What was the primary purpose of the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (BPUPK)?

The BPUPK was established as the initial stage for the establishment of independence in the Dutch East Indies, under the control of the Japanese 16th Army. Its main goal was to investigate and prepare for the eventual independence of the region.

What were the official names and abbreviations of the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence in Indonesian and Japanese?

In Indonesian, it was known as *Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan*, abbreviated as BPUPK. In Japanese, it was called *Dokuritsu Junbi Chōsa-kai* (using Hepburn romanization).

How many plenary meetings did the BPUPK hold, and where else was a similar committee established?

The BPUPK held two plenary meetings: the first from May 28 to June 1, 1945, and the second from July 10 to July 17, 1945. A similar committee was also established in Sumatra.

What prompted the Japanese to promise independence for the Dutch East Indies in September 1944?

Japanese Prime Minister Kuniaki Koiso promised independence for the Dutch East Indies in a session of the Japanese parliament on September 7, 1944, as Japan was realizing it was losing the war. This promise was intended as a measure to gain goodwill.

What was the Japanese military's strategic intent behind establishing the BPUPK?

The Japanese military, particularly the 16th Army in Java, intended the BPUPK as a concession to Indonesian nationalists. They hoped it would redirect nationalist enthusiasm into discussions among factions, rather than direct action, and serve as a step towards establishing independence.

Who chaired the advisory board that discussed the organization, agenda, and membership of the BPUPK before its establishment?

The 19-member advisory board, known as the *Sanyo Kaigi*, which discussed the BPUPK's structure before its formation, was chaired by Sartono.

What was the proposed composition of the BPUPK membership, and what was agreed upon regarding the territory of the independent state?

The advisory board agreed that the membership should comprise 30 Indonesians, 3 Japanese, and one representative each from the Chinese, Arab, and Dutch ethnic groups. It was also agreed that the territory of the independent state would not be discussed during the initial phase.

Where did the BPUPK hold its meetings, and what was the significance of this location?

The BPUPK held its meetings in the building that was formerly used by the *Volksraad* (People's Council), an institution established by the Dutch colonial administration. This location symbolized a transition of political authority and the move towards self-governance.

How many members were ultimately appointed to the BPUPK in Java, and when was this membership announced?

The Japanese appointed 59 members to the BPUPK in Java, representing major groups from Java and Madura. The membership was announced on April 29, 1945, which coincided with the birthday of Japanese Emperor Hirohito.

Who served as the chairman and vice-chairmen of the BPUPK in Java?

Dr. Radjiman Wediodiningrat served as the chairman, while Ichibangase Yoshio and Soeroso were the vice-chairmen of the BPUPK in Java.

What challenge did the Japanese vice-chairman, Ichibangase Yoshio, face during the BPUPK meetings?

Ichibangase Yoshio faced the challenge of not understanding Indonesian, which was the primary language used during the meetings, necessitating the use of interpreters.

What was the main theme of the first plenary session of the BPUPK, held from May 28 to June 1, 1945?

The first plenary session primarily involved speeches by members and discussions concerning the ideology of a future independent state, with a particular focus on the role of Islam within that state.

What political ideology did Professor Soepomo propose for the independent Indonesian state during the first BPUPK session?

Professor Soepomo advocated for an authoritarian, integralistic state, drawing inspiration from systems in Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. He argued that individual human rights guarantees would be unnecessary because the interests of the state and its citizens would be identical.

What significant concept did Sukarno outline during the first BPUPK session on June 1, 1945?

On June 1, 1945, Sukarno delivered a famous speech in which he presented the *Pancasila*, the five principles intended to form the ideological foundation of the new Indonesian state.

How did Islamic leaders react to Sukarno's proposal of Pancasila during the first BPUPK session?

Although Sukarno's speech was well-received, Islamic leaders expressed concern that their interests might not be adequately protected under the proposed Pancasila framework, particularly regarding religious obligations.

What was the purpose of the *panitia kecil* (small committee) formed after the first BPUPK session?

The *panitia kecil*, chaired by Sukarno, was established to discuss the issues that had emerged during the session and to gather further opinions from members, serving as a preliminary step for further deliberation.

What was the *panitia sembilan* (nine-person committee), and what was its primary task?

The *panitia sembilan* was a nine-member committee formed during the BPUPK recess, prompted by Sukarno. Its main task was to work on a draft constitution for Indonesia, addressing key ideological and structural questions.

What key document was produced by the *panitia sembilan*, and what was its significance?

The *panitia sembilan* produced the Jakarta Charter, which served as a draft preamble to the constitution. It notably included the wording of Pancasila, with an added religious obligation for Muslims, signifying a compromise between different ideological groups.

What form of government was chosen for the future Indonesian state during the second BPUPK session, and by what margin?

A large majority of the members, 55 out of 64, voted in favor of the independent Indonesia being a republic, rather than a monarchy or another form of state.

What was the proposed territorial concept for the independent Indonesia discussed during the second BPUPK session, and who strongly supported it?

The concept of *Indonesia Raya* (Greater Indonesia) was proposed, which included not only the Dutch East Indies but also Malaya, North Borneo, and Portuguese Timor. Mohammad Yamin was a strong proponent of this expansive territorial vision.

What were the main points of contention regarding the structure and principles of the future Indonesian state during the second BPUPK session?

Debates centered on Soepomo's integralistic concept versus Muhammad Yamin's preference for a liberal democracy with a separation of powers and a bill of rights. Additionally, some delegates advocated for an Islamic state or for Shariah law to be constitutionally binding for Muslims.

Whose views were most prominently reflected in the draft constitution approved by the BPUPK on July 16, 1945?

Soepomo played a dominant role in drafting the constitution, and his views favoring a strong, centralized state were manifested in its provisions.

Who voted against the constitution's approval, and what might have been the reason?

Muhammad Yamin was the sole member to vote against the constitution's approval on July 16, 1945. This dissent may have stemmed from his dissatisfaction over not being included in the constitution drafting committee.

When and where was a separate BPUPK established, and who chaired it?

A separate BPUPK was established in Sumatra on July 25, 1945, chaired by Mohammad Sjafei, who was also the head of the Sumatra Central Advisory Council.

Did the Sumatran BPUPK hold meetings, and what was its stated resolve?

The Sumatran BPUPK never formally met. However, it issued a statement expressing its resolve to strive for the Japanese Empire, reflecting the political climate of the time.

What event cut short the planned tour of the chairman and secretary of the Sumatran BPUPK?

The planned tour of Sumatra by the chairman (Mohammad Sjafei) and secretary (Djamaluddin Adinegoro) was cut short by the Japanese surrender, preventing them from completing their planned speeches and engagements.

Who were some of the notable Indonesian members of the Sumatran BPUPK?

Notable members of the Sumatran BPUPK included Mohammad Sjafei (chairman), Djamaluddin Adinegoro (secretary), Teuku Nyak Arif, Daud Beureueh, Dr. A.K. Gani, Teuku Mohammad Hasan, Hamka, and the Sultan of Asahan.

What was the Japanese Navy's position regarding the readiness of the eastern islands for independence?

The Japanese Navy, which was the occupying authority in the eastern islands, did not believe the inhabitants of the region were prepared for independence and thus did not support their immediate self-governance.

What was the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence also known as in Indonesian, with the addition of 'Indonesia'?

It was also known as *Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia*, abbreviated as BPUPKI, indicating a slightly broader scope or designation than the original BPUPK.

What was the significance of the date April 29, 1945, in relation to the BPUPK?

April 29, 1945, was the date the membership of the BPUPK in Java was announced. This date also coincided with the birthday of Japanese Emperor Hirohito, highlighting the Japanese control over the process.

What was the *Sanyo Kaigi*?

The *Sanyo Kaigi* was a 19-member advisory board, chaired by Sartono, that discussed the organization, agenda, and membership of the BPUPK before its official establishment, playing a preparatory role.

What was the Japanese 16th Army's role in the establishment of the BPUPK?

The Japanese 16th Army in Java decided to establish the BPUPK in February 1945. Its commander, Lieutenant General Kumakichi Harada, officially announced the committee's formation to work on preparations for independence in Java.

What was the name of the building where the BPUPK held its meetings?

The BPUPK held its meetings in the building that was formerly used by the *Volksraad* (People's Council), a Dutch colonial institution, symbolizing a shift in political representation.

What was the *panitia sembilan* and what was its significance in the lead-up to Indonesian independence?

The *panitia sembilan* was a nine-member committee formed during the BPUPK recess, tasked with drafting a constitution. Its most significant outcome was the creation of the Jakarta Charter, which included the foundational principles of Pancasila and served as a crucial step towards independence.

What was the concept of *Indonesia Raya* as discussed by the BPUPK?

*Indonesia Raya* (Greater Indonesia) was a proposed territorial concept for the independent nation that included not only the Dutch East Indies but also neighboring territories like Malaya, North Borneo, and Portuguese Timor, reflecting a vision of a larger Indonesian sphere.

What was the primary difference between the proposals of Soepomo and Muhammad Yamin regarding the structure of the Indonesian state?

Soepomo favored an authoritarian, integralistic state where individual interests were subordinate to the state, while Muhammad Yamin advocated for a liberal democracy characterized by separation of powers and a bill of rights.

What was the role of the Japanese 25th Army in relation to the BPUPK?

The Japanese 25th Army, based in Sumatra, established a BPUPK in Sumatra on July 25, 1945, mirroring the initiative taken by the 16th Army in Java.

What was the 'short-lived and impotent National Party' mentioned in the context of the eastern islands?

This refers to a party established by the Japanese Navy in the eastern islands, chaired by the Sultan of Bone. It was banned by the authorities just six weeks after its formation, indicating the Navy's reluctance to grant genuine autonomy.

What was the Japanese military authority's initial promise regarding Indonesian independence?

In September 1944, Prime Minister Kuniaki Koiso promised that independence for the Dutch East Indies would be granted 'sometime in the future,' a statement made as Japan's wartime position weakened.

What was the significance of the BPUPK meetings in the context of Indonesian political thought?

The BPUPK meetings provided a crucial platform for prominent Indonesian nationalists to debate and articulate foundational ideas for a future Indonesian state, shaping key concepts like Pancasila and the structure of government.

What was the 'integralistic state' concept proposed by Soepomo?

The integralistic state concept, as proposed by Soepomo, envisioned a strong, unified state where individual interests were subsumed by the collective will of the state. This philosophy suggested that individual rights were inherent within the state's structure, making separate guarantees unnecessary.

What was the main difference between the BPUPK for Java and the one established in Sumatra?

The BPUPK for Java held two significant plenary sessions where key decisions regarding the future state were debated and made. In contrast, the BPUPK established in Sumatra never formally convened its meetings.

What does the abbreviation BPUPKI signify, and how does it relate to BPUPK?

BPUPKI stands for *Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia*. It is essentially the same committee as BPUPK, but with 'Indonesia' added to the name, possibly indicating a broader scope or a later designation for the committee's work.

Who were the Japanese Army and Navy's respective roles or stances regarding the BPUPK and Indonesian independence?

The Japanese 16th Army in Java established the BPUPK. While the Japanese Navy was initially hesitant about granting independence, the Army proceeded with the committee's formation. Notably, Navy Vice Admiral Tadashi Maeda actively supported Indonesian nationalist leaders like Sukarno and Hatta.

What was the outcome of the debate on the territory of the future Indonesian state during the second BPUPK session?

The majority voted for a state encompassing the Dutch East Indies, Malaya, North Borneo, and Portuguese Timor, a concept known as Greater Indonesia (*Indonesia Raya*). However, alternative proposals limited the territory to just the Dutch East Indies or the Dutch East Indies plus Malaya.

What was the role of the *Volksraad* in relation to the BPUPK?

The BPUPK held its meetings in the building previously used by the *Volksraad*, which was a Dutch colonial institution known as the People's Council. This location symbolized a transition of political authority and the move towards Indonesian self-governance.

Investigating Committee For Preparatory Work For Independence Wiki: The Genesis of Sovereignty: Indonesia's Preparatory Committee

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Committee Overview

Establishment and Purpose

The Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (BPUPK), known in Indonesian as Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan, was established by the Japanese military authority in Java on March 1, 1945. Its primary objective was to lay the groundwork for Indonesian independence during the Japanese occupation, serving as the initial phase in this process.^[1]

Timeline

The BPUPK operated for a critical period, holding two significant plenary meetings:

First Meeting: May 28 to June 1, 1945.
Second Meeting: July 10 to July 17, 1945.

The committee was officially disbanded on August 7, 1945, having been succeeded by the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI).^[2]

Leadership and Structure

The committee was chaired by Dr. Radjiman Wediodiningrat, with Japanese officials also holding vice-chair positions. A separate BPUPK was also established in Sumatra, headed by Mohammad Sjafei. The committee met in the former Volksraad building, a significant venue in Indonesian political history.

Historical Context

Japanese Strategy Shift

Facing mounting pressure in World War II, Japan sought to garner goodwill in occupied territories. In September 1944, Prime Minister Kuniaki Koiso promised eventual independence for the Dutch East Indies.^[3] This strategic shift, though initially met with skepticism by the Japanese Navy, led to the establishment of advisory councils and the funding of tours by Indonesian nationalist leaders like Sukarno and Hatta.^[4]

Nationalist Momentum and Japanese Control

Despite Japanese efforts to manage the process, nationalist sentiment continued to grow. The PETA militia rebellion in Blitar in February 1945 signaled a weakening of Japanese control, prompting further concessions. The formation of the BPUPK was partly a response to these dynamics, intended by the Japanese to channel nationalist energy while preparing for a controlled transition.^[5]^[6]

BPUPK in Java

Formation and Composition

The BPUPK for Java was announced on March 1, 1945, comprising 59 members representing various groups in Java and Madura, alongside eight Japanese members. The membership, revealed on April 29th, included prominent Indonesian figures who would later play crucial roles in the nation's founding. Discussions were conducted primarily in Indonesian, though Japanese officials faced language barriers.^[7]^[8]

First Plenary Session (May 28 - June 1, 1945)

The inaugural session commenced with speeches emphasizing long-term relations with Japan. Key discussions revolved around the ideological foundation of an independent state. Professor Soepomo advocated for an authoritarian, integralistic state, while Sukarno delivered his seminal speech on June 1st, outlining the five principles of Pancasila. This session also highlighted concerns from Islamic leaders regarding the protection of their interests.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

Recess and the Jakarta Charter

During the recess following the first session, a nine-member committee, the panitia sembilan, was formed. This group, including nationalists and Islamic figures, drafted a preamble to the constitution, incorporating Pancasila and a clause regarding religious obligations for Muslims. This document, known as the Jakarta Charter, represented a significant step in constitutional development.^[13]

Second Plenary Session (July 10 - July 17, 1945)

The second session focused on fundamental aspects of the new nation, including its governmental form, territory, and constitution.^[9] A majority voted for a republic, and proposals for territorial scope ranged from the Dutch East Indies alone to a concept of "Greater Indonesia" encompassing Malaya and Borneo. Debates continued regarding the state's structure, with differing views on liberal democracy versus integralism.^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]

BPUPK in Sumatra

Establishment and Limited Scope

A separate BPUPK was established in Sumatra by the Japanese 25th Army on July 25, 1945. Chaired by Mohammad Sjafei, it included prominent figures like Hamka and the Sultan of Asahan. However, this committee never convened a formal meeting. Its planned tour to promote independence was cut short by Japan's surrender.^[24]^[25]^[26]

Eastern Islands' Position

Navy's Stance and Nationalist Mobilization

In contrast to Java, the Japanese Navy, which controlled the eastern islands, expressed doubts about the region's readiness for independence. They permitted a short-lived, ineffective National Party but later banned it. This stance prompted Sukarno to dispatch nationalist leaders Sam Ratulangi and Tadjuddin Noor back to their home regions to galvanize support for independence.^[24]^[25]

Key Committee Members

Prominent Figures

The BPUPK comprised a diverse group of influential Indonesian leaders and Japanese representatives. Their deliberations shaped the foundational principles and structure of the nascent Indonesian state.

Indonesian Members (Java BPUPK):

Abdul Halim
Abdoel Kahar Moezakir
Abdul Fatah Hasan
Abdul Kadir
Abdul Kaffar
Abdulrahim Pratalykrama
Abdurrahman Baswedan
Abikusno Tjokrosujoso
Achmad Soebardjo
Agus Muhsin Dasaad
Agus Salim
Ahmad Sanusi
Alexander Andries Maramis
Ashar Sutejo Munandar
Asikin Natanegara
Bagoes Hadikoesoemo
Besar Mertokusumo
Bintoro
Boentaran Martoatmodjo
Hindromartono
Hoesein Djajadiningrat
Jenal Asikin Wijaya Kusuma
Johannes Latuharhary
Ki Hajar Dewantara
Kusumah Atmaja
Liem Koen Hian
Margono Djojohadikusumo
Maria Ulfah Santoso
Mas Aris
Mas Mansoer
Masjkur
Mohammad Hatta
Mohammad Noor
Mohammad Yamin
Oey Tiang Tjoei
Oey Tjong Hauw
Oto Iskandar di Nata
P. F. Dahler
Panji Singgih
Parada Harahap
Poerbonegoro Soemitro Kolopaking
Purubojo
Rajiman Wediodiningrat
Roosseno Soerjohadikoesoemo
Ruslan Wongsokusumo
Samsi Sastrawidagda
Samsudin
Sartono
Sastromoeljono
Siti Sukaptinah Sunaryo Mangunpuspito
Soekiman Wirjosandjojo
Soepomo
Surachman Tjokroadisurjo
Soerjo
Soeroso
Soetardjo Kartohadikusumo
Soewandi
Sosrodiningrat V
Sudirman
Sukarjo Wiryopranoto
Sukarno
Suryohamijoyo
Susanto Tirtoprodjo
Tan Eng Hoa
Wahid Hasyim
Wiranatakusumah V
Wongsonegoro
Wuryaningrat

Japanese Members (Java BPUPK):

Ide Teitiroo
Itibangase Yosio
Itagaki Masamitsu
Masuda Toyohiko
Matsuura Mitsukiyo
Miyano Shozo
Tanaka Minoru (soldier)
Tokonami Tokuji

Indonesian Members (Sumatra BPUPK):

Mohd. Sjafei (chairman)
Djamaluddin Adinegoro (secretary)
Teuku Nyak Arif
Adnan Kapau Gani
A. R. Sutan Mansur
A. Sjagoff
Abdul Abbas
Aminoeddin
Amir
Azairin
Chatib Soeleiman
Ferdinand Lumban Tobing
Hamka
Hsu Hua Chang
Ibrahim
Indra Tjahaja
M. A. Sjarif
Daud Beureueh
Teuku Mohammad Hasan
Mohd. Sjafei
Perpatih Baringek
Pirngadi
Saibun Abdul Jalil Rahmat Sjah
Sjech Mohd. Djamil Djambek
Tjik Wan

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References

Daradjadi & Osa Kurniawan Ilham 2020, p. 10.

Daradjadi & Osa Kurniawan Ilham 2020, p. 97.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence Wikipedia page

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The Genesis of Sovereignty

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Committee Overview ℹ️

📜 Establishment and Purpose

📅 Timeline

🏛️ Leadership and Structure

Historical Context 📜

🇯🇵 Japanese Strategy Shift

✊ Nationalist Momentum and Japanese Control

BPUPK in Java 🗺️

👥 Formation and Composition

🗣️ First Plenary Session (May 28 - June 1, 1945)

✍️ Recess and the Jakarta Charter

🏛️ Second Plenary Session (July 10 - July 17, 1945)

BPUPK in Sumatra 🏞️

🏢 Establishment and Limited Scope

Eastern Islands' Position 🏝️

🚢 Navy's Stance and Nationalist Mobilization

Key Committee Members 👥

👤 Prominent Figures

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📚 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Committee Overview

Establishment and Purpose

Timeline

Leadership and Structure

Historical Context

Japanese Strategy Shift

Nationalist Momentum and Japanese Control

BPUPK in Java

Formation and Composition

First Plenary Session (May 28 - June 1, 1945)

Recess and the Jakarta Charter

Second Plenary Session (July 10 - July 17, 1945)

BPUPK in Sumatra

Establishment and Limited Scope

Eastern Islands' Position

Navy's Stance and Nationalist Mobilization

Key Committee Members

Prominent Figures

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Academic Disclaimer

Important Notice