What was Marie Antoinette's birth name and parentage?

Marie Antoinette was born Archduchess Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna of Austria. She was the youngest daughter and fifteenth child of Empress Maria Theresa, the ruler of the Habsburg monarchy, and her husband, Emperor Francis I.

When and where was Marie Antoinette born?

Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna was born on November 2, 1755, at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna, Archduchy of Austria. Her birth occurred on All Souls' Day, a Catholic day of mourning, leading to her birthday being celebrated the day before during her childhood.

Who were Marie Antoinette's godparents?

Her godparents were Joseph I and Mariana Victoria, the king and queen of Portugal. Archduke Joseph and Archduchess Maria Anna acted as proxies for the newborn archduchess.

What was Marie Antoinette's education like during her childhood?

Despite receiving private tutoring, Maria Antonia's schooling was not very satisfactory. By age 10, she struggled with German and other court languages like French and Italian, and her conversations were often stilted. However, she developed into a good musician under Christoph Willibald Gluck, learning the harp, harpsichord, and flute, and was known for her beautiful singing voice.

How did the death of her sister affect Marie Antoinette?

The death of her older sister, Maria Josepha, from smallpox in October 1767 made a lasting impression on the young Maria Antonia. She recalled her sister's final moments and the realization that her own planned marriage to Ferdinand IV of Naples would not happen, as she was destined for the family vault instead.

Why was Marie Antoinette married to Louis Auguste, the Dauphin of France?

The marriage was orchestrated as part of a diplomatic strategy following the Seven Years' War and the Diplomatic Revolution. It aimed to solidify the alliance between Austria and France, ending their historical hostilities and creating a united front against Prussia and Great Britain.

When did Maria Antonia formally renounce her rights to Habsburg domains and marry the Dauphin?

She formally renounced her rights to Habsburg domains on February 7, 1770. The proxy marriage took place on April 19, 1770, at the Augustinian Church in Vienna, with her brother Archduke Ferdinand standing in for the Dauphin.

What was the initial reaction to Marie Antoinette's marriage in France?

The initial reaction was mixed. While the dauphine was admired for her beauty and personable nature, and was well-liked by the common people, those opposed to the Franco-Austrian alliance and some who disliked her personally harbored negative sentiments.

Who was Madame du Barry and what was her relationship with Marie Antoinette?

Madame du Barry was Louis XV's mistress and held considerable political influence. She was instrumental in ousting Choiseul, who had supported Marie Antoinette's marriage. Marie Antoinette, influenced by Louis XV's aunts, initially refused to acknowledge du Barry, which was seen as a political misstep, though she eventually spoke to her grudgingly in 1772.

When did Louis XVI ascend the throne, and Marie Antoinette become Queen?

Louis XVI ascended the throne as King of France and Navarre on May 10, 1774, following the death of his grandfather, Louis XV. Marie Antoinette then became his queen consort.

What was the significance of the Petit Trianon for Marie Antoinette?

On May 24, 1774, two weeks after Louis XVI became king, he gifted the Petit Trianon to Marie Antoinette. This small château on the grounds of Versailles, originally built for Madame de Pompadour, allowed the queen to renovate it to her own tastes, symbolizing a retreat from the formality of court life.

How did Marie Antoinette's fashion choices impact her reputation?

Marie Antoinette embraced elaborate hairstyles like 'poufs' and 'panaches,' and favored simpler fabrics like indienne, percale, and muslin, often in defiance of French textile industry protection. While she set trends and presided over a fashionable court, her spending on fashion, luxuries, and gambling, especially during a time of national financial crisis, contributed to public criticism and the nickname 'Madame Déficit'.

What was the 'Flour War' and how did it affect Marie Antoinette's public image?

The Flour War in 1775 was a series of riots caused by the high prices of flour and bread. These events damaged Marie Antoinette's reputation, as many French people began to blame her for the country's economic hardships and the treasury's inability to manage its debt due to her perceived extravagant spending.

Who were Marie Antoinette's notable friends at court?

Marie Antoinette formed deep friendships with several ladies at court, most notably Marie-Louise, Princesse de Lamballe, whom she appointed superintendent of her household. She later transferred this role to her favorite, the Duchess of Polignac. She also had male admirers like the Baron de Besenval and the Duc de Coigny.

What was the significance of Emperor Joseph II's visit in 1777?

Joseph II, Marie Antoinette's brother, visited France incognito in 1777. He candidly discussed the royal couple's marital issues with Louis XVI, concluding that the lack of consummation was due to the queen's disinterest and the king's hesitancy. Following Joseph's intervention, the marriage was finally consummated in August 1777.

When was Marie Antoinette's first child born, and what was her name?

Marie Antoinette's first child, Marie-Thérèse Charlotte, was born at Versailles on December 19, 1778. She was given the title 'Madame Royale'.

How did Marie Antoinette's involvement in the War of the Bavarian Succession affect her standing?

Marie Antoinette actively lobbied her husband to support Austria's claim to Bavaria, which was contested by Saxony and Prussia. The resulting Peace of Teschen, mediated by France, saw Austria gain territory. This intervention led to the perception, partly justified, that the queen prioritized Austrian interests over French ones, further damaging her reputation.

What changes did Marie Antoinette institute in court fashion, and what was the reaction?

She moved away from heavy makeup and the popular wide-hooped panniers, favoring simpler styles like the 'robe à la polonaise' and later the muslin 'gaulle.' These changes were met with disapproval from the older generation, but reflected a shift towards a more natural aesthetic.

What role did Marie Antoinette play in France's involvement in the American Revolutionary War?

Marie Antoinette played a significant role in encouraging Louis XVI to support the American Revolution. She also helped secure Austrian and Russian support for France, contributing to the First League of Armed Neutrality, which deterred British aggression. Her influence also extended to key ministerial appointments that supported the American cause.

When was the Dauphin Louis Joseph born, and what was his fate?

Louis Joseph Xavier François, the Dauphin of France, was born on October 22, 1781. He tragically died on June 4, 1789, at the age of seven, from tuberculosis, on the same day the Estates General convened.

How did the appointment of the Duchess of Polignac as governess affect the court?

In 1782, Marie Antoinette appointed her favorite, the Duchess of Polignac, as governess of the royal children, replacing the bankrupt Princesse de Guéménée. This appointment was controversial due to the duchess's perceived modest origins for such a high position. The Polignac family's subsequent rise in status and wealth, fueled by royal favor, generated resentment among the aristocracy and contributed to the queen's declining popularity.

What was the Affair of the Diamond Necklace, and how did it impact Marie Antoinette?

The Affair of the Diamond Necklace was a scandal in 1785 where public opinion falsely accused Marie Antoinette of criminal participation in defrauding jewelers of an expensive necklace. Although she was acquitted, the affair severely damaged her reputation and that of the monarchy, as the guilty parties, including Cardinal de Rohan and Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy, were implicated.

What led to the calling of the Assembly of Notables in 1787?

The deteriorating financial situation in France, despite cutbacks, compelled Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, and the Controller-General of Finances, Charles Alexandre de Calonne, to convene the Assembly of Notables. This assembly, which had not met for 160 years, was intended to approve financial reforms, but it ultimately refused to cooperate.

Why was Marie Antoinette nicknamed 'Madame Déficit'?

Marie Antoinette earned the nickname 'Madame Déficit' in the summer of 1787 due to the public perception that her lavish spending was a primary cause of France's severe financial problems and inability to repay its debts. While not solely responsible, she was seen as a significant obstacle to necessary reforms.

What was the significance of the Ségur Ordinance in 1781?

The Ségur Ordinance, issued by the Minister of War, required four 'quarters of nobility' for officer appointments. This decree primarily benefited older noble families, blocking ambitious members of the middle and professional classes, and recently elevated nobility, from military advancement. It became a grievance for those who had supported the monarchy, contributing to revolutionary sentiment.

What was the nature of Marie Antoinette's relationship with Axel von Fersen?

Axel von Fersen, a Swedish diplomat, was a close friend of Marie Antoinette. While claims of a romantic involvement exist, and redacted letters suggest a strong emotional bond, conclusive evidence of a physical relationship remains elusive. Their interactions were noted particularly around the time of her pregnancies.

How did Marie Antoinette attempt to improve her public image in the late 1780s?

She attempted to counter her negative image by publicly emphasizing her role as a mother, notably through the 1787 portrait by Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun showing her with her children. This was part of a broader effort to portray a more caring and less frivolous persona.

What was the outcome of the Assembly of Notables convened in 1787?

The Assembly of Notables failed to pass any reforms and instead defied the king. Marie Antoinette's absence from the meeting led to accusations of undermining its purpose, and her subsequent urging led to the dismissal of Calonne and the appointment of her ally, Loménie de Brienne, whose own failures further damaged her political standing.

What events in 1789 significantly escalated the French Revolution?

Key events included the Third Estate declaring itself a National Assembly after being locked out of their meeting hall, leading to the Tennis Court Oath. The dismissal of Necker, the Storming of the Bastille on July 14, the abolition of feudal privileges, and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen marked a dramatic shift in power.

What was Marie Antoinette's role during the early stages of the Revolution (1789-1791)?

During this period, Marie Antoinette played a significant, albeit unofficial, political role. She was instrumental in reinstating Necker, supported doubling the Third Estate's representation, and urged the king to resist popular demands, contributing to the royal family's eventual decision to flee Paris.

What happened during the Flight to Varennes in June 1791?

The royal family attempted to escape Paris in disguise, aiming for the royalist stronghold of Montmédy. However, due to delays and poor execution, they were recognized and arrested less than 24 hours later in Varennes. This failed escape attempt severely damaged the remaining public support for the monarchy.

How did the Flight to Varennes impact Marie Antoinette's hair?

According to her first Lady of the Bedchamber, Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan, Marie Antoinette's hair turned white overnight during the stressful period of the Flight to Varennes and its aftermath, a striking physical manifestation of the trauma she endured.

What was the significance of the Champ de Mars massacre in July 1791?

On July 17, 1791, Lafayette's National Guard opened fire on a crowd gathered on the Champ de Mars to sign a petition demanding the king's deposition. This event, supported by Barnave and his allies, alienated many and contributed to the radicalization of the revolution, while also damaging Lafayette's reputation.

How did Marie Antoinette's relationship with Barnave and the moderates unfold?

Despite Barnave's political risks in supporting her, Marie Antoinette was perceived as insincere in her cooperation with the moderate leaders. Her continued resistance and the perception that she controlled the king ultimately undermined the moderates' efforts and fueled the radicals' agenda to abolish the monarchy.

What led to France declaring war on Austria in April 1792?

The Declaration of Pillnitz in August 1791 threatened an invasion of France by Austria and Prussia. This, coupled with Marie Antoinette's continued hope for foreign intervention and her perceived correspondence with Austrian powers, led France to declare war on Austria in April 1792, initiating the French Revolutionary Wars.

What were the 'Veto' nicknames given to the royal couple?

Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were nicknamed 'Monsieur Veto' and 'Madame Veto,' respectively, because the king vetoed several measures passed by the Legislative Assembly in 1792, often at the queen's urging. These nicknames became prominent in revolutionary songs and discourse.

What happened on August 10, 1792, leading to the abolition of the monarchy?

Following the Brunswick Manifesto's threat to destroy Paris if the royal family was harmed, an armed mob attacked the Tuileries Palace on August 10, 1792. The royal family sought refuge with the Legislative Assembly, leading to the suspension of the monarchy and their subsequent imprisonment in the Temple.

What charges were brought against Louis XVI during his trial?

Louis XVI was charged with treason against the French Republic. The Convention, dominated by Jacobins, found him guilty and condemned him to death by guillotine, which was carried out on January 21, 1793.

What was Marie Antoinette's situation after Louis XVI's execution?

After Louis XVI's execution, Marie Antoinette, now referred to as 'Widow Capet,' entered deep mourning. She maintained hope for her son's future rule and received support from royalists and clergy, but faced harsh imprisonment, insults from guards, and strict isolation, though some communication with the outside world was maintained through bribed guards.

What were the main accusations against Marie Antoinette during her trial in October 1793?

The accusations included orchestrating orgies at Versailles, depleting the national treasury by sending money to Austria, plotting the massacre of National Guards in 1792, declaring her son the new king, and incest. The incest charge, made by her son under duress, elicited a strong emotional response from her.

What was the outcome of Marie Antoinette's trial?

Marie Antoinette was found guilty of depletion of the national treasury, conspiracy against the state, and high treason due to her intelligence activities favoring the enemy. The charge of high treason alone was sufficient for a death sentence, and she was executed by guillotine on October 16, 1793.

What were Marie Antoinette's last words?

Marie Antoinette's reported last words were 'Pardon me, sir, I did not do it on purpose,' spoken after accidentally stepping on her executioner's shoe.

How did foreign powers react to Marie Antoinette's execution?

Abroad, Marie Antoinette became a controversial symbol of the French Revolution. Thomas Jefferson attributed the revolution partly to her, while Edmund Burke lamented the loss of chivalry. Her sister, Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples, reacted with mourning and anger, implementing repressive measures against reformers.

What is the legacy of Marie Antoinette in popular culture?

Marie Antoinette remains a significant historical figure associated with wealth, fashion, and conservatism. She has been the subject of numerous films, books, and media portrayals, often symbolizing class conflict and the excesses of the old regime. The phrase 'let them eat cake,' though likely apocryphal and attributed to Rousseau's 'great princess,' is popularly associated with her.

Who were Marie Antoinette's children?

Marie Antoinette had four children: Marie-Thérèse Charlotte (Madame Royale), Louis Joseph Xavier François (the Dauphin), Louis XVII (nominally King after his father), and Marie Sophie Hélène Béatrix (Madame Sophie). Only Marie-Thérèse Charlotte survived to adulthood.

What happened to Marie Antoinette's remains after her execution?

Her body was thrown into an unmarked grave in the Madeleine cemetery. During the Bourbon Restoration, her and Louis XVI's bodies were exhumed on January 18, 1815, and given a Christian burial three days later in the Basilica of Saint-Denis, the traditional necropolis of French kings.

What was the significance of the 'Civil Constitution of the Clergy'?

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy, signed reluctantly by Louis XVI in March 1791, reduced the number of bishops, mandated the election of clergy by assemblies, and diminished the Pope's authority over the French Church. This measure was condemned by Pope Pius VI and deeply troubled Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI, who were devout Catholics.

What was the 'Great Fear' during the French Revolution?

The Great Fear was a period of peasant unrest and panic that swept through the French countryside from July 20 to August 5, 1789. Fueled by rumors of aristocratic plots and brigandage, peasants attacked manor houses and destroyed feudal records, contributing to the abolition of feudal privileges on August 4, 1789.

Who was the 'Madame Royale'?

The 'Madame Royale' was Marie-Thérèse Charlotte, Marie Antoinette's eldest daughter, born on December 19, 1778. She married her cousin, Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, and survived the Revolution.

What was the 'Carnation Plot'?

The 'Carnation Plot' was an unsuccessful attempt in August 1793 to help Marie Antoinette escape from the Conciergerie prison. The plot was foiled because the conspirators could not bribe all the necessary guards.

What was the 'Day of the Tiles'?

The 'Day of the Tiles' occurred on June 7, 1788, in Grenoble, France. It was a significant event where citizens, supported by the military, resisted royal troops attempting to suppress a meeting of the provincial parlement, marking an early escalation of resistance against royal authority.

Marie Antoinette Wiki: The Gilded Cage: Marie Antoinette's Parisian Tragedy

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

When you are ready...
🎮 Play the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge Game🎮

Early Life (1755–1770)

Viennese Origins

Born Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna on 2 November 1755, in Vienna, she was the fifteenth child of Empress Maria Theresa and Emperor Francis I. Her birth occurred during a period of political upheaval and familial complexity, shaping her early environment within the Habsburg court.

