How is the Karelian Isthmus historically divided, and what are the names for its different parts?

The Karelian Isthmus is historically divided based on its borders and affiliations. The smaller southeastern part is considered Northern Ingria, while the rest was historically part of Finnish Karelia. The Finnish name for the isthmus is Karjalankannas, and in Swedish, it is Karelska näset.

Which historical events led to the Russian Empire gaining control over parts of the Karelian Isthmus?

The Russian Empire conquered the Karelian Isthmus from Sweden during the Great Northern War, specifically in 1712. Later, in 1809, this territory became part of the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, which was itself a part of the Russian Empire until Finland's independence in 1917.

What was the territorial status of the Karelian Isthmus following Finland's independence in 1917?

After Finland gained independence in 1917, most of the Karelian Isthmus remained Finnish territory. An exception was the area roughly corresponding to the present-day Vsevolozhsky District and some districts of Saint Petersburg, which remained part of Russia.

How did the borders of the Karelian Isthmus change after the Winter War and Continuation War?

Following the Winter War (1939–1940) and the Continuation War (1941–1944), Finland ceded a significant portion of Finnish Karelia, including much of the Karelian Isthmus, to the Soviet Union. During the Interim Peace (1940–1941), most of these ceded territories were incorporated into the Karelo-Finnish SSR, but after World War II, the entire isthmus was divided between the city of Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast.

What is the current administrative division of the Karelian Isthmus within Russia?

Currently, the Karelian Isthmus is divided between the federal city of Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast. Saint Petersburg includes seven districts on the isthmus, while Leningrad Oblast comprises three districts: Vyborgsky, Priozersky, and Vsevolozhsky.

What was the population of the Karelian Isthmus according to the 2002 census in the Russian-administered parts?

According to the 2002 census, the population of the Kurortny District of Saint Petersburg and the parts of Leningrad Oblast situated on the Karelian Isthmus totaled 539,000 people.

What are the main population centers located on the Karelian Isthmus?

The primary population centers on the Karelian Isthmus are the cities of Vyborg (Finnish: Viipuri, Swedish: Viborg), Priozersk (Finnish: Käkisalmi, Swedish: Kexholm), and Primorsk (Finnish: Koivisto, Swedish: Björkö).

How has the Weichselian glaciation influenced the geography of the Karelian Isthmus?

The terrain of the Karelian Isthmus has been significantly shaped by the Weichselian glaciation. This glacial period is responsible for the isthmus's highest point, located on the Lembolovo Heights moraine, and contributes to its hilly landscape, although it lacks mountains.

What is the significance of the Vuoksi River in relation to the Karelian Isthmus?

The Vuoksi is the largest river on the Karelian Isthmus. It flows southeastward from Lake Saimaa in Finland to Lake Ladoga, effectively dividing the isthmus into two unequal parts.

What is the Saimaa Canal, and how does it relate to the Karelian Isthmus?

The Saimaa Canal, opened in 1856, is an important waterway that connects Lake Saimaa in Finland to the Bay of Vyborg. It passes through Lappeenranta in South Karelia, Finland, and influences the water systems connected to the Karelian Isthmus.

What type of ecoregion and floristic provinces does the Karelian Isthmus belong to?

The Karelian Isthmus is situated within the Scandinavian and Russian taiga ecoregion. Geobotanically, it lies at the junction of the Central European, Eastern European, and Northern European floristic provinces of the Circumboreal Region within the Holarctic Kingdom.

Describe the dominant vegetation found on the Karelian Isthmus.

The Karelian Isthmus is predominantly covered by coniferous forests, primarily composed of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies). These forests are interspersed with numerous lakes and include areas of fen and Sphagnum raised bogs. Forests cover over three-quarters of the isthmus's total area.

What are the most common tree species found in the forests of the Karelian Isthmus?

Pine forests, dominated by Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), are the most widespread, covering 51% of the forested area. Spruce forests, featuring Norway spruce (Picea abies), account for 29%, and birch forests, with silver birch (Betula pendula) and downy birch (B. pubescens), make up 16%.

What types of vegetation are commonly found in the understory of pine and spruce forests on the isthmus?

Common understory vegetation in pine forests includes heather, crowberry, common juniper, lingonberry, and various grasses and mosses. In spruce forests, typical undergrowth consists of wood horsetail, common wood sorrel, bilberry, lingonberry, and specific grasses and mosses.

How many species of wild vascular plants are recorded on the Karelian Isthmus?

A total of 1,184 species of wild vascular plants have been recorded on the Karelian Isthmus.

What are some of the typical wild animals found inhabiting the forests of the Karelian Isthmus?

Typical inhabitants of the forests on the Karelian Isthmus include the red squirrel, moose, red fox, mountain hare, and the reintroduced wild boar.

Describe the climate of the Karelian Isthmus.

The Karelian Isthmus experiences a moderately continental climate. It receives an average of 650–800 mm of precipitation annually, characterized by long, snowy winters from November to mid-April with occasional temperatures as low as -40°C, moderately cool summers, and a short frost-free period. The nearby Gulf of Finland provides a moderating influence, making winters milder but longer compared to other parts of Leningrad Oblast.

What recreational activities are popular on the Karelian Isthmus?

The Karelian Isthmus is a popular destination for various outdoor activities, including hiking, cycling, skiing (at locations like Korobitsyno and Kavgolovo), climbing, canoeing, and fishing. It is also a favored spot for mushroom hunting and berry picking.

How has the Karelian Isthmus been used as a summer resort area?

Since the late 19th century, the Karelian Isthmus has been a popular summer resort area for residents of Saint Petersburg. It is accessible by trains from the Finlyandsky Rail Terminal, and many dachas (summer houses) are located along the railway lines, particularly between Saint Petersburg and Vyborg, and Saint Petersburg and Priozersk.

What is the significance of the border control zone on the western part of the Karelian Isthmus?

A 20–35 km wide stretch of land in Vyborgsky District and the Republic of Karelia, west of the Vyborg–Hiitola railway, along with the islands and shores of the Gulf of Vyborg, belongs to Russia's strictly guarded border control zone. Access to this zone requires a permit from the FSB.

What is the geological foundation of the Karelian Isthmus?

Geologically, the Karelian Isthmus is situated on the crystalline bedrock of the southern edge of the Baltic Shield.

How did the deglaciation process shape the Karelian Isthmus during the last Ice Age?

During the final stages of the Weichselian glaciation, deglaciation began around 14,000 years Before Present (BP). Initially, the isthmus formed the bottom of a large lake dammed by the ice sheet. As the ice sheet retreated further, the isthmus's upland areas became islands in the Baltic Ice Lake, an early stage of the Baltic Sea.

What were the environmental conditions on the Karelian Isthmus approximately 12,650 years ago?

Prior to 12,650 BP, the land was characterized by harsh Arctic conditions, featuring permafrost and sparse vegetation. Following this period, steppe-tundra complexes began to develop.

When did forests begin to establish on the Karelian Isthmus, and what was the climate like?

Around 11,000 BP, the climate began to warm and become more humid, leading to the establishment of pine and birch forests on the Karelian Isthmus.

How did the formation of the Neva River impact the water systems of the Karelian Isthmus?

The emergence of the Neva River around 3100–2400 BP led to Lake Ladoga draining into the Baltic Sea. This caused the Ladoga water level to gradually decrease, isolating many lowland lakes again. The Vuoksi River's direct outflow to the Bay of Vyborg also diminished due to land uplift, eventually disappearing as a direct connection.

Describe the historical significance of the Vuoksi River's connection to the Bay of Vyborg.

The Vuoksi River historically had a distributary that emptied into the Bay of Vyborg, which was significant for trade routes. This connection persisted possibly as late as the 12th century AD before disappearing due to ongoing land uplift.

What major hydrological changes occurred in the eastern part of the isthmus in the 19th century involving Lake Suvanto?

In 1818, a canal dug to drain Lake Suvanto into Lake Ladoga unexpectedly eroded and formed the Taipaleenjoki (now Burnaya River). This process significantly lowered Lake Suvanto's level and altered the flow of the Vuoksi River, isolating its northern armlet and creating rapids at Kiviniemi (now Losevo).

What are some of the cities and towns mentioned as being located on the Karelian Isthmus?

The text lists several cities and towns on the Karelian Isthmus, including Vyborg, Priozersk, Primorsk, Kamennogorsk, Kuznechnoye, Lesogorsky, Roshchino, Sertolovo, Sestroretsk, Sovetsky, Svetogorsk, Toksovo, Vsevolozhsk, Vysotsk, and Zelenogorsk. Saint Petersburg itself is also situated at the southern end.

What historical periods are represented by archaeological sites discovered on the Karelian Isthmus?

Archaeological discoveries on the Karelian Isthmus span several periods, including the Mesolithic, Neolithic, Copper Age, and Bronze Age. Additionally, medieval remnants, such as grave pits of Karelians from the 10th–15th centuries, have been found, indicating continuous human activity and settlement.

What evidence suggests the Karelian Isthmus was part of ancient trade routes?

The discovery of treasures containing silver adornments and medieval Arabian and Western European coins indicates that the Karelian Isthmus was situated on the Volga trade route. This was facilitated by a distributary of the Vuoksi River that emptied into the Bay of Vyborg during that historical period.

When did Sweden gain control over the entire Karelian Isthmus, and what was a notable consequence for some Karelians?

Sweden gained control of the entire Karelian Isthmus during the 17th century. During this period, many Karelians fled to Tver Karelia to escape Swedish rule.

How did the founding of Saint Petersburg impact the Karelian Isthmus?

Saint Petersburg was founded in 1703 at the southern end of the Karelian Isthmus, on the site of the old Swedish town of Nyenskans. This marked the beginning of Russian control over the area, which was solidified after the Great Northern War, and the city's proximity made the isthmus economically significant.

What was the significance of the 'Old Finland' territory in relation to the Karelian Isthmus?

In 1812, the northwestern half of the Karelian Isthmus was transferred to the Grand Duchy of Finland. This territory was known as 'Old Finland' and was an autonomous part of the Russian Empire at the time.

How did the Industrial Revolution contribute to the Karelian Isthmus's development?

The Industrial Revolution significantly boosted the Karelian Isthmus's economy, making it the wealthiest part of Finland. This was due to its favorable climate, rich fishing waters, and proximity to Saint Petersburg, the Russian Empire's capital. The development of railroads further enhanced its economic growth and popularity as a summer resort.

What role did railroads play in the development of the Karelian Isthmus in the 19th century?

Several railroads crossed the isthmus, including the Saint Petersburg–Vyborg–Riihimäki line (1870), the Vyborg–Hiitola–Sortavala line (1893), and the Saint Petersburg–Kexholm–Hiitola line (1917). These lines were crucial for its economic development and facilitated its growth as a popular summer resort area for wealthy residents of Saint Petersburg.

What was the status of the Karelian Isthmus during the period of the Republic of North Ingria?

Following Finland's independence, a considerable part of the Karelian Isthmus populated by Ingrian Finns seceded from Bolshevik Russia to form the Finland-backed Republic of North Ingria. However, this republic was reintegrated with Russia in 1920 as stipulated by the Treaty of Tartu.

What policy did the Soviet Union implement in parts of the Karelian Isthmus in the 1920s and 1930s?

From 1928 to 1939, parts of the isthmus belonging to Russia constituted the Kuivaisi National District, with Finnish as the official language. This was part of the Soviet policy of national delimitation. However, in 1936, the Finnish population in several parishes along the border was forcibly deported to Siberia and Central Asia and replaced by Russian speakers.

What defensive lines were present on the Karelian Isthmus during World War II conflicts?

Several defensive lines crossed the Karelian Isthmus during the Soviet-Finnish hostilities in World War II. These included the Mannerheim Line, the VKT-line, the VT-line, the Main line (Finnish), and the KaUR (Soviet), with fronts shifting back and forth across the isthmus.

What event triggered the Winter War, and what was its initial impact on the Karelian Isthmus?

The Winter War began in November 1939 when the Soviet Union staged the Shelling of Mainila and invaded Finland. The war resulted in a high death toll for the Red Army, and Soviet forces only managed to penetrate the Mannerheim Line across the isthmus in February 1940.

What territories did Finland cede to the Soviet Union following the Winter War?

Following the Winter War, Finland ceded the Karelian Isthmus and Ladoga Karelia to the Soviet Union under the Peace of Moscow treaty signed on March 12, 1940.

What happened to the Karelian population of the ceded territories after the Moscow Peace Treaty?

The entire Karelian population from the ceded areas, numbering approximately 422,000 people, was evacuated to other parts of Finland. This event is known as the Evacuation of Finnish Karelia.

How was the Karelian Isthmus administratively divided between the Karelo-Finnish SSR and Leningrad Oblast in 1940?

In 1940, most of the ceded territories on the Karelian Isthmus were incorporated into the Karelo-Finnish SSR. Specifically, the districts of Jääski, Kexholm, and Vyborg were included in the SSR. However, the districts of Kanneljärvi, Koivisto, Rautu, and the town of Terijoki were assigned to Leningrad Oblast.

What was the significance of the Continuation War for the Karelian Isthmus in 1941?

During the Continuation War in 1941, Finland initially regained the territory of the Karelian Isthmus, pushing the front back to the pre-1939 Soviet border. This action was seen by the Soviets as indirectly contributing to the Siege of Leningrad. Approximately 260,000 Karelian evacuees returned to their homes during this period.

What major Soviet offensive occurred on the Karelian Isthmus in June 1944, and what was its immediate impact?

In June 1944, Soviet forces launched the Vyborg Offensive, pushing the front line from the pre-1939 border to Vyborg within ten days. This offensive led to the second evacuation of the Karelian population to Finland.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Tali-Ihantala in 1944?

The Battle of Tali-Ihantala, fought from June 25 to July 9, 1944, saw Finnish forces concentrate their strength and halt the Soviet offensive. The advance was stopped at the River Vuoksi, just 40 kilometers from the 1940 border, preventing further Soviet penetration into Finland.

What was the final status of the Karelian Isthmus after the Moscow Armistice in 1944?

Following the Moscow Armistice signed on September 19, 1944, the entire Karelian Isthmus became Soviet territory. Unlike Ladoga Karelia, the ceded territories of the Karelian Isthmus were incorporated into Leningrad Oblast.

How did the population of the Karelian Isthmus change after World War II?

After World War II, the original Finnish population of the Karelian Isthmus was almost entirely replaced. People from other parts of the Soviet Union, predominantly Russians, were settled in the area. The vast majority of the old Finnish toponyms were renamed with Russian equivalents around 1948.

What is the role of the Karelian Isthmus as a transport corridor?

The western part of the Karelian Isthmus serves as a crucial transport corridor, connecting Scandinavia with central Russia. It hosts important infrastructure like the E18 "Scandinavia" motorway and the port of Primorsk, a major hub for the Baltic Pipeline System.

What industries are well-developed in the Vyborgsky and Priozersky Districts of the Karelian Isthmus?

The pulp-and-paper, timber, and woodworking industries are well-developed in the Vyborgsky and Priozersky Districts. Major enterprises include JSC Svetogorsk, Vyborgsky Pulp and Paper Mill, and Priozersky Furniture and Woodworking Industrial Complex. Granite quarrying is also significant in the northern and western parts.

Karelian Isthmus Wiki: Karelian Isthmus: Crossroads of Nature and History

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Overview

Geographic Location

The Karelian Isthmus is a significant stretch of land, approximately 45 to 110 kilometers wide, situated in northwestern Russia. It is strategically positioned between the Gulf of Finland to the southwest and Lake Ladoga to the northeast. Its northwestern boundary is defined by a line extending from the Bay of Vyborg to the westernmost point of Lake Ladoga, Pekonlahti.¹

Area and Boundaries

If defined broadly to encompass the territory of present-day Saint Petersburg and the Leningrad Oblast north of the Neva River, along with a small portion of the Republic of Karelia, the isthmus covers an area of about 15,000 square kilometers (5,800 sq mi). Historically, the southeastern part, west of the old Russia-Finland border, was considered Northern Ingria, while the remainder was part of Finnish Karelia.²

Historical Context

The region has a complex history, having been part of the Russian Empire, the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, and later ceded to the Soviet Union following the Winter War (1939–1940) and Continuation War (1941–1944). Today, it is divided between the city of Saint Petersburg and the Leningrad Oblast.³

Geography and Ecology

Glacial Legacy

The terrain of the Karelian Isthmus has been profoundly shaped by the Weichselian glaciation. The highest point is found on the Lembolovo Heights moraine, reaching approximately 205 meters (670 ft). While lacking mountains, the isthmus features steep hills in certain areas. During the final stages of glaciation, deglaciation created large lakes dammed by the ice sheet, leaving behind a landscape rich in lakes and varied topography.⁸

Waterways and Forests

The Vuoksi River, originating from Finland's Lake Saimaa, is the largest river, flowing southeastward to Lake Ladoga and dividing the isthmus into two parts. The Saimaa Canal, opened in 1856, connects Lake Saimaa to the Gulf of Finland. The isthmus is predominantly covered by coniferous forests, primarily Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies), interspersed with numerous lakes and boggy areas. The region falls within the Scandinavian and Russian taiga ecoregion.⁴⁵

Flora and Fauna

The isthmus supports a diverse array of plant life, with 1184 recorded species of vascular plants. Common forest vegetation includes heather, crowberry, lingonberry, and various mosses and lichens. The fauna is typical of the taiga biome, featuring red squirrels, moose, red foxes, mountain hares, and wild boars. The climate is moderately continental, characterized by long, snowy winters and cool summers, with precipitation averaging 650–800 mm annually.⁶

Historical Trajectory

Ancient Roots

Archaeological evidence indicates human presence dating back to the Mesolithic, Neolithic, Copper Age, and Bronze Age. The eastern part of the isthmus holds numerous medieval remnants, including burial sites of Karelians from the 10th to 15th centuries. The region's location on the Volga trade route facilitated the exchange of silver adornments and coins, reflecting its historical significance.¹²¹³

Shifting Borders

From the 11th century, Sweden and Novgorod competed for influence. The Treaty of Nöteborg in 1323 established an early border. Later, the Russian Empire gained control following the Great Northern War (1700–1721), founding Saint Petersburg on the isthmus in 1703. In 1812, a significant portion became part of the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland within the Russian Empire.¹

Finnish Prosperity and Conflict

During the 19th century, the isthmus became Finland's wealthiest region due to industrialization and its role as a summer resort for St. Petersburg's elite, facilitated by new railways. Following Finland's independence in 1917, most of the isthmus remained Finnish. However, the Winter War (1939–1940) and Continuation War (1941–1944) led to Finland ceding territories, including the Karelian Isthmus, to the Soviet Union. This resulted in the evacuation of the Finnish population and subsequent resettlement by Soviet citizens.¹⁵¹⁶

Key Settlements

Major Centers

The Karelian Isthmus hosts several important population centers, many with historical Finnish and Swedish names reflecting its complex past. These include:

Vyborg (Finnish: Viipuri; Swedish: Viborg)
Priozersk (Finnish: Käkisalmi; Swedish: Kexholm)
Primorsk (Finnish: Koivisto; Swedish: Björkö)
Sestroretsk (Finnish: Siestarjoki; Swedish: Systerbäck)
Zelenogorsk (Finnish: Terijoki)
Kamennogorsk (Finnish: Antrea; Swedish: S:t Andree)
Svetogorsk (Finnish: Enso)
Vsevolozhsk (Finnish: Seuloskoi)
Toksovo (Finnish: Toksova)

Administrative Division

Regional Breakdown

The Karelian Isthmus is administratively divided between two federal subjects of the Russian Federation:

District	Region
Vyborgsky District	Leningrad Oblast
Priozersky District	Leningrad Oblast
Vsevolozhsky District	Leningrad Oblast
Kurortny District	Saint Petersburg
Primorsky District	Saint Petersburg
Vyborgsky District (SPB)	Saint Petersburg
Kalininsky District	Saint Petersburg
Krasnogvardeysky District	Saint Petersburg
Nevsky District	Saint Petersburg

Transportation Networks

Road and Rail

The western part of the isthmus serves as a crucial transport corridor linking Scandinavia with Central Russia. The European route E18 "Scandinavia" motorway traverses the isthmus, connecting Saint Petersburg with Vyborg and Vaalimaa. The region is also well-served by railways originating from Saint Petersburg's Finlyandsky and Ladozhsky Rail Terminals, including lines to Hiitola, Riihimäki, and Sestroretsk.¹

Waterways and Ports

The Saimaa Canal, an important waterway opened in 1856, links Finland's inland waterways to the Gulf of Finland, passing through the isthmus. Primorsk, located here, is a significant Russian sea port and the terminus of the Baltic Pipeline System.¹ The Saint Petersburg Metro also extends into parts of the isthmus.

Economic Activities

Forest Products

The pulp and paper, timber, and woodworking industries are well-developed, particularly in the Vyborgsky and Priozersky Districts. Major enterprises include JSC Svetogorsk and the Vyborgsky Pulp and Paper Mill. However, the pulp and paper industry has historically had adverse environmental impacts on Lake Ladoga.²⁰

Other Industries

The region is also a significant source of granite, with quarries near Kuznechnoye. The Vyborg Shipyard is a major shipbuilding company in Northwestern Russia. Agricultural activities, including poultry and egg production, are notable, with companies like Roskar Battery Farm. The automotive sector is represented by a Ford Motor Company plant in Vsevolozhsk.²⁰

Military Presence

Air and Ground Forces

The Karelian Isthmus is part of the Leningrad Military District. It hosts several airfields, including those in Levashovo and Pribylovo, though some, like Veshchevo, have been abandoned. The region contains remnants of fortified lines from past conflicts, such as the Karelian Fortified Region (KaUR). Military training areas, like the Bobochinsky tank range, and artillery ranges, such as the Rzhevsky artillery range, are also present.¹

Strategic Infrastructure

A Voronezh early warning radar station was constructed in Lekhtusi in 2006. The port of Vysotsk serves as a base for the Baltic Fleet. Key military units stationed in the area include the 138th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade in Kamenka and the 56th District Training Centre in Sertolovo.¹

Notable Figures

Influential Individuals

The Karelian Isthmus has been the birthplace or home to numerous notable individuals across various fields, reflecting its rich cultural and historical tapestry.

Finnish Period Figures:

Martti Ahtisaari: Finnish President and Nobel Peace Prize laureate.
Larin Paraske: Renowned Finnish oral poet.
Edith Södergran: Influential Swedish-speaking Finnish poet.
Lauri Törni: Decorated soldier who served in Finnish, German, and US armies.
Artturi Ilmari Virtanen: Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry.

Soviet and Post-Soviet Period Figures:

Lyubov Kozyreva: Olympic cross-country skiing champion.
Nastasya Samburskaya: Actress and singer.

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References

Location is approximately between 61Â°21âN, 59Â°46âN and 27Â°42âE, 31Â°08âE.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Karelian Isthmus Wikipedia page

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Karelian Isthmus

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview 🌍

📍 Geographic Location

📏 Area and Boundaries

🏛️ Historical Context

Geography and Ecology 🌲

🧊 Glacial Legacy

🏞️ Waterways and Forests

🌿 Flora and Fauna

Historical Trajectory 📜

🏺 Ancient Roots

⚔️ Shifting Borders

🚂 Finnish Prosperity and Conflict

Key Settlements 🏘️

🏙️ Major Centers

Administrative Division 🗺️

🏛️ Regional Breakdown

Transportation Networks 🚆

🛣️ Road and Rail

🚢 Waterways and Ports

Economic Activities 🏭

🌲 Forest Products

🏗️ Other Industries

Military Presence 🛡️

✈️ Air and Ground Forces

🛰️ Strategic Infrastructure

Notable Figures 👤

🌟 Influential Individuals

Finnish Period Figures:

Soviet and Post-Soviet Period Figures:

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

Geographic Location

Area and Boundaries

Historical Context

Geography and Ecology

Glacial Legacy

Waterways and Forests

Flora and Fauna

Historical Trajectory

Ancient Roots

Shifting Borders

Finnish Prosperity and Conflict

Key Settlements

Major Centers

Administrative Division

Regional Breakdown

Transportation Networks

Road and Rail

Waterways and Ports

Economic Activities

Forest Products

Other Industries

Military Presence

Air and Ground Forces

Strategic Infrastructure

Notable Figures

Influential Individuals

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

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References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice