What were Malcolm X's birth name, birth date, and place of birth?

Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little on May 19, 1925, in Omaha, Nebraska.

What was the cause of Malcolm X's death, and when and where did it occur?

Malcolm X died on February 21, 1965, in Manhattan, New York City, from assassination by gunshots.

What were Malcolm X's primary occupations and the movements he was associated with?

Malcolm X was an American revolutionary, a Muslim minister, and a human rights activist. He was a prominent figure in the civil rights movement and was associated with Black nationalism, Pan-Africanism, and Islamism.

What other names was Malcolm X known by?

Besides Malcolm Little, he was also known as el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz, and his Yoruba name was Omowale, meaning 'the son who has come back'.

Who were Malcolm X's parents, and what were their backgrounds?

Malcolm X's parents were Earl Little, a Baptist lay speaker from Georgia, and Louise Little, who was born in Grenada. Both parents were admirers of Pan-African activist Marcus Garvey and were active in the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA).

What significant events marked Malcolm X's childhood that influenced his later life?

Malcolm X's childhood was marked by his father's death, which he suspected was a murder by white supremacists, and his mother's subsequent hospitalization due to a nervous breakdown, leading to the separation of the children into foster homes. His early experiences with racism and the disruption of his family life profoundly shaped his views.

Why did Malcolm X leave high school before graduating?

Malcolm X left high school after a white teacher discouraged his aspiration to become a lawyer, telling him it was not a realistic goal for a Black person. This experience contributed to his feeling that the white world offered no real opportunities for ambitious Black men.

What criminal activities was Malcolm X involved in during his youth?

During his youth, Malcolm X engaged in various criminal activities, including drug dealing, gambling, racketeering, robbery, and pimping.

How did Malcolm X come to join the Nation of Islam?

While serving a prison sentence for larceny and burglary, Malcolm X joined the Nation of Islam after his siblings introduced him to its teachings. He adopted the name Malcolm X to symbolize his unknown African ancestral surname.

What was the significance of the 'X' in Malcolm X's name?

Malcolm X adopted the 'X' to represent the unknown African family name that was lost due to slavery, symbolizing a rejection of his slavemaster's surname and a connection to his African heritage.

What were some of the core beliefs of the Nation of Islam that Malcolm X initially promoted?

Malcolm X initially promoted the Nation of Islam's beliefs that Black people were the original inhabitants of the world, that white people were 'devils' created by a scientist named Yakub, and that the white race's demise was imminent. The Nation also advocated for Black separatism.

How did Malcolm X's views on race evolve after his pilgrimage to Mecca?

After his pilgrimage to Mecca, Malcolm X's views evolved significantly. Witnessing Muslims of all colors interacting as equals led him to believe that Islam could overcome racial divisions, causing him to 'rearrange' his thinking about race and reconsider his previous conclusions about white people.

What was Malcolm X's stance on the mainstream civil rights movement and its leaders like Martin Luther King Jr.?

While with the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X was critical of the mainstream civil rights movement, calling Martin Luther King Jr. a 'chump' and other leaders 'stooges.' He strongly opposed racial integration and denounced the movement's emphasis on non-violence.

What was Malcolm X's perspective on violence and self-defense?

Malcolm X rejected the civil rights movement's strategy of nonviolence, advocating instead that Black people should defend and advance themselves 'by any means necessary,' suggesting that armed self-defense might be required if the government failed to protect their rights.

What led to Malcolm X's disillusionment with Elijah Muhammad and the Nation of Islam?

Malcolm X became disillusioned with Elijah Muhammad due to Muhammad's alleged sexual misconduct with young secretaries and his refusal to allow the Nation of Islam to collaborate with other civil rights organizations. The Nation's lack of a strong response to police violence against its members also contributed to his growing estrangement.

What was Malcolm X's reaction to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy?

Upon hearing about President John F. Kennedy's assassination, Malcolm X remarked that it was a case of 'chickens coming home to roost,' implying that Kennedy's actions contributed to his fate. He stated that such events made him glad, drawing parallels to the deaths of Patrice Lumumba and Medgar Evers.

What impact did Malcolm X's remarks on the Kennedy assassination have within the Nation of Islam?

Malcolm X's comments on the Kennedy assassination led to widespread public outcry and a public censure from the Nation of Islam. Although he retained his rank, he was prohibited from public speaking for 90 days.

What new organizations did Malcolm X found after leaving the Nation of Islam?

After his departure from the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X founded Muslim Mosque, Inc. (MMI), a religious organization, and the Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU), a secular group focused on Pan-Africanism.

What was the significance of Malcolm X's meeting with Martin Luther King Jr.?

Malcolm X met Martin Luther King Jr. only once, briefly, on March 26, 1964, in Washington D.C. The meeting was primarily for photographs to be taken as both men attended the Senate's debate on the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

How did Malcolm X's perspective on the civil rights struggle change after leaving the Nation of Islam?

After leaving the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X shifted his focus from civil rights to human rights, believing this framing would make the struggle an international concern, allowing it to be brought before the United Nations. He also expressed a willingness to work with other civil rights leaders.

What impact did Malcolm X's international travels, particularly his Hajj, have on his philosophy?

Malcolm X's travels, especially his Hajj to Mecca, exposed him to diverse Muslim communities and leaders. Witnessing racial harmony among Muslims of all colors led him to believe Islam could be a solution to racial problems, prompting a significant shift in his views on race and racism.

What was Malcolm X's view on the Palestinian cause?

Malcolm X viewed the occupation of Palestine as lacking historical or legal basis and described Zionism as a colonial and imperialist project. He advocated for a free and undivided Palestine, seeing the division of Palestine as a tactic by European imperialists to divide the Arab world and sow discord among African and Asian leaders.

How did Malcolm X's later views differ from his earlier advocacy for Black nationalism?

In his later years, Malcolm X began to reconsider his strong stance on Black nationalism after encountering white students who were actively supporting Black people in Africa. This experience, coupled with his Hajj, led him to question strict racial separatism and express a more nuanced view on race relations.

What were the circumstances surrounding Malcolm X's assassination?

On February 21, 1965, while preparing to speak at the Audubon Ballroom, Malcolm X was shot multiple times by three men, identified as members of the Nation of Islam, after a disturbance was created in the audience.

Who was convicted of Malcolm X's assassination, and what happened to them?

Three Nation of Islam members—Talmadge Hayer (Thomas Hagan), Norman 3X Butler (Muhammad Abdul Aziz), and Thomas 15X Johnson (Khalil Islam)—were convicted of murder and sentenced to life in prison. However, Hayer later recanted, stating Butler and Johnson were innocent, and in 2021, Butler and Johnson were exonerated due to withheld evidence.

What role did Louis Farrakhan allegedly play in Malcolm X's assassination?

The Shabazz family and others have accused Louis Farrakhan of involvement, citing his past statements that Malcolm X was a traitor worthy of death. In later interviews, Farrakhan acknowledged that his words may have contributed to the atmosphere that led to the assassination and expressed regret.

What were some of the key posthumous honors and recognitions given to Malcolm X?

Malcolm X has been honored with Malcolm X Day, streets and schools renamed in his name, a postage stamp issued by the U.S. Postal Service, and the establishment of the Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center at the site of his assassination.

How did Malcolm X influence the Black Power movement and the Black Arts Movement?

Malcolm X's teachings and activism significantly influenced the Black Power movement, the Black Arts Movement, and the popularization of the slogan 'Black is beautiful.' He is credited with raising the self-esteem of Black Americans and reconnecting them with their African heritage.

What is the significance of 'The Autobiography of Malcolm X'?

'The Autobiography of Malcolm X,' published posthumously in 1965 and based on his collaboration with Alex Haley, is considered one of the most influential nonfiction books of the 20th century. It provides deep insight into his life, transformation, and evolving philosophy.

How has Malcolm X been portrayed in film and television?

Malcolm X has been portrayed in numerous films and television productions by actors such as Denzel Washington (in Spike Lee's 1992 film 'Malcolm X'), James Earl Jones, Morgan Freeman, and Kingsley Ben-Adir, reflecting his enduring cultural impact.

What are some of the key themes in Malcolm X's philosophy?

Key themes in Malcolm X's philosophy include Black empowerment, self-determination, racial justice, the critique of systemic racism, the importance of self-defense ('by any means necessary'), and the potential of Islam as a unifying force across racial lines.

What was Malcolm X's view on the role of religion in the struggle for Black liberation?

Malcolm X saw Islam, particularly after his conversion to Sunni Islam, as a powerful force for liberation and unity among Black people. He contrasted this with Christianity, which he viewed as a tool of oppression used by slave masters, and believed Islam offered a path to overcoming racial prejudice.

How did Malcolm X's perspective on white people change over time?

Initially, as a minister for the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X characterized white people as 'devils.' However, after his Hajj and subsequent travels, he began to see white individuals who supported the struggle for justice as allies, acknowledging that racism was a broader problem not exclusive to Black and white relations.

What was Malcolm X's stance on socialism?

Malcolm X expressed openness to socialism, stating that if it was beneficial for Black people, he was for it. He observed that many newly independent Third World nations were adopting socialist systems and saw potential value in it for achieving self-determination.

What are the claims made by some experts regarding Malcolm X's sexuality, and how has his family responded?

Some experts, notably historian Manning Marable, have claimed Malcolm X was bisexual and had an early homosexual relationship. His family, particularly his daughter Ilyasah Shabazz, has strongly refuted these claims, stating that his own writings and activities do not support them and that he would have likely discussed such experiences openly.

How did Malcolm X's advocacy for human rights differ from the civil rights movement's focus?

Malcolm X argued that focusing on 'human rights' rather than 'civil rights' would elevate the struggle of African Americans to an international level, allowing it to be addressed by the United Nations and garnering support from newly independent nations, thereby pressuring the U.S. government more effectively.

What was the significance of the 'Ballot or the Bullet' speech?

In his 'Ballot or the Bullet' speech, Malcolm X advised African Americans to vote wisely but also cautioned that if the government continued to deny them equality, they might need to resort to armed self-defense, highlighting the potential need for 'any means necessary' to achieve freedom.

How did Malcolm X's views on the connection between domestic Black struggles and international liberation movements evolve?

Through his international travels, Malcolm X recognized a direct link between the African American struggle for equal rights and the independence movements in Third World nations. He emphasized that globally, Black people constituted a majority, challenging the perception of African Americans as merely a minority within the United States.

What is the meaning of the Yoruba name 'Omowale' given to Malcolm X?

The Yoruba name 'Omowale,' bestowed upon Malcolm X in Nigeria, translates to 'the son who has come home.' He considered this honor one of the most treasured he received.

What was the FBI's involvement with Malcolm X during his lifetime?

The FBI opened a file on Malcolm X in 1950 and conducted surveillance on him from 1953 onwards. Their focus shifted from his potential communist associations to his growing influence within the Nation of Islam and later his activities after leaving the organization.

How did Malcolm X's approach to activism differ from that of many mainstream civil rights leaders?

Malcolm X's approach differed significantly from many mainstream civil rights leaders by advocating for Black separatism, rejecting non-violence as the sole strategy, and emphasizing self-defense 'by any means necessary.' He also critiqued the focus on integration, believing it did not adequately address the systemic issues faced by Black Americans.

What was the impact of Malcolm X's speeches on his audiences?

Malcolm X's speeches had a powerful effect on his audiences, particularly among African Americans in northern and western cities. Many felt he articulated their frustrations and demands more effectively than the mainstream civil rights movement, which they perceived as too slow or accommodating.

What specific criticisms did Malcolm X level against the U.S. government regarding its foreign policy, particularly in the Congo?

Malcolm X criticized the U.S. government for its alleged imperialism in the Congo, accusing President Lyndon B. Johnson of supporting Moïse Tshombe and his 'hired killers' (White mercenaries). He highlighted a double standard in how the lives of Whites in danger were treated as an international emergency, while the abuses against Congolese people were ignored.

How did Malcolm X challenge the media's portrayal of the Congo crisis?

Malcolm X challenged the media's portrayal of the Congo crisis by noting that while Simba rebels were depicted as 'savages,' the actions of Tshombe and the White mercenaries, including alleged atrocities and war crimes, were often downplayed or ignored. He pointed out that the media focused on Simba's alleged violence against whites while overlooking violence against Congolese.

What was Malcolm X's view on the concept of 'extremism' as discussed in his Oxford Union debate?

During his Oxford Union debate, Malcolm X argued that 'extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice' and that 'moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue.' He contended that the extremism endorsed or financed by the West, such as Tshombe's government, was not morally acceptable because it was not in defense of liberty.

How did Malcolm X attempt to reshape his public image in the final year of his life?

In his final year, Malcolm X worked to reshape his image by embracing Sunni Islam, moving away from the Nation of Islam's more rigid doctrines, and expressing a more inclusive view of race relations. His speech at Oxford, where he downplayed his religious affiliation and focused on broader themes of justice, was part of this effort to shed the image of an 'angry Black Muslim extremist'.

What legacy did Malcolm X leave regarding the spread of Islam in the United States?

Malcolm X is largely credited with significantly contributing to the spread of Islam within the Black community in the United States during the mid-20th century through his powerful advocacy and conversion efforts.

How did Malcolm X's perspective on Black nationalism evolve towards the end of his life?

Towards the end of his life, Malcolm X began to reconsider his strong advocacy for Black nationalism after meeting white students who were actively involved in African liberation movements. This experience led him to question the strict racial separatism he had previously promoted.

What was the significance of the Malcolm X House Site in Omaha, Nebraska, being listed on the National Register of Historic Places?

The listing of the Malcolm X House Site on the National Register of Historic Places in Omaha, Nebraska, acknowledges its historical importance as the first home of Malcolm Little and his family, preserving a tangible connection to his early life.

How did Malcolm X influence the development of Black Studies programs in universities?

Malcolm X's activism and legacy inspired students at the University of California, Santa Barbara, to rename a campus building 'Malcolm X Hall' during a protest, which ultimately contributed to the establishment of the university's Department of Black Studies.

Malcolm X Wiki: Malcolm X: A Voice for Transformation

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Early Life and Formative Years

Childhood Trauma

Born Malcolm Little in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1925, his early life was marked by significant hardship. His father, Earl Little, an outspoken Baptist minister and admirer of Marcus Garvey, was killed in a manner officially ruled an accident but suspected by the family to be racially motivated violence^[6]. Following his father's death and his mother Louise's subsequent institutionalization, Malcolm and his siblings were separated and placed in foster homes^[15].

Intellectual Awakening

Malcolm's formal education was cut short when a teacher discouraged his aspiration to become a lawyer, deeming it unrealistic for a Black youth^[18]. This experience, coupled with systemic racism, led him to leave school. During his adolescence and early adulthood, he drifted through various jobs and cities, eventually engaging in criminal activities in Boston and Harlem, including drug dealing, gambling, and robbery^[22].

Prison and Conversion

In 1946, Malcolm Little was sentenced to eight to ten years in prison for larceny and burglary^[38]. During his incarceration, he encountered members of the Nation of Islam (NOI) and, influenced by fellow inmates and extensive reading, embraced its teachings. He adopted the name Malcolm X, symbolizing his rejection of his slave-derived surname and his quest to reclaim his lost African heritage^[58].

Nation of Islam and Rise to Prominence

Charismatic Spokesperson

Upon his parole in 1952, Malcolm X quickly became one of the NOI's most influential leaders and its national spokesman. He was instrumental in dramatically increasing the organization's membership, transforming it from a small sect into a significant Black nationalist movement. His powerful oratory skills and unwavering message of Black empowerment resonated deeply within the African American community^{[124, 125]}.

Advocacy and Critique

Malcolm X advocated for Black separatism and self-reliance, sharply criticizing the mainstream civil rights movement's emphasis on non-violence and integration. He famously articulated the philosophy of achieving Black liberation "by any means necessary"^[120]. His critiques often targeted figures like Martin Luther King Jr., whom he viewed as too accommodating to White power structures^[112].

Core Teachings

Within the NOI, Malcolm X propagated teachings that included the belief in the inherent superiority of Black people, the concept of White people as "devils" created by the scientist Yakub^[105], and the imminent downfall of the White race. He also emphasized the importance of Islam as the true religion for Black people, contrasting it with Christianity, which he saw as a tool of oppression^[289].

Disillusionment and Philosophical Shift

Growing Discontent

By the early 1960s, Malcolm X began to grow disillusioned with the Nation of Islam and its leader, Elijah Muhammad. Key factors included Muhammad's alleged sexual misconduct with young female members^[137] and the NOI's passive response to police brutality against its members, particularly the fatal shooting of Ronald Stokes in Los Angeles^{[135, 136]}. Malcolm X's controversial remarks on the assassination of President John F. Kennedy also led to a 90-day suspension from public speaking by the NOI^{[143, 144]}.

Embracing Sunni Islam and Mecca

In 1964, Malcolm X officially broke with the Nation of Islam. He embraced orthodox Sunni Islam after performing the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. Witnessing Muslims of all races interacting as equals profoundly impacted his views on race, leading him to renounce the NOI's racial ideology and begin to articulate a more inclusive vision of human rights^{[158, 162]}.

Re-evaluation of Alliances

Following his departure from the NOI, Malcolm X founded Muslim Mosque, Inc. (MMI) and the Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU). He expressed a willingness to collaborate with other civil rights leaders, including Martin Luther King Jr., and began to advocate for framing the struggle for Black liberation as a global human rights issue, rather than solely a domestic civil rights matter^{[146, 300]}.

Post-NOI Activism and Global Vision

International Engagement

Malcolm X's travels across Africa and the Middle East in 1964 and 1965 provided him with a broader perspective on global struggles against colonialism and racism. He met with numerous African leaders, including Kwame Nkrumah and Gamal Abdel Nasser, and engaged with international organizations like the Organization of African Unity, seeking to connect the African American experience to broader anti-colonial movements^{[167, 169]}.

Human Rights Focus

He shifted his focus from civil rights to human rights, arguing that the international community should address the systemic oppression of African Americans. His speeches, such as "The Ballot or the Bullet," reflected a nuanced approach, advocating for political participation while asserting the right to self-defense against oppression^{[154, 155]}.

Solidarity with Palestine

During his travels, Malcolm X developed an understanding of the Palestinian cause, viewing Zionism as a colonial project and advocating for a free Palestine. His writings and speeches reflected a growing awareness of interconnected global struggles for justice and self-determination^{[296, 297]}.

Assassination and Immediate Aftermath

The Tragic Event

On February 21, 1965, Malcolm X was assassinated while preparing to speak at the Audubon Ballroom in New York City. He was shot multiple times by members of the Nation of Islam. Three NOI members were convicted of the murder, though questions and theories about broader conspiracies involving law enforcement agencies have persisted for decades^{[211, 219]}.

Public and Private Reactions

Malcolm X's assassination sent shockwaves through the nation. While figures like Martin Luther King Jr. and James Baldwin expressed profound sorrow and acknowledged his significant impact, the Nation of Islam's leadership offered ambiguous statements. The event highlighted the deep divisions and tensions within the Black liberation movements of the era^{[243, 246]}.

Legal Repercussions and Exonerations

Decades after the initial convictions, new evidence emerged, leading to the exoneration of two of the men convicted of the murder in 2021 due to withheld evidence^[232]. The complexities surrounding the assassination continue to be a subject of legal and historical inquiry, with ongoing lawsuits and calls for transparency.

Philosophy and Evolving Thought

From Separatism to Universalism

Malcolm X's philosophy underwent a significant evolution. Initially a proponent of Black separatism and the NOI's racial theology, his post-Mecca transformation led him to embrace a more universalist perspective. He began to see racism as a global issue and Islam as a potential bridge across racial divides, moving away from the NOI's exclusive doctrines^{[162, 306]}.

Black Nationalism and Self-Determination

Central to his thought was the concept of Black nationalism, which he defined as Black self-determination. This included advocating for political, economic, and social independence for African Americans, whether through separation or by demanding reparations and control over their own communities^[304].

The Power of Rhetoric

Malcolm X was a master rhetorician, known for his sharp intellect, compelling speeches, and ability to articulate the anger and aspirations of Black Americans. His famous phrase, "by any means necessary," encapsulated his belief in the necessity of self-defense and proactive resistance against oppression^[120].

Enduring Legacy

Cultural and Political Impact

Malcolm X remains an iconic figure, revered for his intellectual rigor, his commitment to Black liberation, and his personal transformation. His ideas continue to influence discussions on race, identity, justice, and human rights globally. Numerous streets, schools, and institutions bear his name, symbolizing his lasting impact.

Controversies and Interpretations

His life and philosophy are subjects of ongoing debate. While celebrated as a hero by many, his early association with the Nation of Islam's more extreme views and the controversies surrounding his assassination continue to be analyzed. Claims regarding his personal life, such as alleged bisexuality, have also been raised by some scholars, though contested by his family^{[311, 314]}.

The Autobiography

His posthumously published autobiography, co-authored with Alex Haley, remains a seminal work, offering profound insights into his journey from a life of crime to becoming a powerful advocate for social change. It continues to inspire readers worldwide with its narrative of self-reinvention and the pursuit of justice.

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References

Nation of Islam Temples were numbered according to the order in which they were established.[62]

Karenga, Maulana, "The Meaning and Measure of Malcolm X: Critical Remembrance and Rightful Reading", Boyd et al. 2012, p. 18.

Winbush, Raymond A., "Speculative Nonfiction: Manning Marable's Malcolm X", Ball & Burroughs 2012, pp. 105â117.

Shabazz, Betty, "Malcolm X as a Husband and Father", Clarke 1990, pp. 132â134.

Malcolm X, Autobiography, pp. 388â393; quote from pp. 390â391.

Curtis IV, E. E. (2020). Muslim American Politics and the Future of US Democracy. USA: NYU Press. p. 63.

Bethune, Lebert, "Malcolm X in Europe", Clarke 1990, pp. 226â231.

Perry 1991, p. 374. Alex Haley, in his Epilogue to The Autobiography of Malcolm X, says 22,000 (p. 519).

Parks, Gordon, "Malcolm X: The Minutes of Our Last Meeting", Clarke 1990, p. 122.

"Malcolm X House, 1875, Roxbury, MA." Historic Boston Incorporated. Retrieved April 23, 2023.

"MALCOLM X HOUSE." City of Boston. Retrieved April 23, 2023.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Malcolm X Wikipedia page

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Malcolm X: A Voice for Transformation

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Early Life and Formative Years 👶

🏠 Childhood Trauma

📚 Intellectual Awakening

⛓️ Prison and Conversion

Nation of Islam and Rise to Prominence ☪️

🗣️ Charismatic Spokesperson

🌍 Advocacy and Critique

💡 Core Teachings

Disillusionment and Philosophical Shift 🔄

💔 Growing Discontent

🕊️ Embracing Sunni Islam and Mecca

🤝 Re-evaluation of Alliances

Post-NOI Activism and Global Vision 🌍

🌐 International Engagement

⚖️ Human Rights Focus

🇵🇸 Solidarity with Palestine

Assassination and Immediate Aftermath 💔

🗓️ The Tragic Event

📣 Public and Private Reactions

⚖️ Legal Repercussions and Exonerations

Philosophy and Evolving Thought 💡

📜 From Separatism to Universalism

✊ Black Nationalism and Self-Determination

🗣️ The Power of Rhetoric

Enduring Legacy 🌟

🏛️ Cultural and Political Impact

🤔 Controversies and Interpretations

📖 The Autobiography

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Early Life and Formative Years

Childhood Trauma

Intellectual Awakening

Prison and Conversion

Nation of Islam and Rise to Prominence

Charismatic Spokesperson

Advocacy and Critique

Core Teachings

Disillusionment and Philosophical Shift

Growing Discontent

Embracing Sunni Islam and Mecca

Re-evaluation of Alliances

Post-NOI Activism and Global Vision

International Engagement

Human Rights Focus

Solidarity with Palestine

Assassination and Immediate Aftermath

The Tragic Event

Public and Private Reactions

Legal Repercussions and Exonerations

Philosophy and Evolving Thought

From Separatism to Universalism

Black Nationalism and Self-Determination

The Power of Rhetoric

Enduring Legacy

Cultural and Political Impact

Controversies and Interpretations

The Autobiography

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice