What is Irish nationalism in its broadest sense?

In its broadest sense, Irish nationalism is a political movement asserting that the people of Ireland should govern Ireland as a sovereign state. This movement is rooted in the principle of national self-determination, meaning a nation's right to govern itself without external interference.

What principles form the basis of Irish nationalism since the mid-19th century?

Since the mid-19th century, Irish nationalism has largely been characterized by cultural nationalism, which emphasizes the importance of shared cultural identity, and is based on the principles of national self-determination and popular sovereignty. These principles advocate for the right of a people to govern themselves and for political power to derive from the consent of the governed.

Which French political ideologies influenced Irish nationalists in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries?

Irish nationalists, including groups like the United Irishmen, Young Irelanders, Fenian Brotherhood, Fianna Fáil, and Sinn Féin, styled themselves after French left-wing radicalism and republicanism. These ideologies, originating from the French Revolution, emphasized popular sovereignty and the establishment of republics, influencing the aspirations of Irish nationalists for independence.

What aspects of Irish culture does Irish nationalism celebrate?

Irish nationalism celebrates the unique culture of Ireland, with a particular emphasis on the Irish language, literature, music, and traditional sports. This celebration aims to preserve and promote a distinct Irish identity.

When did most of the island of Ireland gain independence from the UK, and what was the context for this?

Most of the island of Ireland gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1922. This independence was the culmination of a long struggle against British rule, which had been in place since the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169.

According to Irish nationalists, what has been detrimental to Irish interests since the Norman Invasion?

Irish nationalists believe that foreign English and later British rule in Ireland, beginning with the Norman Invasion of Ireland in 1169, has been detrimental to Irish interests. This perspective views centuries of external governance as having negatively impacted the nation's well-being and sovereignty.

Along what lines was the partition of Ireland drawn?

The partition of Ireland was drawn along ethno-religious lines, reflecting the demographic differences between the predominantly Roman Catholic and indigenous population in most of the island, and the Protestant population, largely descended from British settlers, in the northern counties. This division aimed to accommodate these distinct communities.

What do Irish nationalists support regarding the partition of Ireland?

Irish nationalists support Irish reunification, advocating for the unification of the six northern counties that remained part of the United Kingdom with the rest of the island. This goal reflects the nationalist aspiration for a single, sovereign Irish state.

When is Irish nationalism generally regarded as having emerged, and what were the contributing factors?

Irish nationalism is generally regarded as having emerged following the Renaissance revival of the concept of the patria and the religious struggles between the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation. These historical and religious dynamics shaped the early development of a distinct Irish identity and political consciousness.

In the 16th century, who banded together under the banner of Catholicism and Irish civic identity?

In the 16th century, the native Gaelic Irish and the Old English banded together in common cause, united under the banner of Catholicism and Irish civic identity, often expressed as "faith and fatherland." This alliance sought to protect their lands and interests against the encroaching New English Protestant forces sponsored by England.

How did the Plantations of Ireland affect native Catholic landowners?

The Plantations of Ireland, particularly the Plantation of Ulster starting in 1609, resulted in the dispossession of many native Catholic landowners. These lands were granted to Protestant settlers from England and Scotland, fundamentally altering the landholding patterns and social structure of Ireland.

What was the objective of Hugh O'Neill's rebellion, known as the Nine Years' War?

The objective of Hugh O'Neill's rebellion, known as the Nine Years' War (1594-1603), was to expel the English presence from Ireland and establish Ireland as a protectorate of Spain. This rebellion represented a significant challenge to English rule during the Tudor conquest.

What is the historical significance of the green harp flag in Irish nationalism?

The green harp flag was first used by Irish Confederate troops during the Eleven Years' War and became the primary symbol of Irish nationalism from the 17th century through the early 20th century. Its adoption signifies a long-standing visual representation of Irish identity and aspirations for self-governance.

What form of government did the Confederate Catholics of Ireland establish in the 1640s?

In the 1640s, following the Irish Rebellion of 1641, the Confederate Catholics of Ireland established a *de facto* independent Irish state, also known as the Confederation of Kilkenny. This entity fought within the broader context of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.

What were the key demands of the Confederate Catholics of Ireland?

The Confederate Catholics of Ireland demanded autonomy for the Irish Parliament, full rights for Catholics, and an end to the confiscation of Catholic-owned land. They envisioned Ireland as a kingdom independent from England, though still under the same monarch.

What political support did Irish Catholic Jacobites offer after the Glorious Revolution?

After the Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689, Irish Catholic Jacobites supported James II, seeking to restore him to the English throne. Their demands included a Catholic majority in an autonomous Irish Parliament, the restoration of confiscated Catholic lands, and an Irish-born Lord Deputy.

What was the effect of the Penal Laws in Ireland?

The Penal Laws in Ireland discriminated against non-Anglicans, primarily targeting Catholics and Presbyterians. These laws reinforced the dominance of the Protestant Ascendancy, which controlled Irish government and landholding after the Williamite War.

According to Professor Kevin Whelan, when did the modern Catholic-nationalist identity form?

According to Professor Kevin Whelan, the modern Catholic-nationalist identity formed between 1760 and 1830. This period saw the consolidation of a distinct identity linking religious adherence with nationalist aspirations.

What specific law did the 18th-century Irish Parliament repeatedly call for the repeal of to gain more autonomy from Britain?

The 18th-century Irish Parliament repeatedly called for the repeal of Poynings' Law, which allowed the British Parliament to legislate for Ireland. This demand was part of a broader movement seeking greater legislative independence from Britain.

What significant legislative achievement did Henry Grattan and the Irish Patriot Party secure in 1782-83?

Henry Grattan and the Irish Patriot Party achieved substantial legislative independence for Ireland in 1782-83, often referred to as Grattan's Parliament. This period saw the Irish Parliament gain greater control over its own affairs, though links with Britain remained.

Who were some prominent leaders of Irish separatism from Grattan to Parnell who were Protestant nationalists?

Prominent leaders of Irish separatism from Grattan to Parnell who were Protestant nationalists included Theobald Wolfe Tone and Robert Emmet, among others. Many leaders of nationalist movements were descended from plantation families, highlighting a complex interplay of origins within the movement.

What were the primary goals of the Society of the United Irishmen founded in the 1790s?

The Society of the United Irishmen, founded in the 1790s, aimed to end discrimination against Catholics and Presbyterians and to establish an independent Irish republic. They sought to create a society free from sectarian divisions, which they attributed to British domination.

How did the French Revolution influence the United Irishmen?

The French Revolution inspired the United Irishmen by demonstrating a successful overthrow of an old regime and the establishment of a republic. This revolutionary example fueled their desire for an independent, egalitarian Irish republic free from sectarian divisions and British rule.

What were the two main forms of Irish nationalism that emerged after the Act of Union?

After the Act of Union, two main forms of Irish nationalism emerged: Irish republicanism, which advocated for the use of force to establish a secular, egalitarian Irish republic, and a more moderate, non-violent tradition focused on seeking concessions from the British government. These represented differing approaches to achieving Irish self-government.

What were Daniel O'Connell's main political campaigns in the 1820s-1840s?

Daniel O'Connell's main political campaigns in the 1820s, 1830s, and 1840s focused on achieving Catholic Emancipation, which granted full political rights to Catholics, and later on the Repeal of the Union, advocating for Irish self-government under the British Crown. He led organizations like the Catholic Association and the Repeal Association.

How did Daniel O'Connell's movement differ from its 18th-century predecessors in terms of religious affiliation and symbolism?

Daniel O'Connell's movement was more explicitly Catholic than its 18th-century predecessors, enjoying strong support from the Catholic clergy. It also utilized traditional Irish imagery, such as the harp, and held meetings at historically resonant sites like Tara and Clontarf, reinforcing a connection to Ireland's past.

How did the Great Famine of 1845-1849 affect Irish sentiment towards the British government?

The Great Famine of 1845-1849 caused great bitterness among the Irish people towards the British government, which was perceived as having failed to adequately respond to the crisis that led to the deaths of up to a million people. This perception fueled anti-British sentiment and strengthened nationalist resolve.

What was the Fenian Brotherhood, and what actions did it undertake?

The Fenian Brotherhood was a militant republican organization founded in 1858, alongside the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) in Ireland. It organized unsuccessful raids on Canada by Irish veterans of the American Civil War, reflecting its commitment to armed struggle for Irish independence.

Who founded the Irish Land League, and what was its primary objective?

Michael Davitt, an IRB member, founded the Irish Land League in 1879 during an agricultural depression. Its primary objective was to agitate for tenant farmers' rights, advocating for reforms such as fair rent, free sale, and fixity of tenure.

Why did the land question hold nationalist resonance for many Irish Catholics?

The land question held nationalist resonance for many Irish Catholics because they believed that land had been unjustly taken from their ancestors by Protestant English colonists during the 17th-century Plantations of Ireland. This historical grievance linked land ownership directly to national identity and perceived injustices.

What were the "Three Fs" that the Land League initially campaigned for?

The "Three Fs" that the Irish Land League initially campaigned for were fair rent, free sale, and fixity of tenure for tenant farmers. These demands aimed to provide greater security and fairness for tenants in their relationship with landlords.

What was the "New Departure" initiated by the IRB in 1879?

The "New Departure," initiated by the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) in 1879, was a strategic decision to adopt social issues, particularly the land question, as a means to recruit broader nationalist support. This move aimed to link the struggle for land reform with the broader goal of Irish self-government.

What did the "Land War" entail, and how did it escalate?

The "Land War" refers to the period of agitation and resistance by tenant farmers, often organized through the Land League, against landlords and the authorities attempting to evict them. It escalated into violence as tenants resisted evictions, leading to increased conflict with the Royal Irish Constabulary.

How did Charles Stewart Parnell utilize the popularity of the Land League?

Charles Stewart Parnell took over leadership of the Land League and used its widespread popularity to launch the Irish National League in 1882. This new organization served as a support base for the Irish Parliamentary Party, which campaigned for Home Rule.

What was the Celtic Revival, and who initiated it?

The Celtic Revival was a broad intellectual and cultural movement that emerged in the late 19th century, celebrating Gaelic Irish culture. While largely initiated by artists and writers of Protestant or Anglo-Irish backgrounds, it captured the imagination of many Irish nationalists.

What was the purpose of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), and what rule did it enforce regarding sports?

The Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) was formed to promote traditional Irish sports such as Gaelic football, hurling, and Gaelic handball. A significant rule enforced by the GAA was that its members were forbidden from playing English sports like association football, rugby union, and cricket, aiming to preserve distinct Irish sporting traditions.

Which leaders of the Easter Rising were associated with the Gaelic Revival?

Patrick Pearse and Thomas MacDonagh, key leaders of the Easter Rising, were associated with the Gaelic Revival movement. Their involvement in cultural organizations like the Gaelic League influenced their nationalist ideology and revolutionary actions.

When were the first two Home Rule Bills introduced in the UK Parliament, and what was the outcome?

The first two Home Rule Bills were introduced in the House of Commons in 1886 and 1893. Both faced significant resistance, and the second bill was ultimately defeated in the House of Lords, delaying the prospect of Irish self-government.

What event led to the split in the Irish Parliamentary Party after Parnell's death?

Following Charles Stewart Parnell's death in 1891 and a subsequent divorce crisis, the Irish Roman Catholic hierarchy pressured MPs to drop him as their leader. This led to a split within the Irish Parliamentary Party into two factions, the Irish National League (INL) and the Irish National Federation (INF), rendering the party largely ineffective for several years.

What legislative changes in the early 20th century transformed rural Ireland and provided a base for nationalist demands?

The Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903 (Wyndham Act) and the Labourers (Ireland) Acts of 1906 and 1911 significantly transformed rural Ireland. These acts facilitated tenant farmers' purchase of land and provided housing for rural labourers, creating an economic and social base that strengthened nationalist demands for self-government.

What political party did James Connolly found, and what ideology did he fuse with Irish republicanism?

James Connolly founded the Irish Socialist Republican Party in Dublin in 1896. He fused socialism with Irish republicanism, advocating for an independent Workers Republic in Ireland, which significantly impacted republican thought.

What was the Irish Citizen Army (ICA), and when and why was it formed?

The Irish Citizen Army (ICA) was a workers' militia formed in 1913 during the Dublin Lockout by James Connolly and James Larkin. Initially established to defend strikers from police actions, it evolved into a revolutionary body dedicated to achieving an independent Irish Socialist Republic.

What major crisis surrounded the implementation of the Third Home Rule Act in 1912-1914?

The major crisis surrounding the Third Home Rule Act (1914) involved mass resistance from Unionists, particularly in Ulster, who organized the Ulster Volunteers to oppose its implementation by force. This led to a threat of civil war and uncertainty about the Act's future.

What was the Ulster Volunteers, and what was their stated intention?

The Ulster Volunteers were an armed paramilitary group formed by Ulster Unionists in 1912 to resist the implementation of Home Rule by force. Their stated intention was to prevent the imposition of a Dublin-based parliament on Northern Ireland.

Why were the Irish Volunteers formed in response to the Home Rule crisis?

The Irish Volunteers were formed by Irish nationalists in response to the threat posed by the Ulster Volunteers and the potential for civil conflict. Their purpose was to ensure the implementation of Home Rule and defend nationalist interests.

How did World War I affect the implementation of the Home Rule Act?

World War I led to the suspension of the Home Rule Act, which had received Royal Assent in 1914. The British government deferred its implementation until after the war, a decision that fueled radical republican groups' belief that independence could not be achieved peacefully.

Who were the key figures in planning the Easter Rising?

Key figures in planning the Easter Rising included Patrick Pearse, Thomas MacDonagh, and Thomas Clarke, who formed an inner circle within the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB). James Connolly also joined forces with them to plan the insurrection.

What did the Easter Proclamation declare?

The Easter Proclamation, issued during the Easter Rising of 1916, declared the independence of the Irish Republic. It proclaimed Ireland as a sovereign state, severing ties with British rule.

What was the public reaction to the execution of the Easter Rising leaders?

The execution of fifteen of the Easter Rising's leaders by British General Maxwell generated widespread public sympathy for the rebels' cause. This harsh response, treating the rebellion as treason during wartime, significantly boosted support for physical force republicanism.

What events contributed to the rise in support for Sinn Féin after World War I?

Several events contributed to the rise in support for Sinn Féin after World War I, including the suspension of Home Rule, the heavy losses suffered by Irish battalions in the war, and the British government's harsh response to the Easter Rising. The British mistakenly blamed Sinn Féin for the Rising, inadvertently elevating its profile as a vehicle for Irish Republicanism.

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The Concept of Irish Nationalism

Defining the Movement

Irish nationalism is fundamentally a political movement asserting that the people of Ireland should govern Ireland as a sovereign state. Broadly interpreted, it champions national self-determination and popular sovereignty. Since the mid-19th century, it has largely manifested as a cultural nationalism, deeply intertwined with the celebration of Ireland's distinct culture, including its language, literature, music, and sports.

Historical Context

The movement gained significant momentum during periods of English and later British rule, culminating in the island's partial independence from the UK in 1922. Irish nationalists contend that foreign rule has historically been detrimental to Irish interests, fostering a narrative of resistance and a desire for reunification.

Ethno-Religious Dimensions

The partition of Ireland in the early 20th century was significantly influenced by ethno-religious lines. While the majority of the island remained predominantly Catholic and indigenous, the six northern counties retained a substantial Protestant population, largely descended from British settlers. This historical division continues to shape contemporary political discourse.

Historical Trajectories

Early Roots

The conceptual origins of Irish nationalism can be traced to the post-Renaissance revival of the idea of the *patria* and the religious conflicts of the Reformation. Initially, it represented a unified front of Gaelic Irish and Old English Catholics seeking to protect their interests against English Protestant expansion and colonization, often aligning with Catholicism as a marker of identity.

Resistance and Rebellion

Throughout centuries, various movements articulated nationalist aspirations. From Hugh O'Neill's Nine Years' War in the late 16th century to the Confederate Ireland movement in the 1640s and the Jacobite efforts in the late 17th century, resistance against English and British dominance was a recurring theme. These early movements often sought greater autonomy or outright independence, frequently framed within a Catholic identity.

The Rise of Modern Nationalism

The late 18th and 19th centuries witnessed the emergence of modern Irish nationalism. The Society of the United Irishmen in the 1790s, inspired by the French Revolution, advocated for a secular, independent republic. Later, figures like Daniel O'Connell championed Catholic Emancipation and Repeal of the Union through constitutional means. The Great Famine of 1845-1849 intensified anti-British sentiment, while militant groups like the IRB maintained a focus on armed struggle.

Home Rule and Independence

The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the Home Rule movement gain prominence, advocating for a devolved Irish parliament within the United Kingdom. The cultural revival of the era, emphasizing Gaelic heritage, provided a strong ideological underpinning. The Easter Rising of 1916 and the subsequent War of Independence (1919-1921), led by Sinn Féin and the IRA, ultimately resulted in the establishment of the Irish Free State and the partition of the island.

Cultural Foundations

Language and Identity

A cornerstone of Irish nationalism has been the promotion and preservation of the Irish language (Gaeilge). Organizations like the Gaelic League played a pivotal role in the late 19th-century Gaelic Revival, aiming to foster a distinct Irish cultural identity separate from British influence. While English remains the dominant language, the revival efforts underscore the deep connection between language and national consciousness.

Sports and National Spirit

The Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), founded in 1884, became a significant force in promoting traditional Irish sports such as Gaelic football, hurling, and Gaelic handball. By encouraging participation in these indigenous games and discouraging English sports, the GAA fostered a sense of national pride and unity, becoming a vital institution in the cultural landscape of Irish nationalism.

Artistic and Literary Expression

The Celtic Revival, flourishing in the late 19th century, saw artists, writers, and intellectuals engage with Irish mythology, folklore, and history. This movement, often initiated by individuals of Protestant or Anglo-Irish background, captured the imagination of many, contributing to a burgeoning sense of a unique Irish cultural heritage. Periodicals and literary works of the era frequently articulated nationalist sentiments and aspirations for national deliverance.

Core Ideals

Self-Determination

Central to Irish nationalism is the principle of national self-determination, the right of the Irish people to freely determine their own political status and pursue their own economic, social, and cultural development without external interference. This ideal has been a driving force behind movements seeking independence from British rule.

Sovereignty and Republicanism

The ultimate goal for many Irish nationalists has been the establishment of a fully sovereign Irish Republic, free from any ties to the British Crown. This republican ideal, often associated with the use of force for achieving independence, contrasts with more moderate nationalist traditions that sought self-government within a constitutional framework.

Religious and Ethnic Identity

Historically, Catholicism became closely associated with Irish national identity, particularly in opposition to the Protestant Ascendancy and British rule. While early nationalist movements included Protestant participants and sought to bridge sectarian divides, the Catholic Church's influence and the experience of discrimination against Catholics often reinforced the link between Irish nationalism and Catholicism.

The Legacy of Partition

Division of the Island

The partition of Ireland, formalized in 1921, created Northern Ireland as a distinct political entity within the United Kingdom, while the southern 26 counties became the Irish Free State. This division was largely driven by the concentration of Unionist (pro-British) sentiment in the northeast, particularly among the Protestant population.

Unionist Opposition

Unionism, advocating for continued political union with Great Britain, emerged as a significant counter-force to Irish nationalism. The slogan "Home Rule is Rome Rule" encapsulated Unionist fears of Catholic dominance and perceived threats to their cultural and political identity under an independent Irish government. This opposition was particularly strong in Ulster.

The Peace Process and Beyond

The complex political landscape of Northern Ireland, marked by decades of conflict known as The Troubles, has been shaped by the ongoing tension between nationalist aspirations for a united Ireland and Unionist desires to remain part of the UK. The Good Friday Agreement (1998) provided a framework for peace and power-sharing, though issues of identity and constitutional status remain subjects of ongoing debate and political evolution.

Contemporary Landscape

Shifting Political Tides

Recent political developments have indicated significant shifts in the demographic and electoral landscape. The 2019 UK general election saw more nationalist MPs elected in Northern Ireland than Unionists for the first time. Subsequently, Sinn Féin achieved notable electoral successes in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, culminating in their securing the largest number of seats in the 2022 Northern Ireland Assembly election.

Brexit and the Border

The United Kingdom's departure from the European Union (Brexit) has introduced new complexities, particularly concerning the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Fears of a hard border and the potential impact on the Good Friday Agreement have influenced political discourse and nationalist sentiment, highlighting the enduring relevance of constitutional questions.

Evolving Aspirations

Contemporary Irish nationalism continues to evolve, encompassing a range of perspectives from those advocating for peaceful, democratic means to achieve a united Ireland to those focused on cultural preservation and national identity. The interplay of historical legacies, demographic changes, and geopolitical factors continues to shape the trajectory of Irish nationalism in the 21st century.

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References

Delanty, Gerard; Kumar, Krishan. The Sage handbook of nations and nationalism. London; Thousand Oaks, California; New Delhi: Sage Publications, Ltd, 2006, 542.

Jonathan Swift: Volume III by Irvin Ehrenpreis

Sean Farrell Moran, "Patrick Pearse and the European Revolt Against Reason," Journal of the History of Ideas, 1989; Patrick Pearse and the Politics of Redemption, (1994),

Sean Farrell Moran, "Patrick Pearse and the Politics of Redemption", (1995), Ruth Dudley Edwards, "Patrick Pearse and the Triumph of Failure", (1974), Joost Augustin, "Patrick Pearse", (2009).

A full list of references for this article are available at the Irish nationalism Wikipedia page

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Academic Context and Limitations

This document has been generated by an AI, drawing upon publicly available information to provide an academic overview of Irish nationalism. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy and adherence to the source material, the content is intended for educational purposes and may not encompass the full complexity or nuance of the subject.

This is not political advice. The information presented here is for informational and analytical purposes only and should not be construed as advocacy or endorsement of any particular political stance or ideology. Readers are encouraged to consult primary sources and engage in critical analysis of historical and political movements.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

Echoes of Erin

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

The Concept of Irish Nationalism 💡

☘️ Defining the Movement

🏛️ Historical Context

🌍 Ethno-Religious Dimensions

Historical Trajectories ⏳

📜 Early Roots

⚔️ Resistance and Rebellion

🗣️ The Rise of Modern Nationalism

🕊️ Home Rule and Independence

Cultural Foundations 🎭

🗣️ Language and Identity

🏅 Sports and National Spirit

🎨 Artistic and Literary Expression

Core Ideals ⚖️

✊ Self-Determination

👑 Sovereignty and Republicanism

✝️ Religious and Ethnic Identity

The Legacy of Partition ↔️

📍 Division of the Island

⚖️ Unionist Opposition

🕊️ The Peace Process and Beyond

Contemporary Landscape 🌐

🗳️ Shifting Political Tides

🇪🇺 Brexit and the Border

🗣️ Evolving Aspirations

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Academic Context and Limitations

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

The Concept of Irish Nationalism

Defining the Movement

Historical Context

Ethno-Religious Dimensions

Historical Trajectories

Early Roots

Resistance and Rebellion

The Rise of Modern Nationalism

Home Rule and Independence

Cultural Foundations

Language and Identity

Sports and National Spirit

Artistic and Literary Expression

Core Ideals

Self-Determination

Sovereignty and Republicanism

Religious and Ethnic Identity

The Legacy of Partition

Division of the Island

Unionist Opposition

The Peace Process and Beyond

Contemporary Landscape

Shifting Political Tides

Brexit and the Border

Evolving Aspirations

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Academic Context and Limitations