What is the Lebanese Forces (LF)?

The Lebanese Forces (LF), known in Arabic as al-Quwwat al-Lubnaniyah, is a Lebanese political party with a Christian base. It originated as a militia during the Lebanese Civil War and currently holds 19 seats in the Lebanese parliament, making it the largest party in the country. The party's ideology encompasses Lebanese nationalism, Christian democracy, and liberal conservatism, positioning it on the right-wing of the political spectrum.

When and by whom was the Lebanese Forces organization founded?

The Lebanese Forces organization was founded in 1976. Its establishment was a collaborative effort by prominent figures including Pierre Gemayel, Bachir Gemayel, Camille Chamoun, and other leaders of right-wing political parties during the Lebanese Civil War.

What was the initial purpose of the Lebanese Forces when it was created?

Initially, the Lebanese Forces served as an umbrella organization designed to coordinate the various militias belonging to the right-wing parties within the Lebanese Front. Its primary role was to act as the main resistance force for this front during the Lebanese Civil War.

Which specific parties and their military wings contributed to the formation of the Lebanese Front?

The Lebanese Front was formed through the coordination of several parties and their military wings. These included the Kataeb Party and its Kataeb Regulatory Forces (KRF), the Tyous Team of Commandos (TTC), the National Liberal Party (Ahrar) and its Tigers Militia, Al-Tanzim, the Marada Brigade, and the Lebanese Renewal Party along with its Guardians of the Cedars (GoC).

What was the primary motivation behind the formation of the Lebanese Front?

The main reason for establishing the Lebanese Front was to bolster the Christian side's strength and unity in the face of the challenge posed by the Lebanese National Movement (LNM). The LNM was an alliance of leftist parties and militias that were allied with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and various Palestinian guerrilla factions.

How did the Lebanese Forces evolve beyond its initial party militia structure?

Although the Lebanese Forces originated from the militias of various political parties, it later evolved to accept new recruits who did not necessarily have any specific party allegiance. This broadened the base of the organization beyond its initial constituent groups.

Who were some of the key figures involved in the founding of the Lebanese Forces?

Key figures instrumental in the founding of the Lebanese Forces included Pierre Gemayel, Bachir Gemayel, and Camille Chamoun, alongside other leaders of the right-wing parties that formed the Lebanese Front.

What was the strategic significance of the Holiday Inn during the Battle of the Hotels?

The Holiday Inn was strategically important during the Battle of the Hotels in central Beirut because of its key location. Control of this building was a major objective for the Phalange (Kataeb) forces in their fight against the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and Lebanese National Movement (LNM) militias for dominance over the hotel district.

What was the 'Hundred Days War' in 1978, and what was the role of the Lebanese Forces?

The 'Hundred Days War' refers to a conflict in 1978 where the Lebanese Forces successfully defended Eastern Beirut against Syrian shelling and attacks for approximately three months. An Arab-brokered agreement eventually led to the cessation of the Syrian siege, highlighting the LF's military capabilities during this period.

Which country was the primary backer of the Lebanese Front's militia during the civil war?

During the Lebanese Civil War, Israel served as the primary financial and military supporter for the Lebanese Front's militia.

What event led to the Safra massacre in July 1980?

The Safra massacre occurred in July 1980 when the Phalangists, under the leadership of Bachir Gemayel, launched an operation to consolidate Christian militias under his command. This operation resulted in a massacre of members of the Tigers militia at the Marine beach resort in Safra.

Describe the Battle of Zahlé in 1981 involving the Lebanese Forces.

The Battle of Zahlé in 1981 was a significant military and political confrontation between the Lebanese Forces and Syrian occupying forces in the Beqaa Valley. Despite facing a significant mismatch in military capabilities and heavy Syrian weaponry, the Lebanese Forces, supported by local inhabitants and 92 special forces soldiers, achieved a victory that bolstered the Lebanese Cause internationally and strengthened Bashir Gemayel's leadership.

What warning did Bachir Gemayel reportedly give to the PLO regarding Israel's intentions in 1982?

In 1982, Bachir Gemayel met with Hani Al-Hassan, a representative of the PLO, and warned him that Israel was preparing to invade Lebanon and would eliminate the PLO forces. Gemayel advised Al-Hassan to have the PLO leave Lebanon peacefully before it was too late.

What was Israel's role in supporting the Lebanese Forces leading up to the 1982 invasion?

By 1982, Israel had become the main supplier of weapons, clothing, and training to the Lebanese Forces, providing them with significant assistance.

What demands did Israeli Prime Minister Begin make of Bachir Gemayel regarding a peace treaty?

On September 3, 1982, Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin demanded that Bachir Gemayel sign a peace treaty with Israel immediately upon taking office. Begin also stated that Israeli forces would remain in Southern Lebanon if the treaty was not signed, a demand that reportedly angered Gemayel.

What was Bachir Gemayel's response to Begin's demand for an immediate peace treaty?

Bachir Gemayel refused Begin's demand for an immediate peace treaty, explaining that he needed time, up to nine months to a year, to build consensus with Lebanese Muslims and Arab nations. He believed this time was necessary for Lebanon to regain its central economic role in the Middle East.

Who was responsible for the assassination of Bachir Gemayel, and when did it occur?

Bachir Gemayel was assassinated on September 14, 1982, nine days before he was scheduled to take office as President of Lebanon. The attack, which killed him and 25 others in the Kataeb headquarters, was carried out by Habib Shartouni, a member of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP), believed to have acted on instructions from the Syrian government.

What significant event followed Bachir Gemayel's assassination?

Following Bachir Gemayel's assassination, Israel occupied Beirut, allowing Phalangist members under Elie Hobeika's command to enter the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps. This led to the Sabra and Shatila massacre, where Phalangists killed between 762 and 3,500 civilians, predominantly Palestinians and Lebanese Shiites.

How did internal power struggles affect the leadership of the Lebanese Forces after Bachir Gemayel's death?

After Bachir Gemayel's death, his brother Amine Gemayel became president, and Fadi Frem became commander of the Lebanese Forces. However, a strained relationship between Amine and Frem led to Frem's replacement by Fouad Abou Nader in 1984. Further internal conflict arose when Samir Geagea, Elie Hobeika, and Karim Pakradouni rebelled against Abou Nader's command in March 1985.

What was the Tripartite Accord, and why did it cause conflict within the Lebanese Forces?

The Tripartite Accord was signed on December 28, 1985, by Elie Hobeika with Syrian backing, against the wishes of Samir Geagea and many other Christian leaders. Geagea opposed the accord, believing it granted Syria excessive power in Lebanon, which led him to mobilize factions within the Lebanese Forces to attack Hobeika's headquarters.

What was the 'Elimination War' of 1988-1990?

The 'Elimination War' was a period of intense conflict from 1988 to 1990, primarily between the Lebanese Forces and the Lebanese Army under General Michel Aoun. This conflict arose after the Lebanese Forces initially supported Aoun but later clashed with his forces, culminating in Aoun's defeat and exile.

What was the Lebanese Forces' stance on the Taif Agreement?

The Lebanese Forces initially supported General Michel Aoun's 'Liberation War' against the Syrian army. However, they later agreed to the Taif Agreement, which called for an immediate ceasefire and Syrian withdrawal, although Aoun himself objected to its terms.

When was the Lebanese Forces Party officially banned, and why?

The Lebanese Forces Party was banned on March 23, 1994, by the Lebanese government headed by Rafic Hariri. This action occurred during a period of Syrian occupation and was accompanied by the imprisonment of Samir Geagea and the repression of the party's militants.

What led to the arrest and imprisonment of Samir Geagea in 1994?

Samir Geagea was arrested on April 21, 1994, facing charges including involvement in a church bombing, instigating violence, and committing assassinations during the Lebanese Civil War. Although acquitted of the bombing charge, he was subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment for various counts, including the assassination of former Prime Minister Rashid Karami.

How did the Lebanese Forces re-emerge as a political force after the Cedar Revolution?

The Lebanese Forces became active participants in the Cedar Revolution of 2005, which led to the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon. Following this, Samir Geagea was released from prison, and the party began rebuilding its image and political presence, participating in the 2005 parliamentary elections as part of the March 14 Alliance.

What were some of the key objectives of the Lebanese Forces after the Cedar Revolution?

After the Cedar Revolution, the Lebanese Forces focused on re-establishing Christian rights that had diminished during Syria's occupation, formulating a fair electoral law to ensure Christian representation, and reaffirming the powers of the Lebanese presidency that were reduced by the Taif Agreement.

How many seats did the Lebanese Forces hold in the Lebanese Parliament after the 2009 general elections?

Following the general elections in 2009, the Lebanese Forces held 8 out of the 128 seats in the Lebanese Parliament.

What role did the Lebanese Forces play in the 2020 Beirut explosion aftermath?

Following the 2020 Beirut explosion, Samir Geagea, the executive chairman of the Lebanese Forces Party, was the first politician to visit Beirut and launched a relief committee named Ground-0. This committee focused on rebuilding Beirut, providing assistance with housing, food, medical consultations, and scholarships.

What actions did the Lebanese Forces MPs take regarding the 2020 Beirut port explosion?

Lebanese Forces Party MPs called for an international investigation into the causes of the 2020 Beirut port explosion. They petitioned the UN Secretary-General, António Guterres, on February 22, 2021, requesting the establishment of an international commission of inquiry.

What controversy did Samir Geagea become involved in during the October 2021 Beirut clashes?

In October 2021, Samir Geagea was summoned by military intelligence following violent clashes in Beirut that occurred during a protest organized by Hezbollah and the Amal Movement against Judge Tarek Bitar. The clashes resulted in several deaths, and Geagea's party was accused of instigating the violence, which he denied, stating his supporters acted in self-defense.

What happened to Elias Hasrouni, an LF coordinator, in August 2023?

Elias Hasrouni, the former LF coordinator in Bint Jbeil, was found dead on August 6, 2023. An autopsy revealed he had been killed, and many believed the murder was politically motivated, with Samir Geagea pointing to Hezbollah as the perpetrator.

What incident involving Pascal Suleiman occurred in April 2024?

In April 2024, Pascal Suleiman, the Lebanese Forces coordinator in the Byblos District, was kidnapped and subsequently found dead. The party blamed Hezbollah for his killing, considering it a political murder until proven otherwise, and the incident deepened sectarian tensions.

How many seats did the Lebanese Forces secure in the 2022 general elections?

In the 2022 general elections, the Lebanese Forces secured 19 seats, making it the largest Christian-based party in the parliament and the Strong Republic bloc the largest parliamentary bloc.

What is the Lebanese Forces' stance on the fall of the Assad regime in Syria?

The Lebanese Forces have consistently criticized the Assad regimes' involvement in Lebanese politics. Following the fall of the Assad regime in December 2024, LF supporters celebrated, and Samir Geagea expressed that the situation in Syria could not be worse than under Assad.

How many ministers does the Lebanese Forces have in the February 2025 government of Nawaf Salam?

The Lebanese Forces have four ministers in the February 2025 government of Prime Minister Nawaf Salam: Youssef Rajji (Foreign Affairs), Joe Saddi (Energy), Charles Al-Hajj (Telecommunications), and Joe Issa Al-Khoury (Industry). Kamal Chehadeh, Minister of Displaced Affairs, is also considered close to the LF.

What was Samir Geagea's stance on Nabih Berri's speakership after the 2022 elections?

After the 2022 elections, Samir Geagea emphasized his pledge not to vote for the incumbent speaker, Nabih Berri, citing corruption within the bloc that Berri leads.

Which election area does Sethrida Geagea represent in the Parliament?

Sethrida Geagea represents the North III electoral area, specifically Bsharri District, in the Parliament.

Which draft law proposed by Elie Keyrouz aimed to abolish rape-marriage laws?

In 2016, Elie Keyrouz proposed a draft law to abolish Article 522 of the Lebanese Penal Code. This article previously allowed perpetrators of sexual assault to escape prosecution if they married their victim.

What was the outcome of the 2023 internal elections for the Lebanese Forces?

The first internal elections for the Lebanese Forces took place on October 29, 2023, with 58.9% of eligible members voting. Samir Geagea was re-elected President by acclamation, and Georges Adwan was elected Vice President by acclamation.

How many seats did the Lebanese Forces win in the 2018 Lebanese general election?

In the 2018 Lebanese general election, the Lebanese Forces won 15 seats, marking an increase of 7 seats from the previous election.

What is the stated membership of the Lebanese Forces?

The Lebanese Forces report a membership of 50,000 individuals.

What is the official newspaper of the Lebanese Forces?

The official newspaper of the Lebanese Forces is called Almassira.

What are the colors associated with the Lebanese Forces?

The colors associated with the Lebanese Forces are red, white, and green.

What is the Lebanese Forces' affiliation with European political parties?

The Lebanese Forces are affiliated with the European People's Party as a regional partner.

What is the current parliamentary bloc of the Lebanese Forces?

The Lebanese Forces currently belong to the 'Strong Republic' parliamentary bloc.

What was the Lebanese Forces' stance on the 1992 Lebanese general election?

The Lebanese Forces, along with the National Liberal Party, boycotted the 1992 general election. Their boycott was a protest against Syrian interference in Lebanese affairs and a demand for the withdrawal of Syrian troops and the return of displaced persons.

What specific charges led to Samir Geagea's life imprisonment?

Samir Geagea was sentenced to life imprisonment on several counts, including the assassination of former Prime Minister Rashid Karami in 1987. He was also charged with setting a bomb in a church and instigating violence, though he was acquitted of the bombing charge.

What actions did the Lebanese Forces take regarding relations with Israel after 1988?

After 1988, during the period of Amine Gemayel's presidency, the Lebanese Forces cut their relations with Israel. They subsequently emphasized developing relations with Arab states, particularly Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Egypt.

What was the outcome of the 'Elimination War' for the Lebanese Forces?

During the 'Elimination War' (1988-1990), the Lebanese Forces achieved significant victories, including the capture of numerous army encampments and barracks, contributing to the eventual defeat and exile of Michel Aoun.

What is the Lebanese Forces' current representation in the Council of Ministers?

The Lebanese Forces currently hold 4 out of the 24 seats in the Council of Ministers.

What was the Lebanese Forces' role in the 2005 Cedar Revolution?

The Lebanese Forces were an active participant in the 2005 Cedar Revolution, a movement that led to the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon following the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafik al-Hariri.

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Overview

Political Identity

The Lebanese Forces (LF) is a prominent Lebanese political party with a Christian base, originating from a powerful militia during the Lebanese Civil War. It currently holds significant representation in the Lebanese Parliament.

Foundation and Evolution

Established in 1976 by key Christian leaders, the LF evolved from a coordinating body for right-wing militias into a distinct political entity after the civil war. It has navigated complex alliances and conflicts throughout Lebanon's turbulent history.

Ideological Stance

The party champions Lebanese nationalism, Christian democracy, and liberal conservatism. It advocates for a strong, sovereign Lebanon, often emphasizing the rights and representation of the Christian community.

Key Information

🇱🇧

Lebanese Forces

al-Quwwāt al-Lubnāniyyah

Abbreviation	LF
President	Samir Geagea
Secretary-General	Emile Moukarzel
Founder	Bachir Gemayel
Founded	1976
Headquarters	Maarab, Lebanon
Newspaper	Almassira
Membership	50,000
Ideology	Lebanese nationalism Christian democracy Liberal conservatism
Political Position	Right-wing
National Affiliation	March 14 Alliance (2005–2016)
European Affiliation	European People's Party (regional partner)
Colours	Red, White, Green
Parliamentary Bloc	Strong Republic
Parliament	19 / 128
Council of Ministers	4 / 24
Website	www.lebanese-forces.com

Historical Trajectory

Militia Era (1976–1990)

Formed as a coalition of Christian militias during the Lebanese Civil War, the LF played a significant role in the conflict, engaging in numerous battles against various factions. Its leadership and structure underwent considerable change during this period.

The Lebanese Forces originated as an umbrella organization for right-wing party militias within the Lebanese Front in 1976. It coordinated efforts against the Lebanese National Movement and the Palestine Liberation Organization. Key events include battles in Karantina, Damour, and Tel al-Zaatar. The militia was involved in significant intra-Christian clashes, notably between the Tigers Militia and the Kataeb forces, leading to internal power struggles and consolidation under Samir Geagea by the late 1980s.

Under Bashir Gemayel's leadership (1976-1982), the LF engaged in major conflicts, including the "Hundred Days War" against Syrian forces. Following Israel's 1982 invasion and the assassination of Bashir Gemayel, the LF's role became more complex, marked by internal strife and shifting alliances. The period under Amine Gemayel (1982-1988) saw continued clashes, particularly the "Mountain War" against Druze militias, and internal power struggles culminating in Geagea's rise. The "Elimination War" (1988-1990) saw the LF clash with Michel Aoun's Lebanese Army, ultimately leading to Aoun's exile and the end of the civil war.

Party Era (1990–Present)

Following the civil war, the LF transitioned into a political party. Its activities were repressed under Syrian occupation, leading to the imprisonment of its leader, Samir Geagea. The party re-emerged prominently after the Cedar Revolution in 2005.

After the civil war, the Lebanese Forces Party was formed, but faced suppression under Syrian occupation, with Samir Geagea imprisoned in 1994. The party's resurgence began with the Cedar Revolution in 2005, leading to Geagea's release and increased political influence. The LF became a key component of the anti-Syrian March 14 Alliance.

The party has actively participated in Lebanese politics, advocating for electoral reforms, the strengthening of Christian representation, and a reduction in Syrian influence. It has been involved in major political events, including the 2020 Beirut explosion aftermath and subsequent calls for international investigation. The LF has also experienced internal elections and cabinet participation, reflecting its ongoing role in Lebanon's political landscape.

Political Landscape

Alliances and Opposition

The Lebanese Forces has been a central player in Lebanese political alliances, notably the March 14 Alliance, advocating for a sovereign Lebanon free from foreign interference. It often finds itself in opposition to blocs aligned with Syria and Hezbollah.

Legislative Agenda

The party actively proposes legislation aimed at social reform, such as abolishing the death penalty and reforming laws related to sexual assault. It also focuses on strengthening Christian political rights and presidential powers.

Key Legislative Proposals
Date	MP	Proposal
02-06-2012	Elie Keyrouz	Abolish death penalty in Lebanon
29-07-2016	Elie Keyrouz	Abolish rape-marriage law (Article 522)
02-08-2023	Melhem Riachi, Georges Okais	Legalize optional civil marriage in Lebanon

Public Discourse

The LF actively engages in public discourse, often taking strong stances on national issues, including the 2020 Beirut explosion investigation and regional political dynamics, such as the fall of the Assad regime.

Parliamentary Representation

Seat Distribution

Following the 2022 general elections, the Lebanese Forces emerged as the largest Christian-based party, securing 19 seats in the 128-member Parliament. This positions the party and its allied bloc, Strong Republic, as significant players in legislative dynamics.

Name	Constituency	Religion
Ghassan Hasbani	Beirut I	Greek Orthodox
Jihad Pakradouni	Beirut I	Armenian Orthodox
Elias Khoury	North II – Tripoli	Maronite
Fadi Karam	North III – Koura	Greek Orthodox
Sethrida Geagea	North III - Bsharri	Maronite
Ghayath Yazbeck	North III – Batroun	Maronite
Ziad Hawat	Mount Lebanon I – Jbeil	Maronite
Chawki Daccache	Mount Lebanon I – Kesserwan	Maronite
Melhem Riachi	Mount Lebanon II – Metn	Greek Catholic
Razi El Hage	Mount Lebanon II – Metn	Maronite
Pierre Bou Assi	Mount Lebanon III – Baabda	Maronite
Camille Dory Chamoun	Mount Lebanon III – Baabda	Maronite
Nazih Matta	Mount Lebanon 4 – Aley	Greek Orthodox
Georges Adwan	Mount Lebanon 4 – Chouf	Maronite
Ghada Ayoub	South I – Jezzine	Greek Catholic
Saiid Sleiman Asmar	South I – Jezzine	Maronite
Elias Estephan	Bekaa I – Zahle	Greek Orthodox
Georges Okais	Bekaa I – Zahle	Greek Catholic
Antoine Habchi	Bekaa III – Baalbek-Hermel	Maronite

Parliamentary Activities

The party actively participates in parliamentary debates and initiatives. Its members have proposed significant draft laws, reflecting a commitment to social reform and the advancement of specific political agendas within the Lebanese legislative framework.

Parliamentary Activities
Date	MP	Detail
02-06-2012	Elie Keyrouz	Proposed abolishing the death penalty in Lebanon, substituting it with life imprisonment.
29-07-2016	Elie Keyrouz	Proposed abolishing Article 522 of the Penal Code, which allowed perpetrators of sexual assault to escape prosecution if they married the victim.
02-08-2023	Melhem Riachi, Georges Okais	Proposed legalizing optional civil marriage in Lebanon, allowing couples to choose municipalities for ceremonies and establishing legal recognition.

Cabinet Participation

The Lebanese Forces has consistently held ministerial portfolios in various Lebanese governments, reflecting its influence in national governance. These roles span key ministries, contributing to policy-making and national administration.

List of Ministers
Name	Cabinet	Position
Joseph Sarkis	2005–2008	Tourism
Antoine Karam	2008–2009	Environment
Ibrahim Najjar	2008–2009	Justice
Ibrahim Najjar	2009–2011	Justice
Salim Wardeh	2009–2011	Culture
Ghassan Hasbani	2016–2019	Deputy PM and Health minister
Melhem Riachi	2016–2019	Information
Pierre Bou Assi	2016–2019	Social Affairs
Ghassan Hasbani	2019–2020	Deputy PM
Richard Kouyoumjian	2019–2020	Social Affairs
May Chidiac	2019–2020	Culture
Camille Abousleiman	2019–2020	Labor
Youssef Raggi	2025–present	Foreign Affairs
Joe Saddi	2025–present	Energy And Water
Kamal Chehade	2025–present	Displaced and IT & AI
Joe Issa Al-Khoury	2025–present	Industry

Electoral Performance

The Lebanese Forces has demonstrated consistent growth in electoral performance, particularly in recent years, solidifying its position as a major political force in Lebanon.

Election Year	Overall Votes	% of Overall Vote	Overall Seats Won	+/-
2005	(6)	4.68%	6 / 128	New
2009	(6)		8 / 128	⬆️ 2
2018	168,960 (#4)	9.61%	15 / 128	⬆️ 7
2022	210,324 (#1)	11.63%	19 / 128	⬆️ 4

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References

Harris (p. 162) notes "the massacre of 1,500 Palestinians, Shi'is, and others in Karantina and Maslakh, and the revenge killings of hundreds of Christians in Damur"

President Reagan and the World by Eric J. Schmertz, Natalie Datlof, Alexej Ugrinsky, Hofstra University

Special to the New York Times (4 September 1982). "Begin Said to Meet in Secret With Beirut's President-Elect". The New York Times. "Begin Said to Meet in Secret With Beirut's President-Elect"

A full list of references for this article are available at the Lebanese Forces Wikipedia page

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Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on publicly available data and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not political advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional political analysis, historical research, or consultation with qualified experts. Always refer to official sources and consult with professionals for specific needs.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

The Cedar Vanguard

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Overview ℹ️

🚩 Political Identity

🏛️ Foundation and Evolution

⚖️ Ideological Stance

Key Information 🗂️

Historical Trajectory ⏳

⚔️ Militia Era (1976–1990)

🕊️ Party Era (1990–Present)

Political Landscape 🗳️

🤝 Alliances and Opposition

⚖️ Legislative Agenda

🗣️ Public Discourse

Parliamentary Representation 🏛️

📊 Seat Distribution

📜 Parliamentary Activities

Cabinet Participation 💼

Electoral Performance 📈

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

Political Identity

Foundation and Evolution

Ideological Stance

Key Information

Historical Trajectory

Militia Era (1976–1990)

Party Era (1990–Present)

Political Landscape

Alliances and Opposition

Legislative Agenda

Public Discourse

Parliamentary Representation

Seat Distribution

Parliamentary Activities

Cabinet Participation

Electoral Performance

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice