What are the primary categories of diversity within Islam as outlined in the introduction?

The introduction to Islamic schools and branches highlights several categories of diversity within Islam. These include different sects or denominations, various schools of Islamic jurisprudence (known as madhhabs), and distinct schools of Islamic theology or creed (aqidah). The text also notes the existence of informal movements driven by ideas and organized groups with governing bodies.

What was the historical basis for the initial schisms within Islam?

The initial schisms within Islam, particularly between Kharijites, Sunnis, and Shias, stemmed from disputes over the political and religious succession to the guidance of the Muslim community (Ummah) after the death of the Prophet Muhammad. This disagreement over leadership led to the development of distinct theological and political viewpoints.

According to the text, what is the estimated global percentage of Muslims who adhere to Sunni Islam?

Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising approximately 87-90% of the total Muslim population worldwide. The term 'Sunni' itself is derived from 'sunnah,' referring to the teachings, actions, and examples of the Prophet Muhammad and his companions.

What is the core belief of Shia Muslims regarding the succession to Prophet Muhammad?

Shia Muslims believe that Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, Ali ibn Abi Talib, was the first Imam and the rightful successor to Muhammad. Consequently, they reject the legitimacy of the first three caliphs recognized by Sunnis (Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman).

What are the three major sects within Shia Islam?

The three major sects within Shia Islam are Twelvers, Ismailis, and Zaydis. Twelvers constitute the vast majority of Shia Muslims, and both Twelvers and Ismailis generally follow the Ja'fari school of jurisprudence.

Which branch of Islam is the second largest, and in which countries does it form the majority of the Muslim population?

Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam, comprising about 10-13% of the global Muslim population. Shia Muslims constitute the majority of the Muslim populations in Iran, Iraq, and Azerbaijan.

What distinguishes the Kharijites from other early Islamic groups?

The Kharijites were an early group that emerged during the First Fitna. They were known for their extreme doctrines, particularly their radical approach to takfir (excommunication), which led them to declare both Sunni and Shia Muslims as infidels or false Muslims, deeming them worthy of death for perceived apostasy.

Which sect is the only surviving branch of the Kharijites?

The Ibadi sect is the only surviving branch of the Kharijites. While originating from the Kharijite movement, Ibadis have developed distinct theological and jurisprudential positions over time.

What are the four main schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam?

The four main schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam are the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali schools. These schools are named after their respective founders: Abu Hanifa an-Nu'man, Malik ibn Anas, Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi'i, and Ahmad ibn Hanbal.

What is the primary school of jurisprudence followed by Twelver and Isma'ili Shia Muslims?

Both mainstream Twelver and Isma'ili Shia Muslims follow the Ja'fari school of jurisprudence. This school is named after Ja'far al-Sadiq, considered the sixth Shia Imam.

What are the main schools of theology within Sunni Islam?

The main schools of theology within Sunni Islam are the Athari (or Traditionalist), Ash'ari, and Maturidi schools. These schools differ in their approaches to interpreting Islamic creed and theological concepts.

What is the core difference between Ash'ari and Maturidi theology regarding faith?

A key difference between Ash'ari and Maturidi theology lies in their view of faith (iman). Maturidites believe that iman remains static and does not increase or decrease, whereas they consider piety (taqwa) to be what fluctuates. Ash'arites, conversely, affirm that belief itself can increase and decrease.

What is the defining characteristic of Mu'tazilite theology?

Mu'tazilite theology, which originated in the 8th century, places a strong emphasis on rationality and dialectic reasoning in understanding Islamic doctrines. They sought to reconcile Greek philosophy with Islamic teachings, addressing issues like the nature of the Quran and free will.

What is Sufism described as within the context of Islam?

Sufism is described as Islam's mystical and ascetic dimension. It focuses on the purification of the inner self and aims to achieve direct experience of God through intuitive and emotional faculties.

What are the organized groups or orders within Sufism known as?

The organized groups or orders within Sufism are known as Tariqahs. These orders have distinct spiritual lineages and practices, often centered around a spiritual guide (Murshid).

Name two distinct Islamic religious and political movements that arose among African Americans in the early 20th century.

Two distinct Islamic movements that arose among African Americans in the early 20th century were the Moorish Science Temple of America, founded by Noble Drew Ali, and the Nation of Islam (NOI), founded by Wallace Fard Muhammad. These movements often emphasized racial and ethnic identity alongside their religious teachings.

Who founded the Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam, and what were his primary claims?

The Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam was founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in 1889. He claimed to be the promised Messiah, the Second Coming of Christ, and the Mahdi awaited by Muslims, as well as a subordinate prophet to Muhammad.

What is the main difference between the Barelvi and Deobandi movements within Sunni Islam in the Indian subcontinent?

The Barelvi movement is generally considered more traditional and inclined towards Sufism, while the Deobandi movement is characterized by its revivalist nature. Both movements are significant within the Hanafi school of jurisprudence prevalent in the region.

What is the central tenet of Quranism regarding Islamic sources?

Quranism is a branch of Islam that holds that Islamic guidance and law should be based solely on the Quran. Quranists oppose the religious authority and authenticity of Hadith literature, believing the Quran itself is sufficient and clear.

What is the primary focus of liberal and progressive Islamic organizations?

Liberal and progressive Islamic organizations, primarily based in the Western world, focus on reinterpreting Islamic scriptures (ijtihad) to reconcile Islamic faith with modern values. They commonly affirm and promote democracy, gender equality, human rights, and religious pluralism.

What does the term 'non-denominational Muslim' refer to?

The term 'non-denominational Muslim' is used for Muslims who do not affiliate with a specific Islamic denomination, do not self-identify with one, or cannot be easily classified into existing schools or branches. A significant portion of Muslims globally identify this way.

What is the core doctrine of the Salafi movement?

The core doctrine of the Salafi movement is a fundamentalist approach to Islam, emphasizing emulation of the Prophet Muhammad and his earliest followers (al-salaf al-salih). Salafis reject religious innovation (bid'ah) and advocate for the implementation of Sharia law.

Who founded the Wahhabi movement, and what were its primary aims?

The Wahhabi movement was founded by the Hanbali scholar Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. His aim was to revive and purify Islam by returning to what he believed were the fundamental principles of the religion, denouncing practices he considered heretical innovation or polytheism.

What is the estimated global percentage of Muslims who identify as Sunni?

Sunni Islam is the predominant branch of Islam, with estimates indicating that 87% to 90% of the world's Muslim population adheres to Sunni traditions.

What is the estimated global percentage of Muslims who identify as Shia?

Shia Islam represents a minority within the global Muslim population, with estimates ranging from 10% to 13%. Despite being a minority, Shia Muslims form the majority in specific countries like Iran, Iraq, and Azerbaijan.

What is the significance of the term 'sunnah' in Sunni Islam?

The term 'sunnah' is central to Sunni Islam and refers to the teachings, actions, and examples of the Prophet Muhammad and his companions. Adherence to the sunnah is a defining characteristic of Sunni identity.

What are the 'Rightly-Guided Caliphs' recognized by Sunni Muslims?

Sunni Muslims recognize the first four caliphs who succeeded Prophet Muhammad as 'al-Khulafa' ur-Rashidun,' meaning 'the Rightly-Guided Caliphs.' These are Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, and Ali ibn Abi Talib.

What is the significance of 'Ahl al-Bayt' in Shia Islam?

In Shia Islam, 'Ahl al-Bayt,' meaning 'People of the Household,' refers to Prophet Muhammad's family, including his descendants known as Imams. Shia Muslims believe these individuals possess distinguished spiritual and political authority over the community.

What is the main difference between the Athari and Ash'ari schools of theology regarding God's attributes?

Ash'arism, founded by Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari, posits that understanding God's unique nature and characteristics is beyond human capability. In contrast, Atharism, or Traditionalism, emphasizes accepting the attributes of Allah as described in scripture without delving into extensive theological speculation or questioning their nature (bi-la kayf).

What is the primary goal of Islamism as a political ideology?

Islamism is a set of ideologies that view Islam not just as a religion but as a political system that should govern the state's legal, economic, and social imperatives. Islamist movements aim to re-establish Islamic governance, often envisioning the restoration of the Caliphate.

What is the main difference between the Barelvi and Deobandi movements regarding Sufism?

The Barelvi movement is generally more traditional and inclined towards Sufism, embracing mystical practices and veneration of saints. The Deobandi movement, on the other hand, is characterized by its revivalist nature, often emphasizing a stricter, more puritanical interpretation of Islam and distancing itself from certain Sufi practices.

What is the core belief of Quranists regarding the authenticity of Hadith literature?

Quranists believe that Islamic guidance and law should be derived exclusively from the Quran. They oppose the religious authority and authenticity of Hadith literature, considering most Hadith to be forged lies and believing the Quran itself criticizes the concept of Hadith.

What is the significance of 'ijtihad' for liberal and progressive Muslims?

For liberal and progressive Muslims, 'ijtihad,' which means re-interpretation of sacred scriptures, is a fundamental methodology. They rely on ijtihad to reconcile Islamic teachings with modern values such as democracy, gender equality, and human rights.

What is the primary characteristic of the Nation of Islam (NOI) regarding its founder and Elijah Muhammad?

The Nation of Islam (NOI), founded by Wallace Fard Muhammad, believes that Fard Muhammad himself was God incarnate on Earth. Furthermore, they regard Elijah Muhammad, his successor, as the true Messenger of Allah, rather than accepting the Arabian Muhammad as the final prophet.

What is the primary difference between the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community and the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement?

The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, the larger group, holds a literalist view that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was the promised Mahdi and a subordinate prophet (Ummati Nabi). The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, however, views him primarily as a religious reformer and a prophet only in an allegorical sense.

What is the main difference between the Qadariyyah and Jabriyah schools of theology?

The Qadariyyah school asserted that humans possess free will and are responsible for their actions, absolving God of responsibility for evil. In contrast, the Jabriyah school believed that humans are controlled by predestination and lack free will, acting only metaphorically as agents of divine will.

What is the primary aim of Hizb ut-Tahrir?

Hizb ut-Tahrir is an international political organization whose primary aim is the re-establishment of the Islamic Caliphate. They believe this Caliphate would unite the Muslim community (Ummah) under Islamic creed and carry the message of Islam to the rest of the world.

What is the significance of the term 'Salaf al-Salih' for the Salafi movement?

The Salafi movement derives its name and ideology from the concept of 'Salaf al-Salih,' which translates to 'pious forefathers.' They advocate for a return to the practices and traditions of the earliest generations of Muslims, whom they consider the most authentic interpreters of Islam.

What are the three main categories or trends within the Salafi movement?

The Salafi movement is generally divided into three categories: purists (or quietists), who avoid political involvement; activists, who engage in politics; and jihadists, who constitute a minority and advocate for armed struggle.

What is the primary criticism leveled against Wahhabism regarding historical Islamic sites?

Wahhabism has been criticized for the destruction of many Islamic, cultural, and historical sites associated with the early history of Islam and the Prophet Muhammad's family and companions. This destruction is attributed to Wahhabism's prohibition of venerating shrines, tombs, and sacred objects.

What is the primary characteristic of the Batiniyyah interpretation of scripture?

The Batiniyyah refers to an allegorical method of scriptural interpretation that emphasizes the inward or esoteric (batin) meaning of religious texts. This approach is retained by various Shia groups, including Ismailism and its offshoots like the Druze and Alawites.

What is the main difference between the Hanafi and Maliki schools of theology regarding the human mind's capacity?

Maturidi theology, prevalent in the Hanafi school, asserts that the unaided human mind can discern that certain major sins, like murder or consuming alcohol, are evil without divine revelation. Ash'ari theology, in contrast, holds that the unaided human mind cannot determine good or evil, lawful or unlawful, without divine revelation.

What is the primary goal of the Muslim Brotherhood?

The Muslim Brotherhood aims to re-establish the Caliphate and promote the Islamization of society. Its stated goal is to make the Quran and Sunnah the sole reference point for ordering all aspects of life, from the individual to the state.

What is the significance of the term 'madhhab' in Islam?

The term 'madhhab' refers to a school of Islamic jurisprudence. These schools differ in their methodologies for deriving legal rulings from Islamic sources like the Quran and Hadith.

What is the primary difference between Usuli and Akhbari branches within Ja'fari jurisprudence?

The Usuli school favors the exercise of 'ijtihad,' which is the independent legal reasoning by qualified scholars to derive rulings. The Akhbari school, conversely, holds the traditions (akhbar) of the Shia Imams as the primary source of religious knowledge, largely rejecting ijtihad.

What is the main characteristic of the 'Ghulat' movements within Shia Islam?

Ghulat movements are Shia groups that ascribe divine characteristics to certain important figures in Islamic history, typically members of Muhammad's family (Ahl al-Bayt), or hold beliefs considered deviant by mainstream Shia Muslims.

What is the primary characteristic of the 'Batin' emphasis in some Shia groups?

The emphasis on 'Batin' refers to the inward or esoteric meaning of religious texts, as opposed to the outward or literal meaning (Zahir). This interpretive approach is a key feature of groups like the Isma'ilis and their offshoots.

What is the primary characteristic of the 'Ahl al-Hadith' movement?

The Ahl al-Hadith movement, emerging in the Indian subcontinent, emphasizes adherence to the traditions of the Prophet Muhammad (Hadith) and opposes practices associated with folk Sufism. They are often considered part of the Salafiyya school and share doctrinal similarities with Wahhabism.

What is the primary characteristic of the 'Jabriyah' school of theology?

The Jabriyah school of theology is based on the belief that humans are entirely controlled by predestination and lack free will. This contrasts with the Qadariyyah, who asserted human free will and responsibility for actions.

What is the primary characteristic of the 'Qadariyyah' school of theology?

The Qadariyyah school of theology asserted that humans possess free will, making them responsible for their actions and absolving God of responsibility for evil. This doctrine was later adopted by the Mu'tazilis and rejected by the Ash'aris.

What is the primary characteristic of the 'Murji'ah' movement?

The Murji'ah was an early politico-religious movement that equated faith (iman) solely with belief, excluding acts from its definition. They held that only God has the authority to judge who is a true Muslim, advocating for the inclusion of all Muslims within the community.

Islamic Schools And Branches Wiki: Islamic Thought: A Scholarly Compendium of Schools and Branches

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Overview of Islamic Divergence

Foundational Schisms

The Islamic tradition encompasses a rich diversity of thought, characterized by numerous schools of jurisprudence (madhhab), theology ('aqidah), and distinct branches or denominations. These divergences often stem from historical interpretations of leadership succession, theological reasoning, and legal methodologies, originating from the early centuries of Islam.

Demographic Distribution

While the vast majority of Muslims identify with either Sunni or Shia Islam, other significant groups and historical movements exist. Sunni Islam represents approximately 87-90% of the global Muslim population, with Shia Islam comprising around 10-13%. Smaller groups like Ibadis and various theological schools contribute to the broader Islamic intellectual landscape.

Jurisprudence and Theology

Key distinctions arise in the methodologies employed for deriving Islamic law (fiqh) and in theological doctrines ('aqidah). Schools of jurisprudence, such as the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali in Sunni Islam, and the Ja'fari in Shia Islam, offer differing interpretations of religious practice. Theological schools, like Ash'ari and Maturidi, address fundamental beliefs about God, revelation, and human agency.

Sunni Islam: Orthodoxy and Diversity

Adherence to Tradition

Sunni Islam, often referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa al-Jamā'ah ("People of the Tradition and the Community"), is the largest denomination. Sunnis adhere to the teachings and practices of Prophet Muhammad and his companions, emphasizing the consensus of the community (ijma) and analogical reasoning (qiyas) alongside the Quran and Sunnah.

Schools of Jurisprudence

Within Sunni Islam, four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence (madhhab) are widely recognized:

Hanafi: Founded by Abu Hanifa an-Nu'man.
Maliki: Founded by Malik ibn Anas.
Shafi'i: Founded by Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi'i.
Hanbali: Founded by Ahmad ibn Hanbal.

A fifth, the Zahiri school, founded by Dawud al-Zahiri, is less prevalent today.

Schools of Theology

Sunni theology ('aqidah) is primarily represented by two major schools:

Ash'ari: Founded by Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari, emphasizing rational interpretation within traditional bounds.
Maturidi: Founded by Abu Mansur al-Maturidi, also balancing reason and revelation, often prevalent among Hanafi jurists.

The Athari school represents a more literalist, traditionalist approach.

Shia Islam: Authority of the Ahl al-Bayt

Succession and Imamate

Shia Islam emphasizes the spiritual and political authority of the Prophet Muhammad's family, the Ahl al-Bayt, and their descendants, the Imams. Shias believe Ali ibn Abi Talib was the rightful successor to Muhammad, rejecting the legitimacy of the first three Rashidun caliphs.

Major Branches

Shia Islam is broadly divided into three main branches:

Twelvers: The largest group, believing in twelve divinely appointed Imams.
Isma'ilis: A branch that accepts Isma'il ibn Jafar as the sixth Imam, known for their esoteric interpretations.
Zaydis: Historically closer to Sunni jurisprudence, following Zayd ibn Ali.

Jurisprudence and Theology

The dominant Shia school of jurisprudence is the Ja'fari school, named after Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq. It is further divided into Usuli and Akhbari sub-schools. Shia theology often incorporates concepts like Imamah (the divine leadership of the Imams) and 'Adalah (divine justice).

Kharijites: Early Dissent and Ibadism

Origins of Secession

The Kharijites emerged during the First Fitna, the initial civil war in Islam. They initially supported Ali ibn Abi Talib but later broke away, advocating for a strict interpretation of justice and condemning both Ali and Mu'awiya for their perceived deviations from Islamic principles. Their defining characteristic was a rigorous approach to takfir (excommunication).

Historical Extinction and Legacy

Most historical Kharijite sects, such as the Azariqa, Najdat, and Sufris, are now extinct. Their theological positions, particularly regarding free will and the definition of a true Muslim, were often considered extreme by mainstream Sunni and Shia Muslims.

Ibadism: The Surviving Branch

Ibadism is the sole surviving branch of the Kharijites. Originating in the 7th century CE, Ibadis maintain a distinct theological and legal framework. They are predominantly found in Oman, where they form the majority, and have significant communities in North Africa (Algeria, Tunisia, Libya). Modern Ibadism shows a tendency towards the Sunni mainstream in certain aspects.

Schools of Islamic Jurisprudence (Fiqh)

Methodologies and Sources

Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) is governed by schools of thought (madhhab) that employ distinct methodologies for interpreting the Quran, Sunnah, scholarly consensus (ijma), and analogical reasoning (qiyas). These schools provide frameworks for understanding religious obligations and legal rulings.

Sunni Madhhabs

The four major Sunni schools of jurisprudence are:

Hanafi: Known for its emphasis on qiyas and ra'y (personal opinion).
Maliki: Relies on the Quran, Sunnah, and the practices of the people of Medina.
Shafi'i: Synthesized Hanafi and Maliki approaches, emphasizing usul al-fiqh (principles of jurisprudence).
Hanbali: Characterized by a strict adherence to Quran and Sunnah, often limiting the use of qiyas.

Shia and Ibadi Jurisprudence

Shia Islam's primary school is the Ja'fari, named after Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, which includes Usuli and Akhbari branches. Ibadi jurisprudence is noted for its rejection of innovations not found in the Quran and authentic Sunnah, differing from the majority Sunni acceptance of certain forms of analogical reasoning.

Schools of Islamic Theology ('Aqidah)

Core Beliefs and Rationality

Islamic theology ('aqidah) addresses fundamental beliefs concerning God's nature, attributes, divine justice, predestination, and the interpretation of scripture. Debates often centered on the role of reason versus revelation in understanding these tenets.

Sunni Theological Schools

The primary Sunni schools of theology are:

Ash'ari: Founded by al-Ash'ari, it seeks a middle path between rationalism and literalism, emphasizing God's transcendence.
Maturidi: Founded by al-Maturidi, it places greater emphasis on the role of human reason in discerning good and evil.
Athari: A traditionalist school emphasizing literal acceptance of scripture without extensive theological speculation.

Shia Theological Concepts

Shia theology, particularly among Twelvers, centers on the concept of Imamah, the divine leadership of the Imams, and 'Adalah (divine justice). Isma'ili theology is known for its esoteric interpretations and philosophical influences, while Zaydi theology aligns more closely with Sunni theological positions.

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References

Mansoor Moaddel, Islamic Modernism, Nationalism, and Fundamentalism: Episode and Discourse, p. 32. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.

Josef van (January 17, 2011). Der Eine und das Andere. Berlin, New York: DE GRUYTER. ISBN 9783110215786

M. Heidari-Abkenar: Die ideologische und politische Konfrontation Schia-Sunna am Beispiel der Stadt Rey des 10.-12. Jh. n. Chr. Inaugural-Dissertation, UniversitÃ¤t KÃ¶ln, 1992

Milton C. Sernett (1999). African American religious history: a documentary witness. Duke University Press. pp. 499â501.

Lincoln, C. Eric. (1994) The Black Muslims in America, Third Edition, (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company) page 265.

Portrait of Fethullah GÃ¼len, A Modern Turkish-Islamic Reformist

Salafism Modernist Salafism from the 20th Century to the Present

Brown, Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought, 1996: p.38-42

Rabasa, Angel M. The Muslim World After 9/11 By Angel M. Rabasa, p. 275, 256 "Ahl-e-Hadith is heavily influenced by Wahhabism"

A full list of references for this article are available at the Islamic schools and branches Wikipedia page

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This educational resource was generated by Artificial Intelligence, drawing upon a comprehensive analysis of publicly available data. Its purpose is to provide an academic overview suitable for higher education students. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy and depth, the content reflects a specific interpretation of complex historical and theological subjects.

This is not theological or legal advice. The information presented here is for informational and educational purposes only and should not be considered a substitute for consultation with qualified scholars, religious authorities, or legal experts. Always consult primary sources and authoritative interpretations for definitive guidance.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors, omissions, or interpretations derived from the information provided herein.

Islamic Thought

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview of Islamic Divergence 🌐

📜 Foundational Schisms

📊 Demographic Distribution

⚖️ Jurisprudence and Theology

Sunni Islam: Orthodoxy and Diversity ☀️

🕌 Adherence to Tradition

📚 Schools of Jurisprudence

🧠 Schools of Theology

Shia Islam: Authority of the Ahl al-Bayt ✨

👑 Succession and Imamate

📜 Major Branches

💡 Jurisprudence and Theology

Kharijites: Early Dissent and Ibadism ⚔️

➡️ Origins of Secession

⏳ Historical Extinction and Legacy

🇴🇲 Ibadism: The Surviving Branch

Schools of Islamic Jurisprudence (Fiqh) ⚖️

📖 Methodologies and Sources

🏛️ Sunni Madhhabs

⭐ Shia and Ibadi Jurisprudence

Schools of Islamic Theology ('Aqidah) 💡

🤔 Core Beliefs and Rationality

🌟 Sunni Theological Schools

⭐ Shia Theological Concepts

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📜 References

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview of Islamic Divergence

Foundational Schisms

Demographic Distribution

Jurisprudence and Theology

Sunni Islam: Orthodoxy and Diversity

Adherence to Tradition

Schools of Jurisprudence

Schools of Theology

Shia Islam: Authority of the Ahl al-Bayt

Succession and Imamate

Major Branches

Jurisprudence and Theology

Kharijites: Early Dissent and Ibadism

Origins of Secession

Historical Extinction and Legacy

Ibadism: The Surviving Branch

Schools of Islamic Jurisprudence (Fiqh)

Methodologies and Sources

Sunni Madhhabs

Shia and Ibadi Jurisprudence

Schools of Islamic Theology ('Aqidah)

Core Beliefs and Rationality

Sunni Theological Schools

Shia Theological Concepts

Teacher's Corner

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Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Academic Disclaimer

Important Notice