What was the 'King of Rome' and what characterized the Roman Kingdom period?

The 'King of Rome,' known in Latin as *Rex Romanorum*, was the ruler during the Roman Kingdom, a legendary period in Roman history. This monarchy was elective, meaning kings were chosen rather than inheriting their position, and it lasted from the city's founding in 753 BC until 509 BC when the last king was overthrown.

Who was the first legendary King of Rome, and when was the city founded?

According to legend, the first King of Rome was Romulus, who founded the city in 753 BC on the Palatine Hill. Romulus is a mythical figure often credited with establishing the city and its early institutions.

How many legendary kings are said to have ruled Rome, and what was their average reign length?

Seven legendary kings are said to have ruled Rome from its founding until 509 BC. These kings ruled for an average of 35 years each, indicating a relatively stable period of leadership for each monarch.

What change in the principle of succession occurred during the Roman Kingdom, and what was its potential consequence?

Initially, kings after Romulus were not dynasts, implying an elective monarchy. However, after the fifth king, Tarquinius Priscus, the hereditary principle began to be referenced. Some historians hypothesize that the Tarquins' attempt to establish a hereditary monarchy over the existing elective system ultimately led to the formation of the Roman Republic.

What was the extent of the king's power in early Rome, and what was the role of the Senate?

In early Rome, the king, or *rex*, possessed absolute power, with no one ruling over him, effectively making him an absolute monarch. The Senate, during this period, was a weak oligarchy whose primary function was to carry out and administer the king's wishes, holding only minor administrative powers.

How were Roman kings elected after Romulus?

After Romulus, Roman kings were elected by the people of Rome, who convened as a Curiate Assembly. A chosen member of the Senate, called an *interrex*, would nominate a candidate, and the Curiate Assembly would then vote to either accept or reject this nominee.

Can you provide an example of a Roman king who was a migrant from a neighboring city-state?

Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, one of the legendary kings, was originally a citizen and migrant from a neighboring Etruscan city-state. This demonstrates that candidates for the throne could be chosen from various backgrounds, not just native Romans.

What were the distinctive symbols and regalia of the King of Rome?

The King of Rome was distinguished by twelve lictors wielding fasces (bundles of rods with an axe, symbolizing authority), a curule chair that served as a throne, a purple toga picta (a richly embroidered toga), red shoes, and a white diadem worn on the head. Notably, only the king was permitted to wear a purple toga.

What was *imperium*, and how did it define the king's authority?

*Imperium* was the supreme military, executive, and judicial authority vested in the King of Rome. This power was held for life, protecting the king from being brought to trial for his actions, and it granted him unchecked military command as commander-in-chief and the ability to issue decrees with the force of law.

Were citizens protected from the misuse of *imperium* during the time of the kings?

No, during the period of the Roman kings, the laws that later protected citizens from the misuse of *imperium* by magistrates did not exist. This meant the king's authority was largely unchecked in practice.

What was the role of the *tribunus celerum* and who appointed him?

The *tribunus celerum* was an officer appointed by the king to serve as both the tribune of the Ramnes tribe in Rome and the commander of the king's personal bodyguard, the Celeres. This individual was second in rank to the king and possessed the authority to convene the Curiate Assembly and propose legislation.

What was the function of the *custos urbis*?

The *custos urbis*, or warden of the city, was another officer appointed by the king. When the king was absent from Rome, the prefect assumed all of the king's powers, including the *imperium*, while within the city.

Who had the sole power to appoint patricians to the Senate during the Roman Kingdom?

During the Roman Kingdom, the king was the sole individual empowered to appoint patricians to the Senate. This highlights the king's significant control over the composition of this advisory body.

How did the king function as the chief justice of Rome?

As chief justice, the king's *imperium* qualified him to pronounce legal judgment in all cases, both civil and criminal. While he could delegate some cases to pontiffs as minor judges, he retained supreme authority over all legal matters brought before him.

Was there an appeal process for the king's decisions as chief judge?

Historical accounts differ on whether there was an appeal process for the king's decisions. Some writers believed there was no appeal, while others suggested that a patrician could propose an appeal to the king during a meeting of the Curiate Assembly.

What judicial assistants did the king appoint?

To assist him in his judicial duties, the king appointed two criminal detectives, known as *Quaestores Parricidii*, and a two-man criminal court, called *Duumviri Perduellionis*, which was responsible for overseeing cases of treason.

What was the legislative power of the Senate and Curiate Assembly under the kings?

Under the kings, the Senate and Curiate Assembly held very limited legislative power and authority. They were not independent bodies and could only be convened by the king to discuss matters he presented. While the Curiate Assembly could pass laws submitted by the king, the Senate primarily served as an advisory council, unable to prevent the king's actions.

What was the one exception to the king's ability to rule by decree?

The only action the king could not undertake without the approval of both the Senate and the Curiate Assembly was to declare war against a foreign nation. This specific limitation meant that, apart from war declarations, the king could largely rule by decree.

What happened during an *interregnum* after a Roman king died?

Upon the death of a Roman king, the state entered a period of *interregnum*, during which supreme power devolved to the Senate. The Senate's primary task during this time was to find and facilitate the election of a new king.

Describe the process of nominating a new king during an *interregnum*.

During an *interregnum*, the Senate would appoint one of its members as an *interrex* to serve for five days and nominate a candidate for the kingship. If a suitable nominee wasn't found, the *interrex* could appoint another senator for another five-day term, a process that continued until a nominee was confirmed by the Senate.

What two additional acts were required before a King-elect was fully invested with regal authority?

After being accepted by the Curiate Assembly, two more steps were necessary: first, the divine will of the gods had to be obtained through *auspices*, performed by an augur, to confirm the king's priestly character. Second, the *imperium* had to be formally conferred upon the king by a bill he proposed to and was approved by the Curiate Assembly.

What historical event makes it difficult to ascertain the exact number and deeds of early Roman kings?

The destruction of Rome's records in 390 BC, when the city was sacked, makes it impossible to know with certainty how many kings actually ruled or if the deeds attributed to individual kings by later writers are entirely accurate.

Who was Titus Tatius, and why is he not traditionally counted among the seven kings of Rome?

Titus Tatius was the King of the Sabines and served as a co-ruler of Rome with Romulus for five years until his death. Despite his co-rule, he is not traditionally included in the list of the seven legendary kings of Rome.

Who was the first King of Rome according to the provided list, and how did he come to power?

The first King of Rome listed is Romulus, who reigned from approximately 753 to 716 BC. He proclaimed himself king after murdering his brother, Remus.

How did Numa Pompilius become king, and what was his approximate reign?

Numa Pompilius, born around 753 BC, was elected king by the Curiate Assembly after the death of Romulus. He reigned for approximately 43 years, from 715 to 672 BC.

What was the relationship between Ancus Marcius and previous kings, and how did he become ruler?

Ancus Marcius was the son-in-law of Tullus Hostilius and the grandson of Numa Pompilius. He was elected king by the Curiate Assembly after the death of Tullus Hostilius, reigning for about 24 years from 640 to 616 BC.

Who was Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, and what was significant about his reign?

Lucius Tarquinius Priscus reigned from approximately 616 to 578 BC. He initially became regent because Ancus Marcius's sons were too young, but was subsequently elected king by the Curiate Assembly. He was notable as the first Etruscan king and was originally known as Lucumo.

How did Servius Tullius come to power?

Servius Tullius, the son-in-law of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, seized the kingship after Ancus Marcius's sons orchestrated the assassination of Tarquinius Priscus. He presented himself as merely filling in while the king was recovering, effectively taking control.

Who was the last King of Rome, and how did he ascend to the throne?

The last King of Rome was Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, who reigned from approximately 534 to 509 BC. He was either the son or grandson of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus and seized the kingship after he and his wife, who was Servius Tullius's daughter, helped orchestrate the assassination of Servius Tullius.

What was the immediate consequence of the overthrow of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus?

The overthrow of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the last Roman king, led to the establishment of the Roman Republic and a limited separation of the powers previously held by the monarch.

What role did the *rex sacrorum* play during the Roman Republic?

During the Roman Republic, the actual title of king was retained for the *rex sacrorum*, or king of sacrifices. This individual formally remained Rome's first priest but was explicitly forbidden from pursuing any political or military career, though he held a seat in the Senate.

How was the *rex sacrorum*'s religious authority limited during the Republic?

The Roman desire to prevent the kingship from regaining political importance led to the *rex sacrorum* being formally subordinated to the *pontifex maximus* in all but protocol, even in religious matters. The *Regia*, the royal palace, was eventually ceded to the *pontifex maximus*.

What was the significance of the *Regifugium* festival for the *rex sacrorum*?

One of the *rex sacrorum*'s major public appearances was at the festival of *Regifugium*, where he impersonated the king being thrown out of the city. This ritual served as a symbolic reminder of the monarchy's overthrow and the Republic's establishment.

How was the *rex sacrorum* chosen, and what was a key qualification for the office?

The *rex sacrorum* was not elected publicly but was chosen by the pontifical college. Patrician ancestry was generally required for the office, though it was once held by a member of the otherwise plebeian Marcii family, who subsequently earned the cognomen 'Rex'.

Who assumed the king's administrative functions in religion during the Republic?

The administrative functions in religion, including at some point the housing in the ancient royal court (the *Regia*), were ceded to the supreme pontiff, the *pontifex maximus*.

How did the role of choosing and dismissing senators change in the late Republic?

In the late Republic, the king's previous role in choosing new senators and dismissing individuals from the Senate was transferred to the censors. However, this role became less significant as all magistrates, down to the rank of quaestor, eventually gained automatic admission to the Senate after their term of office expired.

To whom was the *imperium* ceded after the monarchy, and what was the purpose of having two consuls?

The *imperium*, or supreme authority, was primarily ceded to the consuls and later to the praetors after the creation of that office around 367 BC. According to tradition, the consulate was always entrusted to two persons to prevent any single individual from accumulating autocratic power.

What was the role of a dictator in the Roman Republic?

In cases of emergency, the Roman Republic introduced the power to appoint a dictator for a six-month term. This temporary office granted extraordinary powers to a single individual to address critical crises.

How did the title *imperator* evolve from the Republic to the Empire?

During the Republic, *imperator* was a title acquired by a military leader who used *imperium* to victoriously lead an army. Later, it became the chief title for the Roman emperors, signifying their supreme military and political authority.

How were emperors formally integrated into the republican system?

Emperors were formally included in the republican system as proconsuls over most (and the strategically most important) parts of the empire, as chief senators (*princeps senatus*), and as popular tribunes (without holding the actual title). This allowed them to wield vast power while maintaining a semblance of republican institutions.

How did the legislative process change from the Kingdom to the Republic?

During the Republic, legislation practically shifted from the Curiate Assembly to the Centuriate Assembly and the Tribal Assembly. The *lex curiata de imperio*, which ratified the elections of the Centuriate Assembly, became more of a formality.

What power did the consuls retain regarding legislation in the Republic?

Even after the shift in legislative power to the assemblies, the consuls retained the power to rule by ordinance, allowing them to issue directives with legal force.

What does the François Tomb painting suggest about the attire of Etruscan Roman kings?

The François Tomb painting depicts the type of clothes, specifically the *toga picta*, that Roman kings, particularly those from the Etruscan dynasty, would have most likely worn. Some interpretations suggest the straight edges of the garment indicate it was a Greek-style cloak rather than a traditional toga.

What is the significance of the Capitoline Wolf image in relation to the King of Rome?

The Capitoline Wolf is an iconic image associated with the founding myth of Rome, depicting the she-wolf suckling Romulus and Remus. Its inclusion in the infobox for 'King of Rome' visually represents the legendary origins of the Roman Kingdom and its first king, Romulus.

What does the image of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus represent in the context of the Roman Kingdom?

The image of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, identified as the 'Last to reign' from approximately 534 to 509 BC, represents the final monarch of the Roman Kingdom. His overthrow marked the transition from monarchy to the Roman Republic.

King Of Rome Wiki: Echoes of Empire: The Monarchs of Ancient Rome

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Monarchy's Foundation

The Roman Kingdom

The Rex Romanorum, or King of Rome, presided over the Roman Kingdom, a foundational period in Roman history often shrouded in legend. This era, commencing with the city's mythical founding in 753 BC on the Palatine Hill by Romulus, saw a succession of seven legendary monarchs. Their reigns, averaging approximately 35 years each, laid the groundwork for what would become a vast empire, concluding with the overthrow of the last king in 509 BC.

Absolute Authority

During the early Roman Kingdom, the king wielded absolute power, holding supreme authority over all aspects of the state. This monarchical system meant no individual or institution could supersede the king's decisions. The Senate, though present, functioned primarily as a consultative body, an oligarchy with limited administrative capacity, tasked mainly with executing the king's directives rather than formulating independent policy.

Elective Succession

Unlike later hereditary monarchies, the Roman kings, following Romulus, were not initially part of a dynasty. Instead, they were chosen through an elective process. A designated senator, known as an interrex, would nominate a candidate, who was then presented to the Curiate Assembly for approval or rejection. This system allowed for individuals from diverse backgrounds, such as Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, an Etruscan migrant, to ascend to the throne, highlighting a unique aspect of early Roman political structure.

Symbols of Sovereignty

The Roman king was distinguished by potent symbols of his office, underscoring his unparalleled status. These included the presence of twelve lictors, attendants who carried fasces (bundles of rods with an axe, symbolizing authority). The king also sat upon a curule chair, a ceremonial throne, and wore a distinctive purple toga picta, red shoes, and a white diadem. The purple toga, in particular, was an exclusive emblem of royal power, signifying his unique position above all others.

Regal Prerogatives

Executive & Military Command

The king's authority was primarily rooted in his imperium, a supreme power encompassing military, executive, and judicial functions. This lifelong grant of imperium rendered the king immune from prosecution for his official acts. As the sole possessor of this power, he commanded all Roman forces as commander-in-chief and could issue decrees with the full force of law. Unlike later republican magistrates, the king's actions were not subject to the protective laws designed to safeguard citizens from the misuse of imperium.

The king held the exclusive right to appoint or nominate all state officials. Notable appointments included:

Tribunus Celerum: Served as the tribune of the Ramnes tribe and commander of the king's personal bodyguard, the Celeres. This officer was second in rank to the king and could convene the Curiate Assembly to propose legislation.
Custos Urbis (Warden of the City): Acted as the king's deputy, holding all royal powers, including imperium within the city, during the king's absence.
The king also held the sole prerogative to appoint patricians to the Senate, shaping the composition of this influential body.

Supreme Judicial Authority

The king's imperium both granted him military powers and qualified him to pronounce legal judgment in all cases as the chief justice of Rome. Although he could assign pontiffs to act as minor judges in some cases, he had supreme authority in all cases brought before him, both civil and criminal. Historical accounts suggest that appeals from the king's decisions were either non-existent or, if permitted, could only be brought before the king himself during a meeting of the Curiate Assembly by a patrician.

To aid in his judicial duties, the king was advised by a council, though this body lacked the power to override his judgments. Furthermore, the king appointed specialized officials to handle specific legal matters:

Quaestores Parricidii: Two criminal detectives responsible for investigating serious offenses.
Duumviri Perduellionis: A two-man criminal court tasked with overseeing cases of treason.

Legislative Influence

Under the monarchy, the legislative power of the Senate and the Curiate Assembly was significantly constrained. These bodies lacked the autonomy to convene or discuss state affairs independently; they could only be summoned by the king and deliberate on matters he presented. While the Curiate Assembly could pass laws proposed by the king, the Senate's role was largely advisory, offering counsel without the power to prevent royal actions. The primary exception was the declaration of war, which required the approval of both the Senate and the Curiate Assembly. This structure effectively allowed the king to govern largely by decree.

The Path to Kingship

Interregnum and Nomination

Upon the death of a Roman king, the state entered a period of interregnum, during which supreme power temporarily reverted to the Senate. The Senate's crucial task was to identify and install a new monarch. This process involved the appointment of an interrex from among its members, who would serve a five-day term to nominate a potential successor. If no suitable candidate was found or approved within this period, another senator would be appointed as interrex for a subsequent five-day term, continuing until a new king was successfully nominated.

Senate & Assembly Approval

Once the interrex identified a worthy nominee, the candidate would undergo scrutiny by the full Senate. If the Senate endorsed the nomination, the interrex would then convene the Curiate Assembly. This assembly of the Roman people would then vote to either accept or reject the proposed King-elect. While theoretically a popular election, the Senate's initial control over the nomination process ensured a significant degree of influence over the outcome.

Divine Sanction & Imperium

Even after being accepted by the Curiate Assembly, the King-elect did not immediately assume full regal authority. Two critical ceremonial acts were required. First, divine approval was sought through the auspices, a ritual performed by an augur. The King-elect would be led to the citadel and seated on a stone, while the people awaited a favorable sign from the gods, confirming his priestly character. Second, the vital imperium had to be formally conferred. The King-elect himself would propose a bill to the Curiate Assembly, which, upon a favorable vote, would grant him the full powers of kingship.

The Seven Legendary Kings

The historical accounts of Rome's early kings are largely based on later literary traditions, as original records were lost during the city's sack in 390 BC. Consequently, the precise details of their reigns and deeds remain subjects of scholarly debate. While Titus Tatius, King of the Sabines, co-ruled with Romulus for a period, he is not traditionally included in the canonical list of the seven kings.

Key Figures & Reigns

The following table outlines the legendary kings of Rome, their approximate reigns, and the traditional accounts of their succession. These figures represent the foundational leaders who shaped early Roman society, law, and military structure.

Name	Birth	Reign	Succession
Romulus	c. 770 BC	c. 753 – 716 BC (37 years)	Proclaimed himself king after murdering his brother, Remus.
Numa Pompilius	c. 753 BC	c. 715 – 672 BC (43 years)	Elected king by the Curiate Assembly, after the death of Romulus.
Tullus Hostilius	???	c. 672 – 640 BC (32 years)	Elected king by the Curiate Assembly, after the death of Numa Pompilius.
Ancus Marcius	???	c. 640 – 616 BC (24 years)	Son-in-law of Tullus Hostilius, grandson of Numa Pompilius; elected king by the Curiate Assembly after the death of Tullus Hostilius.
Lucius Tarquinius Priscus	???	c. 616 – 578 BC (38 years)	Became regent after the death of Ancus Marcius due to Marcius' sons being too young, then elected king by the Curiate Assembly. The first Etruscan king, originally known as Lucumo.
Servius Tullius	???	c. 578 – 534 BC (44 years)	Son-in-law of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus. Seized kingship after Tarquinius Priscus' assassination, initially under the guise of filling in during the king's recovery.
Lucius Tarquinius Superbus	???	c. 534 – 509 BC (25 years)	Son or grandson of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus; seized kingship after orchestrating the assassination of Servius Tullius with his wife (Tullius' daughter).

Transition to Republic

Overthrow & Power Shift

The dramatic overthrow of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the last king, marked the end of the Roman monarchy and the birth of the Roman Republic. This pivotal event led to a fundamental restructuring of state power, moving away from absolute rule towards a system of distributed authority. While the concept of a "king" was largely abolished, certain religious functions associated with the monarchy were preserved, albeit significantly diminished in political influence.

The Rex Sacrorum

Following the monarchy's demise, the title of "king" was symbolically retained for the rex sacrorum, or "king of sacrifices." This official formally held the position of Rome's chief priest but was explicitly barred from any political or military career, except for a seat in the Senate. This deliberate separation ensured that the religious authority of the former kingship was maintained without allowing any individual to accumulate political power reminiscent of the monarchy. The rex sacrorum was chosen by the pontifical college, not through public election, further limiting his popular mandate.

The Roman Republic went to great lengths to prevent the rex sacrorum from gaining political prominence. His religious functions, though ancient, were formally subordinated to the pontifex maximus, who became the true head of Roman state religion. The Regia, the ancient royal palace, was even ceded to the pontifex maximus. The rex sacrorum's public appearances, such as at the festival of Regifugium, often involved impersonating the king being expelled from the city, a ritualistic reinforcement of the republican ideal.

Despite these limitations, the rex sacrorum performed unique religious rites, acting as a quasi-flamen to Janus. This office persisted until the official adoption of Christianity. While patrician ancestry was generally required, a member of the plebeian Marcii family once held the position, earning the cognomen Rex for his descendants.

New Republican Offices

The vast powers of the former kings, particularly the imperium, were largely transferred to newly established republican magistrates. The consuls, initially the king's chief advisors, became the primary holders of imperium, sharing this power between two individuals to prevent autocracy. Later, the office of praetor was created, further separating judicial from executive functions. In times of crisis, a dictator could be appointed for a six-month term, temporarily consolidating power to address emergencies.

The legislative landscape also evolved. The Curiate Assembly's role in passing laws diminished, with the Centuriate Assembly and later the Tribal Assembly assuming greater legislative authority. While a formal lex curiata de imperio still ratified consular elections, the consuls retained the power to issue ordinances.

The king's former role in selecting and dismissing senators was transferred to the censors. Over time, this role became less significant as all magistrates, down to the rank of quaestor, gained automatic admission to the Senate upon the expiration of their terms, fundamentally altering the composition and influence of this venerable body.

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References

Plutach's Parallel Lives vol. 1 p. 379

It is well known that Julius Caesar inhabited it.

Before the formal establishment of the office of praetor below the consulate, this was at least another generic name, and quite possibly another title, of the consuls, cf. the names "praetorium" for the military leader's tent etc.

A full list of references for this article are available at the King of Rome Wikipedia page

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Echoes of Empire

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Monarchy's Foundation 👑

📜 The Roman Kingdom

⚖️ Absolute Authority

🗳️ Elective Succession

✨ Symbols of Sovereignty

Regal Prerogatives 🏛️

⚔️ Executive & Military Command

⚖️ Supreme Judicial Authority

📝 Legislative Influence

The Path to Kingship 🗳️

⏳ Interregnum and Nomination

🤝 Senate & Assembly Approval

✨ Divine Sanction & Imperium

The Seven Legendary Kings 🤴

📜 Key Figures & Reigns

Transition to Republic 🛡️

🔄 Overthrow & Power Shift

⛪ The Rex Sacrorum

🤝 New Republican Offices

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Monarchy's Foundation

The Roman Kingdom

Absolute Authority

Elective Succession

Symbols of Sovereignty

Regal Prerogatives

Executive & Military Command

Supreme Judicial Authority

Legislative Influence

The Path to Kingship

Interregnum and Nomination

Senate & Assembly Approval

Divine Sanction & Imperium

The Seven Legendary Kings

Key Figures & Reigns

Transition to Republic

Overthrow & Power Shift

The Rex Sacrorum

New Republican Offices

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice