What is the primary role of the M113 armored personnel carrier?

The M113 is a fully tracked armored personnel carrier (APC) designed to transport infantry troops under the protection of armor. It was developed by the FMC Corporation and entered service in 1960.

When and where was the M113 first used in combat?

The M113 saw its first combat use in April 1962 when the United States provided them to the South Vietnamese army (ARVN) as part of the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV) program.

What made the M113 significant in terms of its construction?

The M113 was the first combat vehicle to be mass-produced with an aluminum hull. This construction choice made it significantly lighter than previous similar vehicles, allowing for air transportability and moderate amphibious capabilities.

How is the M113 series utilized by the U.S. Army today?

While the M113 has been replaced as a front-line combat vehicle by the Bradley Fighting Vehicle in the U.S. Army, large numbers are still employed in various support roles, including armored ambulances, mortar carriers, engineer vehicles, and command vehicles.

What is the estimated total number of M113 family vehicles produced, and how widely is it used?

It is estimated that over 80,000 vehicles in the M113 family have been produced. These vehicles are used by more than 50 countries worldwide, making it one of the most widely deployed armored fighting vehicles in history.

When did M113 production cease, and what program is intended to replace it in U.S. Army service?

M113 production was terminated in 2007. The U.S. Army's Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV) program is intended to replace the M113 in service.

Which company developed the M113, and what were its predecessors?

The M113 was developed by the FMC Corporation, which had previously produced the M75 and M59 armored personnel carriers. The M113 aimed to combine the strengths of these earlier designs while addressing their weaknesses.

What were the key issues with the M75 and M59 that the M113 sought to resolve?

The M75 was too heavy and expensive, precluding amphibious use and air transport. The M59, while lighter and amphibious, had insufficient armor protection and reliability issues due to its dual-engine powertrain. The M113 aimed for a balance of protection, mobility, and cost-effectiveness.

What material was used for the M113's armor, and what was its intended protection level?

The M113 is constructed from 5083 aluminum alloy. Its armor was designed to be thick enough to protect against small arms fire but light enough for air transport and amphibious operations.

What specific engine powers the M113 and its variants?

The original M113 was powered by a Chrysler 75M V8 gasoline engine. Later variants, starting with the M113A1, were equipped with a Detroit Diesel 6V53T engine, a 6-cylinder diesel engine.

What is the typical crew size and passenger capacity of the M113?

The M113 requires a crew of two (driver and commander) and can carry between 11 to 15 passengers.

What was the primary armament of the standard M113?

The standard M113 was typically armed with a single .50 caliber (12.7 mm) M2 Browning heavy machine gun, operated by the commander.

How did the M113's design evolve to address survivability issues encountered in Vietnam?

Following combat experiences in Vietnam where exposed gunners were vulnerable, makeshift shields made from salvaged metal were fitted. These evolved into standardized armored gun shields and turrets, leading to the Armored Cavalry Assault Vehicle (ACAV) variant.

What modifications characterized the U.S. Army's ACAV variant?

The ACAV kit for the M113 included shields for the machine gun positions, a circular turret for the .50 caliber machine gun, and additional steel 'belly armor' for improved protection. Rear-mounted M60 machine guns were also added.

What was the purpose of the MICV-65 project?

The MICV-65 project aimed to develop a true infantry fighting vehicle (IFV) rather than just an armored personnel carrier, seeking to improve the fighting capabilities of mounted troops.

How can the M113's armor be enhanced for greater protection?

The M113's light armor can be augmented with add-on steel plates for improved ballistic protection. It can also be fitted with reactive armor or slat armor to defend against threats like rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs).

What advantages do rubber band tracks offer on the M113?

Rubber band tracks, used by Canadian and other forces, provide advantages such as stealthier operation, reduced damage to paved roads, higher speed, less maintenance, improved terrain access, and reduced vibration and rolling resistance.

What were the key improvements in the M113A2 variant?

The M113A2 featured improved engine cooling by relocating the radiator and fan, higher-strength torsion bars for increased ground clearance, and shock absorbers. Its weight increased, and it was no longer required to be amphibious. Smoke grenade launchers were also added.

What significant upgrades were introduced with the M113A3 variant?

The M113A3 incorporated improvements for enhanced battlefield survival, including a new steering yoke and brake pedal, a more powerful turbocharged engine, internal spall liners, and external armored fuel tanks, which also freed up internal space.

How did the M113's mobility features contribute to its design goals?

The M113's relatively light weight allowed for a smaller engine and transmission, contributing to its ability to carry a large payload cross-country. Its ability to swim without flotation aids and be transported by aircraft like the C-130 and C-141 fulfilled key design requirements for mobility and deployment.

What role did M113s play in the Vietnam War beyond troop transport?

In Vietnam, M113s were used in reconnaissance in force (RIF), search and destroy missions, and large-scale operations like the invasion of Cambodia and Operation Lam Son 719. They often operated alongside M48 Patton and M551 Sheridan tanks.

What were the primary vulnerabilities of the M113 observed during the Yom Kippur War and the 1982 Lebanon War?

During these conflicts, the M113's poor armor protection proved inadequate for direct combat. Its aluminum hull had a tendency to catch fire after being hit by anti-tank weapons, leading to significant casualties.

What incidents involving M113s in the Gaza Strip led the IDF to seek replacements?

In May 2004, two IDF M113s were destroyed by improvised explosive devices (IEDs) in the Gaza Strip, killing 11 soldiers in each incident. These events, known as the 'APC disaster,' highlighted the vehicle's vulnerability and spurred the development of the Namer APC.

What are some of the nicknames given to the M113 by various armies?

The M113 has acquired several nicknames, including 'green dragon' (ARVN), '113' or 'track' (US troops), 'buckets' and 'bush taxis' (Australian Army), 'elephant shoe,' 'tank wedge,' and 'bathtub' (German Army), and 'TOA' (Spanish Army).

What is the M106 variant of the M113 designed for?

The M106 is a mortar carrier variant equipped with an M30 mortar (106.7 mm or 4.2-inch) mounted on a turntable. It could fire the mortar from within the vehicle or when dismounted.

What is the M577 variant used for?

The M577 is a command post carrier variant. It features a higher roof over the rear troop compartment and carries additional radios and a generator to support command and control functions.

What type of armament does the M163 VADS utilize?

The M163 VADS (Vulcan Air Defense System) is a self-propelled anti-aircraft variant that mounts an M61 Vulcan 20 mm rotary cannon on a modified M113 chassis, equipped with a radar rangefinder.

What is the M901 ITV?

The M901 Improved TOW Vehicle (ITV) is an M113 derivative equipped with a launcher armed with two TOW anti-tank guided missiles, designed for anti-armor roles.

What is the purpose of the M113A3 Opposing Forces, Surrogate Vehicle (OSV)?

The M113A3 OSV variants are used at training centers like the National Training Center (NTC) in California. They are visually modified (vismod) to simulate enemy vehicles, such as the Russian BMP-2 and T-80, for realistic combat training scenarios.

What is the AIFV, and how does it differ from the standard M113?

The AIFV (Armored Infantry Fighting Vehicle) is a development based on the M113A1. It features an enclosed turret and firing ports, enhancing its combat capabilities compared to the basic APC role of the M113.

Which countries are noted as the largest operators of the M113?

The United States and Israel are identified as the largest operators of the M113, with thousands of vehicles in service in both nations.

What challenges has the M113 faced in recent conflicts regarding its armor?

In recent conflicts, the M113's light armor has proven vulnerable to modern threats like improvised explosive devices (IEDs), rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs), and advanced anti-tank missiles, leading to significant losses and calls for replacement.

What is the role of the M548 variant?

The M548 is an unarmored cargo carrier variant of the M113, equipped with a rear cargo bed for transporting supplies and equipment.

What specific engine upgrade did the M113A3 receive?

The M113A3 was upgraded with a more powerful, turbocharged version of the Detroit Diesel 6V53 engine, designated the 6V53T, which improved its performance and power-to-weight ratio.

How does the M113's aluminum armor compare in protection to modern APCs like the Stryker?

The M113's aluminum armor, typically 28-44 mm thick, is designed for protection against small arms fire and shell splinters. In contrast, a modern APC like the Stryker offers significantly higher protection levels, including against 14.5 mm armor-piercing rounds and mines.

What is the significance of the M113's amphibious capability?

The M113's ability to swim using only its tracks and a front trim vane, without needing flotation aids, allows it to cross water obstacles independently, enhancing its operational flexibility.

What specific improvements were made to the M113A3's survivability?

The M113A3 enhanced survivability through the addition of internal spall liners to protect occupants from fragmentation, and external armored fuel tanks to prevent catastrophic fires if penetrated.

What is the Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV) program, and what is it replacing?

The AMPV program is the U.S. Army's initiative to replace the M113 APC fleet. The AMPV is based on a variant of the Bradley Fighting Vehicle and is designed to fulfill five distinct mission roles.

What is the estimated timeline for the M113's complete replacement in U.S. Army service?

Due to the pace of AMPV production and the need to equip multiple brigades, the M113 is not expected to be fully replaced in U.S. Army armored brigade combat teams until the late 2020s, and likely not phased out of all U.S. Army service until after 2030.

What specific variants of the AMPV are planned for the U.S. Army?

The planned AMPV variants include the General Purpose (M1283), Medical Evacuation Vehicle (M1284), Medical Treatment Vehicle (M1285), and Mission Command (M1286) vehicles.

How did the M113's design address the need for air transportability?

The M113's relatively light weight, achieved through its aluminum hull, made it possible for it to be transported by air-lift aircraft such as the C-130 and C-141, fulfilling a key requirement for rapid deployment.

What role did the M113 play in the Australian Army's operations in Vietnam?

The Australian Army used the M113 in Vietnam, initially modifying them with different gun shields and turrets to improve crew survivability. They standardized on the Cadillac-Gage T-50 turret and also operated a variant with a 76mm gun for fire support.

What are the M113A3/BMP-2 OSVs used for at training centers?

These vehicles are visually modified (vismod) M113A3s equipped with simulated Russian components and laser engagement systems. They are used to represent enemy vehicles like the BMP-2 and T-80 MBT during training exercises.

What is the M58 Wolf system?

The M58 Wolf is a variant of the M113 chassis adapted as a smoke screen generator vehicle.

What is the M132 variant equipped with?

The M132 is an armored flamethrower variant, featuring a turret armed with a flamethrower and a .50 caliber machine gun. These are no longer in U.S. Army service.

What is the M48 Chaparral variant?

The M48 Chaparral is an anti-aircraft variant of the M113 chassis, equipped with a launcher carrying four MIM-72A/M48 Chaparral missiles for air defense.

What is the M113's operational range on a full tank of fuel?

The M113 has an operational range of approximately 480 kilometers (300 miles).

What is the top speed of the M113 on land and in water?

The M113 has a maximum speed of 67.6 km/h (42.0 mph) on land and can travel at 5.8 km/h (3.6 mph) when swimming.

What is the approximate weight of the M113 in tons?

The M113 weighs approximately 12.3 metric tons (13.6 short tons or 12.1 long tons).

What is the primary material used in the M113's hull construction?

The M113's hull is constructed from 5083 aluminum alloy, chosen for its lighter weight compared to steel, which aids in air transportability and amphibious capability.

What specific engine powers the M113A3 variant?

The M113A3 is powered by a more powerful, turbocharged Detroit Diesel 6V-53T engine, providing 275 horsepower.

M113 Armored Personnel Carrier Wiki: The M113: A Legacy of Tracked Mobility

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Overview

Armored Personnel Carrier

The M113 is a fully tracked armored personnel carrier (APC) developed and produced by the FMC Corporation. It was designed to replace the M59 APCs in the U.S. Army's mechanized infantry units. First deployed in 1960, it saw extensive combat use, notably in the Vietnam War, where it was often referred to as an "APC" or "ACAV" (Armored Cavalry Assault Vehicle) by allied forces.^[5]

Innovative Construction

A significant innovation of the M113 was its construction using an aluminum hull, making it the first combat vehicle of its kind to be put into mass production with this material. This design choice resulted in a vehicle that was considerably lighter than its predecessors, enabling air transportability and a degree of amphibious capability, while still offering protection against small arms fire.^[3]

Global Reach and Adaptability

Over its production run, an estimated 80,000 vehicles of the M113 family were produced, serving with over 50 countries worldwide. Its versatility has led to numerous adaptations for various roles, and it remains one of the most widely utilized armored fighting vehicles globally, even as newer platforms emerge.^[6]

Development

Genesis of the M113

The M113's development by FMC Corporation stemmed from lessons learned from earlier APCs like the M75 (too heavy and expensive) and the M59 (insufficient armor, unreliable powertrain). The goal was to create an "airborne armored multi-purpose vehicle family" (AAM-PVF) that was mobile, survivable, and cost-effective. FMC collaborated with Kaiser Aluminum to develop advanced aluminum armor, achieving the desired protection and weight.^[10]

Selection and Evolution

FMC presented two proposals: the aluminum-armored T113 (in two armor variants) and the steel-armored T117. The thicker-armored T113 variant, offering comparable protection at a lower weight, was selected by the U.S. Army in 1960 as the M113. A subsequent diesel-powered prototype, the T113E2, entered production in 1964 as the M113A1, quickly superseding the gasoline-powered M113.^[11] Production later transitioned to United Defense and subsequently BAE Systems.

Specifications

Key Technical Data

The M113 family exhibits a range of specifications across its variants. The foundational M113 model established key performance parameters that have been refined over decades.

	M113	M113A1	M113A2	M113A3
Overall length	191.5 in (4.9 m)		208.5 in (5.3 m) w/ external fuel tanks, 191.5 in (4.9 m) w/o	208.5 in (5.3 m)
Overall width	105.75 in (2.7 m)
Height over machine gun	98.25 in (2.5 m)		99.25 in (2.5 m)
Ground clearance	16.1 in (40.9 cm)		17.1 in (43.4 cm)
Top speed	40 mph (64 km/h)
Fording	Floats			Restricted to 40 in (101.6 cm)
Max. grade	60%
Max. trench	5.5 ft (1.7 m)
Max. wall	24 in (0.6 m)
Range	200 mi (320 km)	300 mi (480 km)
Power	215 hp (160 kW) at 4000 rpm	212 hp (158 kW) at 2800 rpm		275 hp (205 kW) at 2800 rpm
Power-to-weight ratio	18.8 hp/ST (15.5 kW/t)	17.6 hp/ST (14.5 kW/t)	17.0 hp/ST (14.0 kW/t) (w/o external tanks)	20.2 hp/ST (16.6 kW/t) (w/o applique armor)
Torque	332 lb⋅ft (450 N⋅m) at 2800 rpm	492 lb⋅ft (670 N⋅m) at 1300 rpm		627 lb⋅ft (850 N⋅m) at 1600 rpm
Weight, combat loaded	22,900 lb (10,390 kg)	24,080 lb (10,920 kg)	25,000 lb (11,340 kg)	27,200 lb (12,340 kg) (w/o applique)
Ground pressure	7.3 psi (50 kPa)	7.6 psi (52 kPa)	7.9 psi (54 kPa)	7.9 psi (54 kPa)
Main armament	M2 Browning machine gun

Variants

Core M113 Family

The M113 platform has been adapted into numerous variants, each addressing specific battlefield needs. The primary upgrades focused on engine power, suspension, armor protection, and crew ergonomics.

M113: The original gasoline-powered version.
M113A1: Introduced a more fuel-efficient and safer Detroit Diesel 6V53 engine.
M113A2: Featured improved engine cooling, stronger suspension components, and increased ground clearance. Amphibious capability was restricted due to increased weight.
M113A3: Incorporated significant survivability enhancements, including a more powerful turbocharged engine, improved driver controls, external armored fuel tanks, and internal spall liners.

Specialized Derivatives

Beyond personnel transport, the M113 chassis serves as the basis for a wide array of specialized vehicles:

M106/M1064: Mortar carriers armed with 81mm or 120mm mortars.
M163 VADS: A self-propelled anti-aircraft system mounting an M61 Vulcan cannon.
M48 Chaparral: An air-defense variant equipped with MIM-72 Chaparral missiles.
M577: A command post carrier with an elevated roof for enhanced communications equipment.
M901 ITV: An Improved TOW Vehicle equipped with TOW anti-tank missiles.
AIFV (Armored Infantry Fighting Vehicle): A significant upgrade with an enclosed turret and firing ports, sold to various international users.

Operational History

Vietnam War

The M113 saw extensive service during the Vietnam War, becoming the primary armored personnel carrier for U.S. and South Vietnamese forces. Early combat revealed vulnerabilities, particularly to small arms fire impacting exposed crews, leading to the development of the Armored Cavalry Assault Vehicle (ACAV) configuration with added shields and armor. Despite its limitations, the M113 was crucial for mobility in the dense jungle terrain.^[5]^[14]

Israeli Defense Forces (IDF)

The IDF is one of the largest operators of the M113, utilizing thousands of vehicles in various domestically developed variants. While effective in many roles, the M113's aluminum armor proved vulnerable to modern anti-tank weapons and improvised explosive devices (IEDs), leading to significant casualties in conflicts like the Yom Kippur War and subsequent operations. This vulnerability spurred the development of more heavily protected vehicles like the Namer and Eitan APCs.^[36]

Global Deployment and Modernization

The M113 has been deployed in numerous conflicts and peacekeeping operations worldwide. Many nations have undertaken modernization programs to enhance the M113's protection, firepower, and mobility, extending its service life. The U.S. Army is phasing out its M113 fleet in favor of the Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV), but the M113 is expected to remain in service globally for many years.^[7]

Operators

Global Presence

The M113's widespread adoption underscores its enduring utility and adaptability. It has served with armed forces across continents, playing a role in various military doctrines and operational environments.

Afghanistan: 173 M113A2
Argentina: 114 M113A2 (20 mm cannon), 70 M113A1-ACAV, 204 M113A2
Australia: 340 M113AS4, 91 M113AS3
Bahrain: 300 M113A2, 12 M113A2 (120 mm gun)
Benin: 22
Bolivia: 50+
Bosnia and Herzegovina: 20 M113A2
Brazil: 198 M113A1, 386 M113BR, 12 M113A2, 64 M577A2; Marine Corps: 30
Cambodia
Canada: 140 M113A3/M577A3 (CP)
Chile: 306 M113A1 and M113A2
Colombia: 28 M113A1, 26 M113A2
Cyprus: 418
Denmark: 65 M113G4 DK, 170 M113G3 DK
Ecuador: 20
Egypt: 2,498 M113A2/M-106A2, 60 M-125, 33 M-981 FISTV, 131 M577A1 (CP)
Germany: 37
Greece: 1,852 M113A1/A2, 187 M577 (CP)
Guatemala: 10
Iran: 200
Iraq: 1,026 M113A2
Indonesia: 143 M113A1-B, 1 M113A1-B-GN, 5 M113 Arisgator
Israel: 500 M113A2
Jordan: 370 M113A1/A2, 269 M577A2 (CP)
Kuwait: 230 M113A2, 30 M577 (CP)
Lebanon: 1,274 M113A1/A2
Libya: M113, M106
Lithuania: 234 M113A1, 22 M577 (CP), 15 M113 with Tampella
Morocco: 400 M113A1/A2, 419 M113A3, 86 M577A2 (CP), 80 M901, 60 M163, 36 M106A2, 91 M1064A3
North Macedonia: 27
Norway: 315
Pakistan: 2,300 M113A1/A2/P
Peru: 120 M113A1 (upgraded to Cobra-1)
Philippines: 34 M113A1 FSV, 18 M113A2 FSV, 42 M113A1, 120 M113A2
Poland: 70 M-577 (CP)
Portugal: 176 M113A1, 14 M113A2, 49 M577A2 (CP), 17 M113 with TOW
Russia: Captured units
Saudi Arabia: 1,190 M113A4
Singapore: 750+ M113A1/A2
South Korea: 420 M113, 140 M577 (CP)
Spain: 453
Sudan: 36
Switzerland: 315 M113A2
Syrian National Army: Donated units
Taiwan: 650 M113, 225 with 20–30 mm cannon
Thailand: 430 M113A1/A3
Tunisia: 140 M113A1/A2
Turkey: 2,813 M113A2T1 & T2
Ukraine: ~900+ donated units (US, Portugal, Spain, Germany, Australia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg)
United States: ~4,200 M113A2/A3 (Army)
Uruguay: 24 M113A1UR
Vietnam: 200
Yemen: 107 M113A1

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References

Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 â The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 219.

Lithuania has already sent 50 M113 armored vehicles to Ukraine , 26 September 2022.

Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 â The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 199.

Cooper & Santana, Lebanese Civil War Volume 1: Palestinian diaspora, Syrian and Israeli interventions, 1970-1978 (2019), p. 56.

Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 â The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), pp. 205; 207.

Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), appendix A, table A-6.

Hokayem, L'armÃ©e libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du prÃ©sident de la RÃ©publique (1975â1985) (2012), pp. 29â30.

Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 â The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 59.

Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 â The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), pp. 74-75.

Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 â The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 159.

Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 â The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 26.

Cooper & Sandler, Lebanese Civil War Volume 2: Quiet before the Storm, 1978-1981 (2021), Plate i.

A full list of references for this article are available at the M113 armored personnel carrier Wikipedia page

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Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not military advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional military analysis, strategic planning, or operational consultation. Always refer to official military documentation and consult with qualified professionals for specific needs.

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The M113: A Legacy of Tracked Mobility

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview ℹ️

🛡️ Armored Personnel Carrier

💡 Innovative Construction

🌍 Global Reach and Adaptability

Development ⚙️

🚀 Genesis of the M113

🏆 Selection and Evolution

Specifications 📏

📊 Key Technical Data

Variants 🧩

🛠️ Core M113 Family

🔫 Specialized Derivatives

Operational History 📜

🇻🇳 Vietnam War

🇮🇱 Israeli Defense Forces (IDF)

🌐 Global Deployment and Modernization

Operators 🗺️

🌍 Global Presence

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

Armored Personnel Carrier

Innovative Construction

Global Reach and Adaptability

Development

Genesis of the M113

Selection and Evolution

Specifications

Key Technical Data

Variants

Core M113 Family

Specialized Derivatives

Operational History

Vietnam War

Israeli Defense Forces (IDF)

Global Deployment and Modernization

Operators

Global Presence

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice