Celestial Minds
An exploration of scientific, literary, and peace achievements by individuals of Christian faith who have been awarded the Nobel Prize.
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Physics Laureates
Wilhelm Röntgen
Country: Germany
Denomination: Dutch Reformed Church[3]
Rationale: For the discovery of X rays.
Hendrik Lorentz
Country: Netherlands
Denomination: Raised Protestant but attended Catholic services[4]
Rationale: For the discovery and theoretical explanation of the Zeeman effect.
Lord Rayleigh
Country: United Kingdom
Denomination: Anglican[6]
Rationale: For his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon.
Joseph John Thomson
Country: United Kingdom
Denomination: Anglican[8]
Rationale: For his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases.
Guglielmo Marconi
Country: Italy
Denomination: Roman Catholic[10]
Rationale: For his contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy.
Max von Laue
Country: Germany
Denomination: Christian[12]
Rationale: For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals.
William Henry Bragg
Country: United Kingdom
Denomination: Christian[14][15]
Rationale: For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays.
Charles Glover Barkla
Country: United Kingdom
Denomination: Methodist[17][18][19]
Rationale: For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements.
Max Planck
Country: Germany
Denomination: Member of the Lutheran Church (deistic outlook)[21][22]
Rationale: For the discovery of energy quanta.
Robert Andrews Millikan
Country: United States
Denomination: Christian[24][25][26][27]
Rationale: For his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect.
Arthur Holly Compton
Country: United States
Denomination: Presbyterian[30][31]
Rationale: For his discovery of the Compton effect.
Werner Heisenberg
Country: Weimar Republic
Denomination: Lutheran[33]
Rationale: For the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen.
Victor Francis Hess
Country: Austria
Denomination: Roman Catholic[35]
Rationale: For his discovery of cosmic radiation.
Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton
Country: Ireland
Denomination: Methodist[38]
Rationale: For his pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles.
Charles Hard Townes
Country: United States
Denomination: Protestant (United Church of Christ)[40]
Rationale: For fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser–laser principle.
Antony Hewish
Country: United Kingdom
Denomination: Christian[42]
Rationale: For his pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars.
Nevill Francis Mott
Country: United Kingdom
Denomination: Anglican[44]
Rationale: For their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems.
Arthur Leonard Schawlow
Country: United States
Denomination: Protestant (United Methodist Church)[46]
Rationale: For their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy.
Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.
Country: United States
Rationale: For the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation.
William Daniel Phillips
Country: United States
Denomination: Protestant (United Methodist Church)[51]
Rationale: For development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light.
Daniel C. Tsui
Country: USA
Denomination: Lutheran[53][54]
Rationale: For their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations.
Peter Grünberg
Country: Germany
Denomination: Roman Catholic[56][57]
Rationale: For the discovery of giant magnetoresistance.
Charles K. Kao
Country: United Kingdom, United States
Denomination: Roman Catholic[59]
Rationale: For groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication.
Donna Strickland
Country: Canada
Denomination: Protestant (United Church of Canada)[61]
Rationale: For their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses.
Chemistry Laureates
Adolf von Baeyer
Country: Germany
Denomination: Lutheran[63]
Rationale: In recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds.
Fritz Haber
Country: Germany
Denomination: Converted to Protestantism from Judaism[65]
Rationale: For the synthesis of ammonia from its elements.
George de Hevesy
Country: Hungary
Denomination: Converted to Catholicism from Judaism[67]
Rationale: For his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes.
Richard E. Smalley
Country: United States
Denomination: Christian[69]
Rationale: For the discovery of fullerenes.
Gerhard Ertl
Country: Germany
Denomination: Christian[71]
Rationale: For his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces.
Brian Kobilka
Country: United States
Denomination: Catholic[73]
Rationale: For studies of G-protein-coupled receptors.
John B. Goodenough
Country: United States
Denomination: Christian[75]
Rationale: For the development of lithium-ion batteries.
Physiology or Medicine Laureates
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Country: Spain
Denomination: Roman Catholic[citation needed]
Rationale: In recognition of his work on the structure of the nervous system.
Emil Theodor Kocher
Country: Switzerland
Denomination: Protestant (Moravian Church)[77]
Rationale: For his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland.
Alexis Carrel
Country: France
Denomination: Roman Catholic[79]
Rationale: For his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs.
Karl Landsteiner
Country: Austria-Hungary
Denomination: Converted to Roman Catholicism from Judaism in 1890[81]
Rationale: For his discovery of human blood groups.
Gerty Theresa Cori
Country: United States
Denomination: Converted to Roman Catholicism from Judaism in 1920[83]
Rationale: For their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen.
Carl Ferdinand Cori
Country: United States
Denomination: Roman Catholic[85]
Rationale: For their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen.
Sir John Carew Eccles
Country: Australia
Denomination: Roman Catholic[87]
Rationale: For his discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the nerve cell membrane.
George Emil Palade
Country: Romania
Denomination: Romanian Orthodox Church[89]
Rationale: For his innovations in electron microscopy and cell fractionation which together laid the foundations of modern molecular cell biology, the most notable discovery being the ribosomes of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Werner Arber
Country: Switzerland
Denomination: Protestant[91]
Rationale: For the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics.
Joseph E. Murray
Country: United States
Denomination: Roman Catholic[93][94]
Rationale: For their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease.
Ferid Murad
Country: United States
Denomination: Christian[96]
Rationale: For their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system.
Mario Capecchi
Country: United States
Rationale: For their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells.
Sir John B. Gurdon
Country: United Kingdom
Denomination: Protestant (Anglican)[101]
Rationale: For the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent.
William C. Campbell
Country: Ireland
Denomination: Roman Catholic[103]
Rationale: For their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites.
Literature Laureates
Theodor Mommsen
Country: Germany
Denomination: Protestant[105]
Rationale: The greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A History of Rome.
Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
Country: Norway
Denomination: Protestant[107]
Rationale: As a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit.
Frédéric Mistral
Country: France
Denomination: Roman Catholic[109]
Rationale: In recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people.
José Echegaray
Country: Spain
Denomination: Roman Catholic[111]
Rationale: In recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama.
Henryk Sienkiewicz
Country: Poland
Denomination: Roman Catholic[112]
Rationale: Because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer.
Selma Lagerlöf
Country: Sweden
Denomination: Christian[114]
Rationale: In appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings.
Paul von Heyse
Country: Germany
Denomination: Protestant of Jewish descent[116]
Rationale: As a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career.
Verner von Heidenstam
Country: Sweden
Denomination: Christian[118]
Rationale: In recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in Swedish literature.
William Butler Yeats
Country: Ireland
Denomination: Anglican[120]
Rationale: For his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation.
Władysław Reymont
Country: Poland
Denomination: Roman Catholic[122]
Rationale: For his great national epic, The Peasants.
Grazia Deledda
Country: Italy
Denomination: Roman Catholic[citation needed]
Rationale: For her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island.
Sigrid Undset
Country: Norway
Denomination: Roman Catholic[125]
Rationale: Principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages.
Thomas Mann
Country: Germany
Denomination: Protestant (Lutheran)[127]
Rationale: Principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature.
Ivan Bunin
Country: France
Denomination: Eastern Orthodox[129]
Rationale: For the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing.
Pearl S. Buck
Country: United States
Denomination: Protestant (Southern Presbyterian)[131]
Rationale: For her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces.
Gabriela Mistral
Country: Chile
Denomination: Roman Catholic[133]
Rationale: For her lyric poetry, which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world.
Hermann Hesse
Country: Switzerland
Denomination: Christian[135][136]
Rationale: For his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style.
André Gide
Country: France
Denomination: Protestant[138]
Rationale: For his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight.
T. S. Eliot
Country: United Kingdom
Denomination: Anglican[140][141]
Rationale: For his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry.
William Faulkner
Country: United States
Denomination: Protestant (Episcopalian)[143]
Rationale: For his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel.
François Mauriac
Country: France
Denomination: Roman Catholic[145]
Rationale: For the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life.
Winston Churchill
Country: United Kingdom
Denomination: Anglican[147]
Rationale: For his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values.
Ernest Hemingway
Country: United States
Denomination: Converted to Roman Catholicism[149]
Rationale: For his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea.
Halldór Laxness
Country: Iceland
Denomination: Converted to Roman Catholicism[151]
Rationale: For his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland.
Juan Ramón Jiménez
Country: Spain
Denomination: Roman Catholic[153]
Rationale: For his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity.
Boris Pasternak
Country: Soviet Union
Denomination: Converted to Eastern Orthodoxy from Judaism[155]
Rationale: For his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition.
Ivo Andrić
Country: Yugoslavia
Denomination: Roman Catholic[157][158]
Rationale: For the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country.
John Steinbeck
Country: United States
Denomination: Episcopalian[160]
Rationale: For his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception.
Giorgos Seferis
Country: Greece
Denomination: Greek Orthodox[162]
Rationale: For his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture.
Miguel Ángel Asturias
Country: Guatemala
Denomination: Roman Catholic[164]
Rationale: For his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America.
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
Country: Soviet Union
Denomination: Eastern Orthodox[166]
Rationale: For the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature.
Heinrich Böll
Country: Germany
Denomination: Roman Catholic[168]
Rationale: For his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature.
Odysseas Elytis
Country: Greece
Denomination: Greek Orthodox[170]
Rationale: For his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness.
Czesław Miłosz
Country: Poland/United States
Denomination: Roman Catholic[172]
Rationale: Who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts.
Gabriel García Márquez
Country: Colombia
Denomination: Roman Catholic[174]
Rationale: For his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts.
Camilo José Cela
Country: Spain
Denomination: Roman Catholic[176]
Rationale: For a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability.
Octavio Paz
Country: Mexico
Denomination: Roman Catholic[178]
Rationale: For impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity.
Derek Walcott
Country: Saint Lucia
Denomination: Protestant (Methodist)[180]
Rationale: For a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment.
Toni Morrison
Country: United States
Denomination: Roman Catholic[182]
Rationale: Who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality.
Seamus Heaney
Country: Ireland
Denomination: Roman Catholic[184]
Rationale: For works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past.
Günter Grass
Country: Germany
Denomination: Roman Catholic[186][187]
Rationale: Whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history.
Herta Müller
Country: Germany
Denomination: Roman Catholic[189]
Rationale: Who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed.
Tomas Tranströmer
Country: Sweden
Denomination: Christian[191]
Rationale: Because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality.
Bob Dylan
Country: United States
Denomination: Born-again Christian[193][194][195]
Rationale: For having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition.
Peter Handke
Country: Austria
Denomination: Serbian Orthodox Church[197]
Rationale: For an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience.
Jon Fosse
Country: Norway
Denomination: Converted to Roman Catholicism[199]
Rationale: For his innovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable.
Peace Laureates
Élie Ducommun
Country: Switzerland
Denomination: Protestant[citation needed]
Rationale: For his role as the first honorary secretary of the International Peace Bureau.
Charles Albert Gobat
Country: Switzerland
Denomination: Protestant[citation needed]
Rationale: For his role as the first Secretary General of the Inter-Parliamentary Union.
William Randal Cremer
Country: United Kingdom
Denomination: Methodist[202]
Rationale: For his role as the "first father" of the Inter-Parliamentary Union.
Bertha von Suttner
Country: Austria-Hungary
Denomination: Roman Catholic[204]
Rationale: For authoring Lay Down Your Arms and contributing to the creation of the Prize.
Theodore Roosevelt
Country: United States
Denomination: Protestant (Dutch Reformed Church)[207]
Rationale: For his successful mediation to end the Russo-Japanese war and for his interest in arbitration.
Ernesto Teodoro Moneta
Country: Italy
Denomination: Roman Catholic[citation needed]
Rationale: For his work as a key leader of the Italian peace movement.
Louis Renault
Country: France
Denomination: Roman Catholic[citation needed]
Rationale: For his work as a leading French international jurist and a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague.
Auguste Beernaert
Country: Belgium
Denomination: Roman Catholic[210]
Rationale: For being a representative to the two Hague conferences.
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References
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