What is the Arabic name for the city of Madaba, and what is its significance?

The Arabic name for Madaba is مادبا. This name refers to the city which serves as the capital of the Madaba Governorate in central Jordan. It is renowned for its significant Byzantine and Umayyad mosaics, particularly a large mosaic map of the Holy Land.

What is the geographical location of Madaba in relation to Jordan's capital city?

Madaba is situated in central Jordan, approximately 30 kilometers (19 miles) southwest of Amman, the nation's capital.

What is the approximate population of Madaba?

As of 2021, Madaba has a population of approximately 122,008 residents, making it the 9th largest city in Jordan. An earlier figure mentions a population of about 60,000.

To what historical periods do the most notable mosaics in Madaba belong?

Madaba is particularly famous for its mosaics dating from the Byzantine and Umayyad periods. These artworks are found in various locations throughout the city.

When does the history of Madaba reportedly begin?

The history of Madaba dates back to the Middle Bronze Age, indicating a long and continuous settlement in the region.

What biblical significance does Madaba hold from the Iron Age?

During the Iron Age, Madaba was a Moabite border city. It is mentioned in the Bible in the books of Numbers 21:30 and Joshua 13:9. The Mesha Stele also references the city, indicating that control over it shifted between Israel and Moab.

Which empires ruled Madaba during Classical Antiquity, and what administrative region was it part of?

From the 2nd to the 7th centuries, Madaba was under the rule of the Roman and Byzantine empires. During this time, it was incorporated into the Provincia Arabia, a province established by Emperor Trajan to succeed the Nabataean kingdom.

What is the earliest evidence of a Christian community in Madaba?

The earliest evidence of a Christian community in Madaba, complete with its own bishop, is found in the records of the Council of Chalcedon in 451 AD. Constantine, the Metropolitan Archbishop of Bostra, signed on behalf of Gaiano, who was the Bishop of the Medabeni.

Which Islamic caliphate conquered Madaba, and following which battle?

Madaba was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate in 629 AD, following the Battle of Mut'ah. This marked the transition to Islamic rule in the region.

Under which Islamic caliphate was Madaba part of the province of Bilad al-Sham?

During the rule of the Umayyad Caliphate, Madaba was part of the southern district of Jund Filastin, which itself was within the larger Bilad al-Sham province.

How was Madaba resettled in the late 19th century?

In 1880, approximately 90 Arab Christian families from Al Karak resettled the ruins of Madaba. Their resettlement was guided by two Italian priests from the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem.

What was the impact of the 1880 resettlement and subsequent archaeological research on Madaba?

The resettlement in 1880 marked the beginning of archaeological research in Madaba. This research significantly supplemented the limited historical documentation previously available for the city.

How does the Catholic Church distinguish between the ancient bishopric and the modern city of Madaba?

The Catholic Church's list of titular sees uses the spelling "Medaba" when referring to the ancient bishopric located in the city. However, it refers to the modern city itself as "Madaba."

How were the first mosaics discovered in Madaba city?

The initial mosaics in Madaba were discovered by inhabitants while constructing new homes. They found these mosaics within the remnants of older buildings, utilizing materials from those structures.

What role did the local priests play in the preservation of Madaba's mosaics?

The priests played a crucial role in making the new inhabitants aware of the historical and artistic importance of the mosaics. This awareness led the residents to actively care for and preserve the mosaics that were uncovered during construction and excavation.

Which area of Madaba city contains the highest concentration of discovered mosaics?

The northern part of Madaba city has yielded the greatest concentration of mosaic discoveries. This area was historically crossed by a colonnaded Roman road.

What is the significance of the Madaba Mosaic Map?

The Madaba Mosaic Map is a significant 6th-century mosaic map of the region, preserved in the floor of the Greek Orthodox Basilica of Saint George. It is the earliest known representation of Byzantine Jerusalem and provides crucial details about 6th-century landmarks, aiding scholarly understanding of the city's historical layout.

What specific landmarks of 6th-century Jerusalem are depicted in the Madaba Mosaic Map?

The Madaba Mosaic Map clearly shows the cardo, which was the central colonnaded street of Jerusalem, and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. These depictions are vital for understanding the city's structure during that era.

What other subjects are depicted in the mosaics found in Madaba, besides the map?

Beyond the famous map, other mosaic masterpieces found in locations like the Church of the Virgin and the Apostles and the Archaeological Museum depict a rich variety of subjects. These include numerous flowers, plants, birds, fish, animals, exotic beasts, scenes from mythology, and depictions of everyday activities such as hunting, fishing, and farming.

Which university has been conducting excavations in Madaba since 1996?

The University of Toronto has been excavating in Madaba since 1996. Their work has primarily focused on the west acropolis of the city.

What significant Iron Age temple was discovered near Madaba, and what did it contain?

A 3,000-year-old Iron Age temple was discovered in 2010 at Khirbat 'Ataroz, near Madaba. This temple contained several figurines of ancient deities and circular clay vessels believed to have been used in Moabite religious rituals.

What is Khirbat Ataruz also known as, and what historical significance does it hold?

Khirbat Ataruz is also known as Ataroth. It is prominently mentioned in the Mesha stele and was conquered by Israelite King Omri, as detailed in biblical texts and the Mesha stele itself. The oldest known inscription in the Moabite language script was discovered here.

When was the oldest inscription in the Moabite language script discovered?

The oldest inscription in the Moabite language script, dated to the late 9th or early 8th century BC, was found at Khirbat Ataruz.

When was the Madaba Institute for Mosaic Art and Restoration established, and what was its original name?

The Madaba Institute for Mosaic Art and Restoration was founded in 1992 under the name Madaba Mosaic School. It was initially established as a high school offering the Tawjihi diploma.

How did the Madaba Institute for Mosaic Art and Restoration evolve into its current form?

In 2007, the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, in partnership with USAID's Siyaha project and the Italian government, transformed the institute into a two-year, post-secondary educational program offering diplomas in Mosaic Art Production and Restoration.

What is the climate classification of Madaba?

Madaba experiences a hot-summer Mediterranean climate, classified as Csa under the Köppen climate classification system. This climate type is characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters.

What is the average annual precipitation in Madaba?

Madaba receives an average annual precipitation of approximately 346 mm (13.62 inches). The majority of this rainfall occurs during the winter months.

What is the average annual temperature in Madaba?

The average annual temperature in Madaba is 16.4 degrees Celsius (61.5 degrees Fahrenheit).

What is Madaba's primary attraction for visitors?

Madaba's main attraction for visitors is its collection of Byzantine mosaics. These artworks are found covering the floors of houses and churches dating back to the city's earliest periods of habitation, and their discovery has been significantly enhanced by the creation of an archaeological park.

What is Hammamat Ma'in, and where is it located relative to Madaba?

Hammamat Ma'in, also known as the Ma'in Hot Springs, is a site southwest of Madaba. It features natural thermal mineral springs that have been recognized for centuries for their purported therapeutic properties.

What is the significance of the nearby site of Umm ar-Rasas?

Umm ar-Rasas, located southeast of Madaba on the edge of the semi-arid steppe, is significant for its well-preserved mosaics. The site began as a Roman military camp and developed into a town by the 5th century.

What is depicted in the mosaic known as the "Personification of the Sea" found in Madaba?

The "Personification of the Sea" mosaic, found in the Church of the Apostles ruins, depicts a woman emerging from the sea. She is surrounded by mythical aquatic creatures, along with a variety of animals and vegetation, including rams, bulls, parrots, and exotic plants. This mosaic was signed by a mosaicist named Salamanios.

What is the Bani Hamida weaving project, and what does it produce?

The Bani Hamida weaving project, started in 1985 by twelve women from the Bani Hamida tribe, produces woven items. These products are known for their traditionally bright colors and are made using traditional ground looms. The women also create decorative candles.

When did the American University of Madaba open, and where is it situated?

The American University of Madaba (AUM) opened in 2011. Its campus is located on a 100-acre site outside the city of Madaba.

Which Palestinian city is Madaba twinned with?

Madaba is twinned with Bethlehem in Palestine.

Which city in the United States shares a twinning relationship with Madaba?

Madaba is twinned with Denton, Texas, in the United States.

What is the native name for Madaba?

The native name for Madaba, written in Arabic script, is مادبا.

What is the elevation of Madaba above sea level?

Madaba is situated at an elevation of 763 meters (2,503 feet) above sea level.

What is the area of the city of Madaba?

The city of Madaba covers an area of 39.440 square kilometers (15.228 square miles).

What is the area of the Madaba metropolitan region?

The metropolitan area of Madaba encompasses approximately 100 square kilometers (39 square miles).

What is the significance of the Madaba Archaeological Park?

The Madaba Archaeological Park is a key site that enhances Madaba's appeal as a tourist destination, particularly due to its collection of Byzantine mosaics. These mosaics are found within the floors of ancient houses and churches, showcasing the city's historical habitation.

What is the "Personification of the Sea" mosaic, and where is it located?

The "Personification of the Sea" is a mosaic found in the ruins of the Church of the Apostles, located at the southern entrance to Madaba near the King's Highway. This Byzantine-era mosaic depicts a woman emerging from the sea, surrounded by mythical creatures and various forms of life.

What is the role of the Madaba Visitors Center in relation to the city's attractions?

The Madaba Visitors Center serves as a point of reference for tourists exploring the city's attractions. It is located adjacent to the Madaba Archaeological Park, facilitating access to the city's historical sites and mosaic displays.

What is the "Madaba Map"?

The "Madaba Map" is a 6th-century mosaic map of the region, famously preserved in the floor of the Greek Orthodox Basilica of Saint George. It is composed of two million pieces of colored stone and is renowned for depicting historical Palestine and the Nile Delta, including the earliest surviving representation of Byzantine Jerusalem.

What historical period does the fortification wall found on Madaba's west acropolis date from?

A fortification wall, measuring 7.5 meters (25 feet) wide, was uncovered on Madaba's west acropolis. This wall was initially built sometime in the 9th century BC, with subsequent rebuilds throughout its history.

What is the significance of the "Madaba Map" for understanding Jerusalem?

The Madaba Map is crucial for developing scholarly knowledge about the physical layout of Jerusalem after its destruction and rebuilding in 70 AD. It provides detailed information about the city's 6th-century landmarks, such as the cardo and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.

What is the "Madaba Governorate"?

The Madaba Governorate is an administrative region in central Jordan, with Madaba city serving as its capital. The governorate encompasses the city and surrounding towns and villages.

What is the "Biblical Hebrew" name for Madaba?

The Biblical Hebrew name for Madaba is מֵידְבָא, transliterated as Mēḏəḇāʾ.

What is the "Ancient Greek" name for Madaba?

The Ancient Greek name for Madaba is Μήδαβα.

Madaba Wiki: Madaba: An Ancient Nexus of Art and Faith

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Overview

Geographical Context

Madaba, situated in the central region of Jordan, serves as the capital city of the Madaba Governorate. With a contemporary population approximating 60,000 individuals, it is strategically located approximately 30 kilometers (19 miles) southwest of the national capital, Amman. The city's historical significance is intrinsically linked to its rich artistic heritage, particularly its extensive Byzantine and Umayyad mosaics.

Historical Significance

The city is globally recognized for its exceptional collection of mosaics, most notably a comprehensive Byzantine-era mosaic map of the Holy Land. This artifact, alongside numerous other archaeological discoveries, underscores Madaba's pivotal role as a cultural and religious center throughout antiquity and into the early Islamic period.

Ancient Roots

Madaba's origins trace back to the Middle Bronze Age, with documented mentions in biblical texts such as Numbers 21:30 and Joshua 13:9, positioning it as a significant city during the Iron Age. Its strategic importance continued through the Roman and Byzantine eras, culminating in its integration into the early Islamic caliphates.

Historical Trajectory

Early Civilizations

The historical provenance of Madaba extends back to the Middle Bronze Age. During the Iron Age, it functioned as a key city within the Moabite territory, as evidenced by its inclusion in biblical narratives and inscriptions like the Mesha Stele. Control over the city fluctuated between the kingdoms of Israel and Moab.

Classical Antiquity and Byzantine Era

From the 2nd to the 7th centuries CE, Madaba was administered under the Roman and subsequently the Byzantine empires, forming part of the Provincia Arabia. The earliest documented evidence of a distinct Christian community, complete with its own bishop, dates to the Council of Chalcedon in 451 CE. This period marked a flourishing of religious and artistic activity, laying the groundwork for its mosaic heritage.

Islamic Rule and Modern Resettlement

Following its conquest by the Rashidun Caliphate in 629 CE, Madaba became integrated into the Umayyad Caliphate's administrative structure within the Bilad al-Sham province. After periods of decline, the modern settlement began in 1880 when approximately 90 Arab Christian families from Al Karak resettled the ruins, initiating a revival that continues to this day.

Archaeological Treasures

The Art of Mosaics

Madaba is internationally acclaimed for its exquisite Byzantine and Umayyad mosaics. Discovered primarily during the construction of new dwellings utilizing materials from older structures, these artworks adorn the floors of ancient houses and churches. The meticulous preservation efforts, often guided by local clergy and scholars, have ensured the survival of these intricate pieces.

The Madaba Map

The centerpiece of Madaba's mosaic legacy is the 6th-century mosaic map, preserved within the Greek Orthodox Basilica of Saint George. This detailed cartographical representation of Jerusalem and the surrounding region, composed of over two million colored stone tesserae, offers invaluable insights into the city's 6th-century layout and landmarks, including the Cardo and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. It stands as the earliest extant depiction of Byzantine Jerusalem.

Archaeological Park and Institute

The city hosts an archaeological park that showcases numerous mosaic masterpieces, including those found in the Church of the Virgin and the Apostles, and the Hippolytus Hall. These works feature diverse motifs such as flora, fauna, mythological scenes, and daily life activities. The Madaba Institute for Mosaic Art and Restoration, founded in 1992, continues this legacy by offering specialized education in mosaic production and conservation.

Climate Data

Mediterranean Climate Characteristics

Madaba experiences a hot-summer Mediterranean climate, classified under the Köppen climate system as Csa. The region receives the majority of its annual precipitation during the winter months. The average annual temperature hovers around 16.4°C (61.5°F), with approximately 346 mm (13.62 inches) of rainfall annually.

Seasonal Data

The climate data reveals distinct seasonal patterns. Mean daily maximum temperatures range from approximately 12.2°C (54.0°F) in January to highs of around 30.3°C (86.5°F) in August. Minimum temperatures typically range from 3.3°C (37.9°F) in winter to 16.7°C (62.1°F) in summer. Precipitation is most significant between November and March.

Climate data for Madaba
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	12.2 (54.0)	13.9 (57.0)	16.9 (62.4)	22.2 (72.0)	26.5 (79.7)	29.2 (84.6)	30.2 (86.4)	30.3 (86.5)	29.3 (84.7)	26.5 (79.7)	20.1 (68.2)	13.7 (56.7)	22.6 (72.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	3.3 (37.9)	4.1 (39.4)	5.8 (42.4)	9.0 (48.2)	12.1 (53.8)	14.8 (58.6)	16.4 (61.5)	16.7 (62.1)	15.1 (59.2)	12.5 (54.5)	8.8 (47.8)	4.6 (40.3)	10.3 (50.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	81 (3.2)	75 (3.0)	63 (2.5)	16 (0.6)	5 (0.2)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	4 (0.2)	36 (1.4)	66 (2.6)	346 (13.6)
Source: Climate-Data.org, Climate data

Points of Interest

Mosaic Heritage

Madaba's primary allure lies in its extensive collection of Byzantine mosaics, which draw significant international attention. These artworks, found within ancient residences and ecclesiastical structures, are a testament to the city's historical artistic prowess. The establishment of an archaeological park has further enhanced the accessibility and appreciation of these cultural treasures.

Ma'in Hot Springs

Located to the southwest of Madaba, the Hammamat Ma'in, or Ma'in Hot Springs, are renowned for their thermal mineral waters. For centuries, these springs have been sought after for their purported therapeutic benefits, attracting visitors seeking relaxation and wellness in a natural setting.

Umm ar-Rasas

The nearby archaeological site of Umm ar-Rasas, situated southeast of Madaba on the fringes of the semi-arid steppe, presents another significant historical dimension. Originally a Roman military encampment, it evolved into a town by the 5th century CE and features remarkably well-preserved mosaics, complementing Madaba's own artistic legacy.

Church of the Apostles

At the southern entrance to Madaba, adjacent to the King's Highway, stands the Church of the Apostles. This Byzantine church, dating back to 578 CE, is undergoing restoration and houses a notable mosaic known as the "Personification of the Sea." This artwork depicts a female figure emerging from the sea, surrounded by mythical marine creatures and a vibrant array of fauna and flora, signed by the mosaicist Salamanios.

Bani Hamida Weavings

Initiated in 1985 by twelve women from the Bani Hamida tribe, a weaving project produces textiles characterized by traditionally bright colors. Utilizing traditional ground looms, these woven items are available throughout Jordan and internationally. Visitors can observe the weaving process firsthand in the village of Mukawir and also find decorative candles crafted by the artisans.

American University of Madaba

The American University of Madaba (AUM), established in 2011, occupies a 100-acre campus situated on the outskirts of the city. It represents a modern educational institution contributing to the region's development.

International Relations

Sister Cities

Madaba maintains formal relationships as a twin town with several international cities, fostering cultural exchange and cooperation. These affiliations highlight Madaba's global connections and its role within international communities.

Bethlehem, Palestine: This twinning signifies a shared historical and cultural connection within the region.
Denton, Texas, United States: This partnership bridges continents, promoting understanding between diverse cultures.

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References

Flavius Josephus, Antiquitates Judaicae, Â§ 13.15.4

Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, Â§ G203.15

A full list of references for this article are available at the Madaba Wikipedia page

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Disclaimer

Important Notice

This document has been generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended solely for informational and educational purposes. The content is derived from a snapshot of publicly available data and may not represent the most current or exhaustive information.

This is not professional advice. The information presented herein should not be construed as expert consultation in history, archaeology, art, or tourism. Users are encouraged to consult primary sources and qualified professionals for specific inquiries or applications.

The creators of this content assume no liability for any inaccuracies, omissions, or actions taken based upon the information provided.

Madaba: Echoes of Mosaics and Ancient Journeys

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview ℹ️

📍 Geographical Context

🗺️ Historical Significance

🏛️ Ancient Roots

Historical Trajectory ⏳

🏺 Early Civilizations

🌐 Classical Antiquity and Byzantine Era

🕌 Islamic Rule and Modern Resettlement

Archaeological Treasures 💎

🎨 The Art of Mosaics

🗺️ The Madaba Map

🏛️ Archaeological Park and Institute

Climate Data ☀️

🌡️ Mediterranean Climate Characteristics

📊 Seasonal Data

Points of Interest 🌟

🖼️ Mosaic Heritage

♨️ Ma'in Hot Springs

🏛️ Umm ar-Rasas

⛪ Church of the Apostles

🧶 Bani Hamida Weavings

🎓 American University of Madaba

International Relations 🤝

🌍 Sister Cities

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

Geographical Context

Historical Significance

Ancient Roots

Historical Trajectory

Early Civilizations

Classical Antiquity and Byzantine Era

Islamic Rule and Modern Resettlement

Archaeological Treasures

The Art of Mosaics

The Madaba Map

Archaeological Park and Institute

Climate Data

Mediterranean Climate Characteristics

Seasonal Data

Points of Interest

Mosaic Heritage

Ma'in Hot Springs

Umm ar-Rasas

Church of the Apostles

Bani Hamida Weavings

American University of Madaba

International Relations

Sister Cities

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice