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The Verdant Lexicon

An exhaustive exploration of the plant kingdom's edible contributions, from crisp leafy greens to hearty roots and vibrant flowers.

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Understanding Vegetables

Culinary vs. Botanical Definitions

The term "vegetable" is primarily a culinary classification, encompassing plant parts that are generally savory and used in main courses. However, this definition often diverges from botanical classifications. Botanically, many items considered vegetables are technically fruits, such as cucumbers, eggplants, peppers, pumpkins, squash, and tomatoes. These develop from the flower's ovary and contain seeds.

Scope and Classification

This lexicon provides a comprehensive list of plants utilized culinarily as vegetables. It includes a broad spectrum of plant types, from leafy greens and root vegetables to fruit vegetables, podded varieties, bulb and stem vegetables, sea vegetables, and edible flowers. It intentionally excludes herbs, spices, cereals, culinary fruits, culinary nuts, and edible fungi to maintain focus.

The distinction between culinary and botanical definitions is crucial, as exemplified by the tomato. While botanically a berry (a type of fruit), it is universally treated as a vegetable in cooking and commerce, a classification upheld even in legal contexts within some jurisdictions.

Leafy and Salad Vegetables

A World of Greens

This category encompasses a vast array of plants primarily consumed for their leaves, often used raw in salads or cooked as side dishes. Their nutritional profiles are typically rich in vitamins, minerals, and fiber.

Vernacular name Species name
Arrowhead elephant ear Xanthosoma sagittifolium
Asiatic pennywort Centella asiatica
Arugula Eruca sativa
Atibulnak Rubus pectinellus
Beet (greens) Beta vulgaris vulgaris
Binung Christella dentata
Bok choy (็™ฝ่œ) Brassica rapa (chinensis)
Borage greens Borago officinalis
Broccoli (leaves / stalks) Brassica oleracea
Brooklime Veronica beccabunga
Brussels sprouts Brassica oleracea (gemmifera)
Cabbage Brassica oleracea (capitata)
Caraway leaves Carum carvi
Catsear Hypochaeris radicata
Celery Apium graveolens
Celtuce Lactuca sativa (asparagina)
Chaya Cnidoscolus aconitifolius aconitifolius
Chili pepper leaves Capsicum spp.
Chickweed Stellaria
Chicory Cichorium intybus
Chinese mallow Malva verticillata
Collard greens Brassica oleracea
Common purslane Portulaca oleracea
Corn salad Valerianella locusta
Garden cress Lepidium sativum
Cucumis prophetarum Cucumis prophetarum
Garland Chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum coronarium
Ground elder Aegopodium podagraria
Dandelion Taraxacum officinale
Dill Anethum graveolens
Endive Cichorium endivia
Fat hen Chenopodium album
Fiddlehead Pteridium aquilinum, Athyrium esculentum
Fluted pumpkin Telfairia occidentalis
Gnetum / Melinjo Gnetum gnemon
Golden samphire Inula crithmoides
Good King Henry Chenopodium bonus-henricus
Grape (leaves) Vitis
Greater plantain Plantago major
Jute mallow / Melokhia Corchorus olitorius, Corchorus capsularis
Kai-lan (่Šฅ่˜ญ Gai lan) Brassica rapa (alboglabra)
Kale Brassica oleracea (acephala)
Kalette Brassica oleracea
Kerguelen cabbage Pringlea antiscorbutica
Komatsuna Brassica rapa (pervidis / komatsuna)
Kuka Adansonia
Lagos bologi Talinum fruticosum
Lamb's lettuce Valerianella locusta
Lamb's quarters Chenopodium album
Land cress Barbarea verna
Leaf celery Apium graveolens var. secalinum
Lettuce Lactuca sativa
Lizard's tail Houttuynia cordata
Malabar spinach Basella alba
Mallow Malvaceae
Moringa leaves Moringa oleifera
Miner's lettuce (Winter purslane) Claytonia perfoliata
Mizuna greens Brassica rapa (nipposinica)
Mustard Sinapis alba
Napa cabbage Brassica rapa (pekinensis)
New Zealand Spinach Tetragonia tetragonioides
Orache Atriplex hortensis
Papaya leaves Carica papaya
Paracress Acmella oleracea
Pea (sprouts / leaves) Lathyrus oleraceus
Pitogo Cycas riuminiana
Poke Phytolacca americana
Purple bauhinia / Butterfly tree Bauhinia purpurea
Radicchio Cichorium intybus
Rapini (broccoli rabe) Brassica rapa rapa
Red spinach Amaranthus dubius
Royal fern Osmunda regalis
Samphire Crithmum maritimum
Sculpit / Stridolo Silene inflata
Sea beet Beta vulgaris maritima
Sea kale Crambe maritima
Shepherd's purse Capsella bursa-pastoris
Sierra Leone bologi Crassocephalum biafrae
Soko Celosia argentea
Sorrel Rumex acetosa
Sour cabbage Brassica oleracea
Spinach Spinacia oleracea
Spiny amaranth Amaranthus spinosus
Summer purslane Portulaca oleracea
Sunset muskmallow Abelmoschus manihot
Sweet potato leaves Ipomoea batatas
Swiss chard Beta vulgaris cicla (flavescens)
Tahitian spinach Xanthosoma brasiliense
Taro leaves Colocasia esculenta
Tatsoi Brassica rapa (rosularis)
Turnip greens Brassica rapa (rapifera)
Vegetable fern Diplazium esculentum
Vegetable hummingbird Sesbania grandiflora
Viagra palm Calamus erectus
Watercress Nasturtium officinale
Water spinach Ipomoea aquatica
Wheatgrass Triticum aestivum
Yarrow Achillea millefolium
Yao choy (ๆฒน่œ Yu choy) Brassica napus

Fruit Vegetables

Botanical Fruits, Culinary Vegetables

This category highlights plants that, while botanically classified as fruits due to their development from the flower's ovary and containing seeds, are widely used as vegetables in culinary applications. Their versatility ranges from savory dishes to sauces and condiments.

Vernacular name Species name
Armenian cucumber Cucumis melo var. flexuosus
Butternut squash Cucurbita moschata
Bitter melon / Bitter gourd Momordica charantia
Caigua / Achocha Cyclanthera pedata
Calabash / Bottle gourd Lagenaria siceraria
Calabaza / West Indian pumpkin Cucurbita moschata
Chayote Sechium edule
Corn/Maize Zea mays
Gac Momordica cochinchinensis
Galo Anacolosa frutescens
Cucamelon / Mouse melon Melothria scabra
Cucumber Cucumis sativus
Cucumis prophetarum Cucumis prophetarum
Eggplant / Aubergine / Brinjal Solanum melongena
Ivy gourd Coccinia grandis
Kabocha Cucurbita maxima
Kiwano / Horned melon Cucumis metuliferus
Kapas-kapas Telosma procumbens
Luffa Luffa cylindrica
Pumpkin Cucurbita
Pointed gourd Trichosanthes dioica
Ridged gourd Luffa acutangula
Snake gourd Trichosanthes cucumerina
Spine gourd / Kantola Momordica dioica
Squash (plant) Cucurbita
Tinda Praecitrullus fistulosus
Tipuho Artocarpus treculianus
Tomatillo Physalis philadelphica
Tomato Solanum lycopersicum
West Indian gherkin Cucumis anguria
Water melon Citrullus lanatus
Winter melon Benincasa hispida
Zucchini / Courgette / Marrow Cucurbita pepo

Podded Vegetables

Legumes and Their Edible Pods

This category comprises plants whose seeds are encased within pods, which are themselves often consumed as vegetables. These are significant sources of protein and fiber in many diets.

Vernacular name Species name
American groundnut Apios americana
Asparagus bean Vigna unguiculata (sesquipedalis)
Azuki bean Vigna angularis
Black-eyed pea Vigna unguiculata unguiculata
Blue pea / Asian pigeonwings Clitoria ternatea
Chickpea Cicer arietinum
Common bean Phaseolus vulgaris
Drumstick Moringa oleifera
Dolichos bean Lablab purpureus
Fava bean Vicia faba
Garbanzo Cicer arietinum
Green bean (French bean) Phaseolus vulgaris
Guar Cyamopsis tetragonoloba
Horse gram Macrotyloma uniflorum
Hyacinth bean Lablab purpureus
Indian pea Lathyrus sativus
Lentil Lens culinaris
Lima bean Phaseolus lunatus
Moth bean Vigna acontifolia
Mung bean Vigna radiata
Okra Abelmoschus esculentus
Pea Pisum sativum
Peanut Arachis hypogaea
Pigeon pea Cajanus cajan
Ricebean Vigna umbellata
Runner bean Phaseolus coccineus
Snap pea (sugarsnap, mangetout) Pisum sativum (macrocarpon)
Snow pea (mangetout) Pisum sativum (saccharatum)
Soybean Glycine max
Tarwi (Tarhui / Chocho) Lupinus mutabilis
Tepary bean Phaseolus acutifolius
Urad bean Vigna mungo
Velvet bean Mucuna pruriens
Winged bean Psophocarpus tetragonolobus

Bulb and Stem Vegetables

Aromatics and Stalks

This category includes vegetables prized for their aromatic bulbs, stalks, or underground stems, which form the base of many cuisines and contribute distinct flavors and textures.

Vernacular name Species name
Asparagus Asparagus officinalis
Banana pith Musa ร— paradisiaca, Musa acuminata, Musa balibisian, other bananas
Cardoon Cynara cardunculus
Celeriac Apium graveolens (rapaceum)
Celery Apium graveolens
Chives Allium schoenoprasum
Elephant garlic Allium ampeloprasum (ampeloprasum)
Florence fennel Foeniculum vulgare (dulce)
Garlic Allium sativum
Garlic chives Allium tuberosum
Heart of palm Cocos nucifera, Euterpe spp., Sabal spp., Bactris gasipaes, Deckenia nobilis, other palms
Kohlrabi Brassica oleracea (gongylodes)
Kurrat Allium ampeloprasum (kurrat)
Landang Corypha spp.
Lemongrass Cymbopogon citratus
Leek Allium porrum
Lotus root Nelumbo nucifera
Nopal Opuntia ficus-indica
Onion Allium cepa
Pearl onion Allium ampeloprasum (sectivum)
Potato onion Allium cepa (aggregatum)
Prussian asparagus Ornithogalum pyrenaicum
Sago Metroxylon sagu, Cycas revoluta
Spring onion / Scallion Allium wakegi
Sea beans / samphire greens Salicornia spp.
Shallot Allium cepa (aggregatum)
Tree onion Allium ร— proliferum
Welsh onion Allium fistulosum
Wild leek Allium tricoccum
Manchurian wild rice Zizania latifolia

Root and Tuberous Vegetables

Earth's Bounty

These vegetables are grown for their edible roots, tubers, or underground stems. They are often starchy and provide essential carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals, forming the backbone of many global diets.

Vernacular name Species name
Ahipa Pachyrhizus ahipa
Arracacha Arracacia xanthorrhiza
Arrowleaf elephant ear Xanthosoma sagittifolium
Bamboo shoot Bambusa vulgaris, Phyllostachys edulis
Beetroot Beta vulgaris vulgaris
Burdock Arctium lappa
Broadleaf arrowhead Sagittaria latifolia
Camas Camassia
Canna Canna
Carrot Daucus carota
Cassumunar ginger Zingiber cassumunar
Cassava Manihot esculenta
Chinese artichoke Stachys affinis
Chinese ginger Boesenbergia rotunda
Daikon Raphanus sativus (longipinnatus)
Earthnut pea Lathyrus tuberosus
Elephant foot yam Amorphophallus paeoniifolius
Ensete Ensete ventricosum
Giant swamp taro Cyrtosperma merkusii
Giant taro Alocasia macrorrhizos
Ginger Zingiber officinale
Hamburg parsley Petroselinum crispum tuberosum
Horseradish Armoracia rusticana
Jerusalem artichoke Helianthus tuberosus
Jรญcama Pachyrhizus erosus
Kencur Kaempferia galanga
Lengkuas (Greater galangal) Alpinia galanga
Lesser galangal Alpinia officinarum
Mashua Tropaeolum tuberosum
Palmyra sprout Borassus flabellifer
Parsnip Pastinaca sativa
Pignut Conopodium majus
Polynesian arrowroot / East Indian arrowroot Tacca leontopetaloides
Potato Solanum tuberosum
Prairie turnip Pediomelum esculentum
Radish Raphanus sativus
Rutabaga (Swede) Brassica napus (napobrassica)
Purple Salsify Tragopogon porrifolius
Black salsify Scorzonera hispanica
Skirret Sium sisarum
Sweet potato (Kumara) Ipomoea batatas
Taro Colocasia esculenta
Ti Cordyline fruticosa
Tigernut Cyperus esculentus
Turmeric Curcuma longa
Turnip Brassica rapa (rapifera)
Ube (Purple yam) Dioscorea alata
Ulluco Ullucus tuberosus
Wasabi Wasabia japonica
Water caltrop Trapa natans, Trapa bicornis
Water chestnut Eleocharis dulcis
Yacรณn Smallanthus sonchifolius
Yam (vegetable) Dioscorea
Yautia horqueta Xanthosoma caracu

Sea Vegetables

Marine Flora

This category encompasses various types of edible algae and seaweeds, harvested from marine environments. They are recognized for their unique textures, umami flavors, and rich mineral content.

Vernacular name Species name
Aonori Monostroma, Enteromorpha
Arame Eisenia bicyclis
Carola (sea vegetable) Callophyllis variegata
Dabberlocks (Badderlocks) Alaria esculenta
Dulse (Dillisk) Palmaria palmata
Eelgrass Zostera
Green laver / Gim Monostroma, Porphyra, Ulva
Gusรด Eucheuma spp.
Hijiki Hizikia fusiformis
Kombu Laminaria japonica
(Red) laver Porphyra, Pyropia
Mozuku Cladosiphon okamuranus
Nori Porphyra, Pyropia
Ogonori Gracilaria
Sea grape Caulerpa lentillifera, Caulerpa racemosa
Sea lettuce Ulva lactuca
Wakame Undaria pinnatifida

Edible Flowers

Floral Gastronomy

Certain flowers from vegetable plants are also consumed, adding unique flavors, colors, and delicate textures to dishes. They are often used as garnishes or incorporated into specific culinary preparations.

Vernacular name Species name
Artichoke Cynara cardunculus / scolymus
Banana flower Musa ร— paradisiaca, Musa acuminata, Musa balibisiana, other bananas
Blue pea / Asian pigeonwings Clitoria ternatea
Broccoli Brassica oleracea
Broccolini flowers Brassica oleracea
Calabaza flower Cucurbita moschata
Caper Capparis spinosa
Cauliflower Brassica oleracea
Kapas-kapas Telosma procumbens
Himbabao Broussonetia luzonica
Pumpkin flower Cucurbita
Purple bauhinia / Butterfly tree Bauhinia purpurea
Daylily Hemerocallis fulva
Jade vine / Tayabak Srtongylodon macrobotrys
Loroco Echites panduratus
Moringa Moringa oleifera
Vegetable hummingbird Sesbania grandiflora
Waterblommetjie Aponogeton distachyos
Courgette flowers Cucurbita
Squash blossoms Cucurbita

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References

References

A full list of references for this article are available at the List of vegetables Wikipedia page

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Disclaimer

Important Notice Regarding Botanical and Culinary Information

This content has been generated by an Artificial Intelligence, drawing upon publicly available data, primarily from Wikipedia. While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy and comprehensiveness, the information presented here is for educational and informational purposes only. The distinction between botanical and culinary classifications of vegetables can be complex and may vary across cultures and contexts.

This is not professional botanical, nutritional, or agricultural advice. The information provided should not be considered a substitute for consultation with qualified experts in botany, horticulture, nutrition, or culinary arts. Always verify information with authoritative sources and consult professionals for specific applications or dietary guidance.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors, omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein. Users are encouraged to cross-reference information and exercise their own judgment.