategy" as coined by Ray Pahl?

"Household work strategy," a term coined by sociologist Ray Pahl, refers to the division of labor among members of a household. These strategies can change over time due to factors like the aging of members or economic conditions, and can be imposed by one person or decided collectively.

What did sociologist Arlie Russell Hochschild observe regarding the division of labor in two-career couples concerning housework?

Sociologist Arlie Russell Hochschild observed that in two-career couples, while men and women might spend similar amounts of time working outside the home, women tend to spend more time on housework. This finding was presented in her books "The Second Shift" and "The Time Bind."

What point did Cathy Young raise regarding women's participation in housework and parenting within couples?

Feminist writer Cathy Young suggested that in some instances, women might hinder the equal participation of men in household chores and parenting responsibilities. This perspective adds another layer to the discussion of gender roles within the household.

What are some examples of household models mentioned in the text?

The text mentions various household models, including traditional families, blended families, shared housing, group homes, houses of multiple occupancy (in the UK), and single room occupancy units (in the US). These represent diverse ways people organize their living situations.

What types of household models are specifically mentioned as being common in the English-speaking world?

In the English-speaking world, common household models include traditional and blended families, shared housing, and group homes for individuals requiring support. These models reflect common living arrangements in countries like the UK, US, and Canada.

How did households function in feudal or aristocratic societies?

In feudal or aristocratic societies, a household often included servants or retainers who received their income directly from the principal income source of the household. This created a hierarchical structure within the domestic sphere.

What was the percentage of dwellings with bathrooms in Belgium in 1960, 1970, and 1980?

In Belgium, the percentage of dwellings with bathrooms was 23.6% in 1960, 49.1% in 1970, and 73.9% in 1980. This shows a significant increase in access to bathroom facilities over two decades.

How did the percentage of dwellings with bathrooms change in Denmark from 1960 to 1980?

Denmark saw a significant increase in dwellings with bathrooms, rising from 39.4% in 1960 to 73.1% in 1970, and further to 85.4% in 1980. This indicates a rapid improvement in housing amenities.

What was the trend in bathroom availability in French dwellings between 1960 and 1980?

The availability of bathrooms in French dwellings increased substantially, from 28.0% in 1960 to 48.9% in 1970, and then to 85.2% in 1980. This trend reflects modernization and improved living standards.

Which country had the highest percentage of dwellings with bathrooms in 1980 among those listed?

Among the countries listed for 1980, the Netherlands had the highest percentage of dwellings with bathrooms at 95.9%. This suggests a high level of housing amenity provision in the Netherlands during that period.

What percentage of UK dwellings had a bath or shower in 1988?

In 1988, 100% of UK dwellings had a bath or shower, according to the provided data. This indicates near-universal access to bathing facilities.

How did the availability of indoor toilets and bath/showers compare between Germany and the UK in 1988?

In 1988, Germany had 99% of households with an indoor WC and 97% with a bath/shower, while the UK had 99% with an indoor WC and 100% with a bath/shower. Both countries showed very high levels of these amenities.

What was the percentage of households with central heating in Denmark in 1981-82?

In the 1981-82 censuses, 54.6% of households in Denmark had central heating. This indicates that central heating was common but not yet universal in Danish homes.

Which country had the highest percentage of households with a bath/shower in 1981-82?

The United Kingdom had the highest percentage of households with a bath/shower in 1981-82, at 98.0%. This reflects a high standard of domestic amenities.

What was the average usable floor space per household in Denmark in 1976 and 1994?

In 1976, the average usable floor space per household in Denmark was 122 m² (1,310 sq ft), increasing to 107 m² (1,150 sq ft) in 1994. While the 1994 figure is lower, it's important to note that data collection methods or definitions might vary.

How did the average usable floor space in the UK compare to the US in 1992-93?

In 1992-93, the average usable floor space in the UK was 79.7 m² (858 sq ft), while in the United States in 1992, it was 153.2 m² (1,649 sq ft). This indicates a substantial difference in average dwelling size between the two countries.

Which country had the highest percentage of households without an indoor WC in 1980?

In 1980, Japan had the highest percentage of households without an indoor WC at 54%. This statistic highlights a significant difference in sanitation infrastructure compared to many European countries listed.

What percentage of households in Spain lacked a bath or shower according to the provided data?

According to the data for households without a bath or shower, Spain had 39% lacking this amenity. This suggests a lower level of access to private bathing facilities compared to some other European nations during that period.

How did the percentage of British households with an indoor WC change between 1960-61 and 1978-79?

The percentage of British households with an indoor WC increased from 87% in 1960-61 to 95% in 1978-79. This shows a steady improvement in basic sanitation.

What was the percentage of German households with a bath or shower in 1970-71?

In 1970-71, 82% of German households had a bath or shower. This indicates a significant level of access to private bathing facilities.

How did the percentage of households with a car differ between the UK and the Netherlands in 1978?

In 1978, 54.4% of households in the United Kingdom had at least one car, compared to 67.2% in the Netherlands. This suggests a higher rate of car ownership in the Netherlands at that time.

What was the housing tenure breakdown in Spain in 1989, specifically regarding owner-occupation?

In Spain in 1989, 88% of households were owner-occupied, with 1% in public rental and 11% in private rental. This indicates a strong preference or prevalence of homeownership in Spain.

Which EEC country had the highest percentage of households with a garden in 1963-64?

Luxembourg had the highest percentage of households with a garden among EEC countries in 1963-64, at 81%. This suggests a lifestyle or housing structure that often includes private outdoor space.

In 1962, what percentage of US households had a television?

In 1962, 87% of US households had a television. This indicates television was already a widespread consumer durable by the early 1960s in the US.

What was the percentage of households with a refrigerator in Great Britain in 1962?

In 1962, 22% of households in Great Britain had a refrigerator. This figure shows that refrigerators were becoming more common but were not yet a standard appliance for most British households.

According to a 1961-62 survey, what percentage of Belgian dwellings were considered unfit but improvable?

A 1961-62 survey indicated that 19.5% of Belgian dwellings were considered unfit but had the potential to be improved. This suggests a notable portion of housing stock required renovation.

In 1975, what percentage of Austrian houses lacked a flush toilet?

In 1975, an estimated 10% of Austrian houses lacked a flush toilet. This indicates that while most homes had this amenity, a small percentage still did not.

What percentage of Irish houses lacked piped water in 1975?

In 1975, an estimated 14% of Irish houses lacked piped water. This suggests that access to a continuous water supply was not universal in Ireland at that time.

In 1975, what percentage of Japanese houses were without a fixed bath or shower?

In 1975, an estimated 3% of Japanese houses were without a fixed bath or shower. This indicates a high level of access to bathing facilities in Japan.

What was the percentage of Dutch houses without electric lighting in 1975?

In 1975, an estimated 1% of Dutch houses were without electric lighting. This points to near-universal access to electricity for lighting in the Netherlands.

How did the percentage of Italian houses without a flush toilet change between 1975 and 1978?

The percentage of Italian houses without a flush toilet decreased from an estimated 4% in 1975 to 1% in 1978. This shows a rapid improvement in sanitation infrastructure over a short period.

In 1975, what percentage of Norwegian houses lacked a fixed bath or shower?

In 1975, an estimated 25% of Norwegian houses lacked a fixed bath or shower. This figure is higher than in some other Western European countries listed for the same period.

What percentage of Swedish houses lacked a flush toilet in 1975?

In 1975, an estimated 2% of Swedish houses lacked a flush toilet. This indicates a very high standard of sanitation in Swedish households.

In 1975, what percentage of Danish houses were without a fixed bath or shower?

In 1975, an estimated 10% of Danish houses were without a fixed bath or shower. This suggests that while most Danes had access to bathing facilities, a notable minority did not.

What percentage of Swiss houses lacked piped water in 1975?

In 1975, an estimated 1% of Swiss houses lacked piped water. This indicates near-universal access to piped water in Switzerland.

In 1970/75, what percentage of Spanish houses were without a flush toilet?

In 1970/75, an estimated 29% of Spanish houses were without a flush toilet. This suggests that sanitation infrastructure was still developing in Spain during this period.

What percentage of West German houses were without a fixed bath or shower in 1975?

In 1975, an estimated 6% of West German houses were without a fixed bath or shower. This indicates a high level of access to bathing facilities in West Germany.

How did the percentage of French homes with a shower or bath increase between 1954 and 1973?

Between 1954 and 1973, the percentage of French homes equipped with a shower or bath rose significantly from 10% to 65%. This reflects a major improvement in housing amenities over two decades.

What was the percentage of UK housing units with two or fewer rooms in England and Wales in 1964?

In England and Wales in 1964, 6.6% of housing units had two or fewer rooms. This statistic provides insight into the size of dwellings during that era.

What percentage of households in England and Wales exceeded the statutory overcrowding standard in 1964?

In 1964, 0.5% of households in England and Wales exceeded the statutory overcrowding standard, meaning they had more persons than rooms. This indicates that overcrowding was a relatively minor issue according to this specific metric.

Household Wiki: Household Dynamics: A Societal Blueprint

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Defining the Household

Core Concept

A household is fundamentally defined as one or more persons who reside in the same dwelling. This group may consist of a single family or a broader collection of individuals sharing the same living space.

The household serves as a critical unit of analysis in numerous social, microeconomic, and governmental models, playing a significant role in fields such as economics and inheritance law.

Diverse Structures

Household configurations are varied and encompass more than just traditional families. They can include:

Blended families
Shared housing arrangements
Group homes
Boarding houses
Houses of multiple occupancy (UK)
Single room occupancy units (US)

Historically, in feudal societies, households also included servants and retainers.

Etymological Roots

The term "household" itself carries historical weight, originating from concepts like the Greek "oikos," which referred to the family, the house, and the property associated with it. This underscores the multifaceted nature of the household, encompassing both living space and social/economic organization.

Governmental Definitions

United Kingdom Perspective

For statistical purposes in the UK, a household is defined as a person or group sharing accommodation as their sole or main residence. Key criteria include sharing at least one meal daily or sharing a living space like a sitting room.

Legislation, such as the UK Housing Act (2004), has necessitated more precise definitions, particularly concerning houses in multiple occupation, to distinguish single households based on relationships and shared living arrangements.

United States Census View

The U.S. Census Bureau defines a household based on "separate living quarters," meaning occupants live and eat separately from others in the building and have direct access to their dwelling from the outside or a common hall.

The term "householder" is used to identify the person responsible for the dwelling's ownership or rental. This terminology replaced earlier terms like "head of the household" to promote gender neutrality.

Canadian Statistical Unit

Statistics Canada defines a household similarly, as a person or group of persons who co-reside in or occupy a dwelling. This definition emphasizes shared living arrangements as the defining characteristic.

Economic Frameworks

Beyond Single Income

While simplified economic models often assume a single income stream for a household, reality is frequently more complex. Many households benefit from multiple income-earning members.

Economic theories do not always equate households directly with traditional family structures, acknowledging that the relationship between the two is not always one-to-one.

Data Analysis

Statistical data, particularly from the mid-to-late 20th century, provides insights into household amenities and living conditions across various countries. These datasets illustrate trends in access to basic facilities like indoor toilets, baths/showers, and central heating, reflecting societal development and economic progress.

Data on durable goods ownership (e.g., washing machines, refrigerators, cars) also offers a lens through which to view economic well-being and lifestyle changes within households over time.

Societal Perspectives

Social Work and Welfare

In social work, the household is viewed through the lens of domestic labor division and care provision among its members. Eligibility for community services and welfare benefits is often contingent upon household composition and structure.

Gender Roles and Labor

Sociological analysis, particularly from feminist perspectives, examines the division of labor within households. Studies highlight how gender roles can influence the distribution of domestic work and childcare, often revealing disparities in time allocation between partners.

Discussions also explore how household work strategies evolve over the life cycle and in response to economic conditions, and how these strategies can be imposed or collectively decided upon.

Household Models

Common Structures

Across the English-speaking world and beyond, household models range from the traditional nuclear family to more complex arrangements:

Nuclear and extended families
Shared housing
Group homes
Boarding houses
Houses in multiple occupation (UK)
Single room occupancy (US)

Historical Context

Historically, particularly in feudal or aristocratic societies, the concept of a household extended to include a broader retinue of servants and retainers who were supported by the principal income of the household.

Historical Evolution

Post-War Transformations

Following World War II, significant shifts occurred in housing and household structures across developed nations. Data from the mid-20th century onwards illustrates a trend towards improved housing amenities and changing dwelling types.

For instance, the percentage of homes with basic facilities like indoor toilets, running water, and baths/showers increased substantially in countries like the UK, France, and Germany during this period.

Durables and Living Standards

The ownership of durable goods, such as washing machines, refrigerators, televisions, and cars, serves as a key indicator of evolving living standards and economic development within households. Comparative statistics from the latter half of the 20th century reveal disparities and convergence in ownership rates across different countries.

Statistical Snapshots

Housing Amenities

Historical data highlights the gradual improvement in housing amenities across Europe and North America. For example, the availability of indoor toilets and bathing facilities saw dramatic increases from the mid-20th century.

Example Trend (UK):

1951: 37.6% of households lacked a bath.
1971: This figure dropped to 9.1%.

Similar trends are observable for access to flush toilets and hot running water.

Durable Goods Ownership

Ownership of consumer durables varied significantly by country and economic status. In the 1960s and 70s, countries like the United States and Scandinavian nations generally showed higher rates of ownership for items like cars and washing machines compared to some Southern European or Eastern Bloc countries.

Comparative Data (circa 1970s):

US Households with Cars: Approximately 75% (1965)
Netherlands Households with Cars: Approximately 67.2% (1978)
UK Households with Cars: Approximately 54.4% (1978)

Floor Space

Average usable floor space per household also shows considerable variation internationally. Data from the late 20th century indicates that countries like Denmark, the US, and Canada typically offered larger average dwelling sizes compared to countries like Japan or Eastern European nations.

Average Usable Floor Space (circa 1976):

Denmark: 122 m²
United States: 120 m²
United Kingdom: 70 m²
Soviet Union: 49 m²

Housing Tenure

Housing tenure patterns, whether owner-occupied, public rental, or private rental, differ significantly across countries. For instance, in the late 20th century, Spain and the United States showed high rates of owner-occupation, while countries like the Netherlands had a substantial proportion of public rental housing.

Housing Tenure (circa 1990):

Spain: 88% Owner-occupied
Netherlands: 44% Owner-occupied, 43% Public rental
United Kingdom: 66% Owner-occupied, 27% Public rental

Housing Conditions

Amenities Over Time

Detailed statistics from various European countries illustrate the significant improvements in housing conditions throughout the latter half of the 20th century. The reduction in households lacking basic amenities like piped water, flush toilets, and fixed baths or showers is a notable trend.

Example: French Households Lacking Amenities

1962: 59.5% lacked a WC.
1978: This figure reduced to 20.9%.

Dwelling Types

The composition of housing stock also evolved, with shifts in the prevalence of detached houses, attached houses, and apartments. In the post-war era, countries like the UK and Netherlands saw a notable increase in apartment living compared to detached housing.

Dwelling Type Distribution (circa 1974):

UK: 23% detached, 50% attached, 23% apartment.
Netherlands: 18% detached, 40% attached, 36% apartment.

Comparative Housing Data

The following tables present statistical data on housing amenities and durable goods ownership across various countries, primarily from the mid-to-late 20th century, illustrating significant societal and economic developments.

Dwellings with Bathrooms (%)

Dwellings with bathrooms^[19]
Country	1960	1970	1980
Belgium	23.6%	49.1%	73.9%
Denmark	39.4%	73.1%	85.4%
France	28.0%	48.9%	85.2%
Germany	51.9%	71.5%	92.3%
Greece	10.4%	-	69.3%
Ireland	33.0%	55.3%	82.0%
Italy	10.7%	64.5%	86.4%
Luxembourg	45.7%	69.4%	86.2%
Netherlands	30.3%	75.5%	95.9%
Portugal	18.6%	-	58%
Spain	24.0%	77.8%	85.3%
United Kingdom	78.3%	90.9%	98.0%

Indoor WC, Bath/Shower, Hot Water (%)

Indoor WC, bath/shower and hot running water (1988)^[20]
Country	Indoor WC	Bath/shower	Hot running water
Belgium	94%	92%	87%
Denmark	97%	94%	N/A
France	94%	93%	95%
Germany	99%	97%	98%
Greece	85%	85%	84%
Ireland	94%	92%	91%
Italy	99%	95%	93%
Luxembourg	99%	97%	97%
Netherlands	N/A	99%	100%
Portugal	80%	N/A	N/A
Spain	97%	96%	N/A
UK	99%	100%	N/A

Average Usable Floor Space (m²)

Average usable floor space, 1976^[21]
Country	Area
Austria	86 m² (930 sq ft)
Belgium	97 m² (1,040 sq ft)
Bulgaria	63 m² (680 sq ft)
Canada	89 m² (960 sq ft)
Czechoslovakia	69 m² (740 sq ft)
Denmark	122 m² (1,310 sq ft)
Finland	71 m² (760 sq ft)
France	82 m² (880 sq ft)
East Germany	60 m² (650 sq ft)
West Germany	95 m² (1,020 sq ft)
Greece	80 m² (860 sq ft)
Hungary	65 m² (700 sq ft)
Ireland	88 m² (950 sq ft)
Luxembourg	107 m² (1,150 sq ft)
Netherlands	71 m² (760 sq ft)
Norway	89 m² (960 sq ft)
Poland	58 m² (620 sq ft)
Portugal	104 m² (1,120 sq ft)
Romania	54 m² (580 sq ft)
Soviet Union	49 m² (530 sq ft)
Spain	82 m² (880 sq ft)
Sweden	109 m² (1,170 sq ft)
Switzerland	98 m² (1,050 sq ft)
United Kingdom	70 m² (750 sq ft)
United States	120 m² (1,300 sq ft)
Yugoslavia	65 m² (700 sq ft)

Households with a Car (%)

European households with at least one car, 1978^[30]
Country	%
Belgium	69.9%
Denmark	57.0%
France	66.9%
West Germany	62.6%
Ireland	65.1%
Italy	69.1%
Netherlands	67.2%
United Kingdom	54.4%

Housing Tenure (%)

Housing tenure, 1980–1990^[31]
Country	Year	Public rental	Private rental	Owner-occupied
Australia	1988	5%	25%	70%
Belgium	1986	6%	30%	62%
Denmark	1990	21%	21%	58%
France	1990	17%	30%	53%
Germany	1990	25%	38%	37%
Ireland	1990	14%	9%	78%
Italy	1990	5%	24%	64%
Netherlands	1988	43%	13%	44%
Spain	1989	1%	11%	88%
United Kingdom	1990	27%	7%	66%
United States	1980	2%	32%	66%

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References

A full list of references for this article are available at the Household Wikipedia page

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Household Dynamics

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Defining the Household ℹ️

🏠 Core Concept

👥 Diverse Structures

⚖️ Etymological Roots

Governmental Definitions 🏛️

🇬🇧 United Kingdom Perspective

🇺🇸 United States Census View

🇨🇦 Canadian Statistical Unit

Economic Frameworks 💰

📈 Beyond Single Income

📊 Data Analysis

Societal Perspectives 🤝

🧑‍⚕️ Social Work and Welfare

⚖️ Gender Roles and Labor

Household Models 🧩

🏡 Common Structures

📜 Historical Context

Historical Evolution ⏳

🌍 Post-War Transformations

📈 Durables and Living Standards

Statistical Snapshots 📊

🛁 Housing Amenities

🚗 Durable Goods Ownership

📏 Floor Space

🏠 Housing Tenure

Housing Conditions 🛠️

💧 Amenities Over Time

🛋️ Dwelling Types

Comparative Housing Data 📈

🛁 Dwellings with Bathrooms (%)

🚽 Indoor WC, Bath/Shower, Hot Water (%)

📏 Average Usable Floor Space (m²)

🚗 Households with a Car (%)

🛋️ Housing Tenure (%)

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Defining the Household

Core Concept

Diverse Structures

Etymological Roots

Governmental Definitions

United Kingdom Perspective

United States Census View

Canadian Statistical Unit

Economic Frameworks

Beyond Single Income

Data Analysis

Societal Perspectives

Social Work and Welfare

Gender Roles and Labor

Household Models

Common Structures

Historical Context

Historical Evolution

Post-War Transformations

Durables and Living Standards

Statistical Snapshots

Housing Amenities

Durable Goods Ownership

Floor Space

Housing Tenure

Housing Conditions

Amenities Over Time

Dwelling Types

Comparative Housing Data

Dwellings with Bathrooms (%)

Indoor WC, Bath/Shower, Hot Water (%)

Average Usable Floor Space (m²)

Households with a Car (%)

Housing Tenure (%)

Teacher's Corner

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References

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Important Notice