Education and Development

Maria Antonia's education was notably less rigorous than expected for her station, particularly in German and French literacy. Despite these deficiencies, she demonstrated musical aptitude, learning the harp, harpsichord, and flute, and possessed a pleasant singing voice. Her upbringing fostered a love for dancing and poise, characteristic of courtly life.

Political Marriage Arrangement

As part of a strategic alliance between Austria and France following the Seven Years' War, Maria Antonia was betrothed to Louis Auguste, the Dauphin of France. This diplomatic union, formalized by proxy marriage on 7 February 1770, marked the beginning of her transition from Austrian Archduchess to a key figure in French royalty.

Dauphine of France (1770–1774)

Arrival and Wedding

Upon her arrival in France in May 1770, Maria Antonia adopted the French version of her name, Marie Antoinette. The ceremonial wedding occurred at the Palace of Versailles on 16 May 1770. The couple's failure to consummate their marriage for several years became a subject of court gossip and public speculation.

Court Life and Influence

As Dauphine, Marie Antoinette navigated the intricate social dynamics of the French court. Her early interactions with figures like Madame du Barry and her role in the dismissal of influential minister Choiseul highlighted nascent political involvement. Her patronage of fashion, including elaborate hairstyles and attire, began to define her public persona.

Public Perception

Initial reactions to the marriage were mixed. While personable and generally well-liked by the populace, opposition groups and those disfavoured by her political maneuvering began to shape a negative narrative. The perceived extravagance and Austrian sympathies contributed to early criticisms.

Queen of France (1774–1792)

Ascension and Early Reign

Following Louis XV's death in 1774, Louis XVI ascended the throne, making Marie Antoinette Queen of France. Initially, her political influence was limited, but she gained prominence through her management of court affairs and her personal relationships, notably her favouritism towards the Duchess of Polignac.

Financial Strain and Extravagance

The queen's spending on fashion, luxuries, and renovations, such as the Petit Trianon, occurred against a backdrop of severe national debt and public hardship. This perceived extravagance, coupled with her opposition to reforms, led to the critical nickname "Madame Déficit" and fueled popular discontent.

Motherhood and Public Image

The birth of her children, Marie-Thérèse Charlotte, Louis Joseph, and Louis Charles, offered opportunities to cultivate an image as a devoted mother. However, persistent rumors and scandals, including the Affair of the Diamond Necklace, continued to tarnish her reputation, despite efforts like Vigée Le Brun's portraits.

Prelude to Revolution

The Diamond Necklace Affair

The 1785 Affair of the Diamond Necklace, though Marie Antoinette was largely innocent, irrevocably damaged her public image. Accusations of fraud involving Cardinal de Rohan and Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy solidified perceptions of royal corruption and indifference.

Failed Reforms and Political Maneuvering

Marie Antoinette's influence on political appointments and her opposition to key financial and social reforms exacerbated tensions. Her role in the Assembly of Notables' failure and the subsequent appointment of ministers like Calonne and Brienne further alienated segments of the nobility and the public, contributing to the monarchy's weakening authority.

Escalation Towards Crisis

By 1789, the convening of the Estates-General, the storming of the Bastille, and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen signaled the irreversible decline of the Ancien Régime. The royal family's move to the Tuileries Palace marked the beginning of their effective house arrest.

Revolutionary Turmoil (1791–1793)

Flight to Varennes

The attempted escape of the royal family in June 1791, known as the Flight to Varennes, proved disastrous. Their capture destroyed remaining public trust in the monarchy and led to stricter confinement within the Tuileries Palace.

War and Abolition of Monarchy

France's declaration of war on Austria in April 1792, partly influenced by Marie Antoinette's correspondence, intensified the radicalization of the revolution. The storming of the Tuileries Palace on 10 August 1792 led to the formal abolition of the monarchy and the imprisonment of the royal family in the Temple.

Trial of Louis XVI

Following the establishment of the French First Republic, Louis XVI was tried for treason and executed by guillotine on 21 January 1793. This event marked a significant escalation, leaving Marie Antoinette, now referred to as "Widow Capet," facing an uncertain and perilous future.

Trial and Execution (1793)

The Revolutionary Tribunal

On 14 October 1793, Marie Antoinette faced the Revolutionary Tribunal. Accusations ranged from financial mismanagement and conspiracy to treason and incest, the latter charge levied against her son under duress. Despite a brief defense, the outcome was largely predetermined.

Condemnation and Final Words

Found guilty of high treason and other charges, Marie Antoinette was condemned to death. Her final letter to Madame Élisabeth expressed her enduring faith and maternal concern. Her composure during the journey to the scaffold and her final words, "Pardon me, sir, I did not do it on purpose," after accidentally stepping on the executioner's foot, are notably recorded.

Execution

Marie Antoinette was executed by guillotine on 16 October 1793, at the Place de la Révolution in Paris. Her body was interred in an unmarked grave, a stark contrast to her former life of royal prominence.

Legacy and Cultural Impact

Symbol of the Ancien Régime

Marie Antoinette remains a potent symbol of the Ancien Régime, representing perceived aristocratic excess, foreign influence, and the class conflicts that fueled the revolution. Her life and death have been interpreted variously as a cautionary tale of monarchy or a tragic victim of historical forces.

Patronage and Aesthetics

Beyond politics, she is remembered for her influence on fashion, art, and music. Her patronage of artisans like Jean Henri Riesener and composers, and her personal taste reflected in the Petit Trianon, highlight a significant cultural legacy distinct from her political role.

Enduring Historical Figure

The phrase "Let them eat cake" (or brioche), though likely apocryphal and predating her time in France, remains associated with her image. Her complex life continues to be explored in numerous biographies, films, and academic studies, cementing her status as a significant, albeit controversial, historical figure.

Teacher's Corner

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

Edit and Print Materials from this study in the wiki2web studio

Click here to open the "Marie Antoinette" Wiki2Web Studio curriculum kit

Use the free Wiki2web Studio to generate printable flashcards, worksheets, exams, and export your materials as a web page or an interactive game.

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Learn about marie_antoinette while playing the wiki2web Clarity Challenge game.

Unlock the mystery image and prove your knowledge by earning trophies. This simple game is addictively fun and is a great way to learn!

Play now

Explore More Topics

Discover other topics to study!

peter of castile

abolition of the han system

paul weller

bbc news

1995 french open– men's doubles

the franchise 2024 tv series

cadre politics

sunderland empire theatre

1932 montana gubernatorial election

the rules of the game play

References

Fraser 2001, p. 157; d'Arneth & Geffroy 1874, pp. 80â90, 110â115.

Fraser 2001, pp. 80â81; d'Arneth & Geffroy 1874, pp. 65â75.

Fraser 2001, pp. 136â37; d'Arneth & Geffroy 1874, pp. 475â480.

Castelot 1962, pp. 107â108; Fraser 2001, pp. 124â27; Lever 1991, p. 125.

Thomas, Chantal. The Wicked Queen: The Origins of the Myth of Marie Antoinette. Translated by Julie Rose. New York: Zone Books, 2001, p. 51.

Fraser 2001, pp. 131â32; Bonnet 1981

d'Arneth & Geffroy 1874, pp. 168â170, 180â182, 210â212.

Stefan Zweig, Marie Antoinette: The portrait of an average woman, New York, 1933, pp. 143, 244â47

Ian Dunlop, Marie-Antoinette: A Portrait, London, 1993

Jonathan Beckman, How to ruin a Queen: Marie Antoinette, the Stolen Diamonds and the Scandal that shook the French throne, London, 2014

Munro Price, The Fall of the French Monarchy: Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette and the baron de Breteuil, London, 2002

Deborah Cadbury, The Lost King of France: The tragic story of Marie-Antoinette's Favourite Son, London, 2003, pp. 22â24

Castelot 1962, p. 334; Lever 1991, pp. 528â530.

Fraser 2001, pp. 314â316; Castelot 1962, p. 335.

Fraser 2001, pp. 321â323; Lever 1991, pp. 542â552; Castelot 1962, pp. 336â339.

Fraser 2001, pp. 321â325; Castelot 1962, pp. 340â341.

Lever 1991, pp. 569â575; Castelot 1962, pp. 385â398.

Fraser 2001, pp. 357â358; Castelot 1962, pp. 408â409.

Castelot 1962, pp. 415â416; Lever 1991, pp. 591â592.

Fraser 2001, pp. 373â379; Castelot 1962, pp. 428â435.

Fraser 2001, p. 389; Castelot 1962, pp. 442â446.

Fraser 2001, pp. 395â399; Castelot 1962, pp. 447â453.

ProcÃ¨s de Louis XVI, de Marie-Antoinette, de Marie-Elisabeth et de Philippe d'OrlÃ©ans, Recueil de piÃ¨ces authentiques, AnnÃ©es 1792, 1793 et 1794, De Mat, imprimeur-libraire, Bruxelles, 1821, p. 473

Castelot 1957, pp. 380â385; Fraser 2001, pp. 429â435.

Castelot 1957, pp. 550â558; Lever 1991, p. 660.

P. L. Jacob. BibliothÃ¨que de la reine Marie-Antoinette au Petit Trianon d'aprÃ¨s l'inventaire original dressÃ© par ordre de la convention : catalogue avec des notes inÃ©dites du marquis de Paulmy. Paris: Jules Gay, 1863.

Fraser 2001, pp. xviii, 160; Lever 2006, pp. 63â65; Lanser 2003, pp. 273â90.

Une autre histoire

A full list of references for this article are available at the Marie Antoinette Wikipedia page

Feedback & Support

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Academic Disclaimer

Important Considerations

This document was generated by an AI, synthesizing information from a provided source document. While efforts have been made to maintain historical accuracy and adhere to the source material, it is intended for educational and informational purposes only. The content reflects a specific interpretation and may not encompass all nuances or scholarly debates surrounding the subject.

This is not professional historical advice. Users should consult primary sources and peer-reviewed academic literature for comprehensive and definitive understanding. The creators are not liable for any inaccuracies or omissions, nor for actions taken based on the information presented herein.

The Gilded Cage

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Early Life (1755–1770) 🇦🇹

👶 Viennese Origins

🎓 Education and Development

👑 Political Marriage Arrangement

Dauphine of France (1770–1774) 🇫🇷

💍 Arrival and Wedding

🎭 Court Life and Influence

🗣️ Public Perception

Queen of France (1774–1792) 👑

⭐ Ascension and Early Reign

💰 Financial Strain and Extravagance

👶 Motherhood and Public Image

Prelude to Revolution ⏳

💎 The Diamond Necklace Affair

🏛️ Failed Reforms and Political Maneuvering

🔥 Escalation Towards Crisis

Revolutionary Turmoil (1791–1793) ⛓️

🏃 Flight to Varennes

⚔️ War and Abolition of Monarchy

⚖️ Trial of Louis XVI

Trial and Execution (1793) 💀

📜 The Revolutionary Tribunal

⚖️ Condemnation and Final Words

⚰️ Execution

Legacy and Cultural Impact 🏛️

🗣️ Symbol of the Ancien Régime

🎨 Patronage and Aesthetics

📚 Enduring Historical Figure

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

True or False? 🤔

❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

Gamer's Corner 🎮

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Explore More Topics

📜 Discover other topics to study!

References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Academic Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Considerations

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Early Life (1755–1770)

Viennese Origins

Education and Development

Political Marriage Arrangement

Dauphine of France (1770–1774)

Arrival and Wedding

Court Life and Influence

Public Perception

Queen of France (1774–1792)

Ascension and Early Reign

Financial Strain and Extravagance

Motherhood and Public Image

Prelude to Revolution

The Diamond Necklace Affair

Failed Reforms and Political Maneuvering

Escalation Towards Crisis

Revolutionary Turmoil (1791–1793)

Flight to Varennes

War and Abolition of Monarchy

Trial of Louis XVI

Trial and Execution (1793)

The Revolutionary Tribunal

Condemnation and Final Words

Execution

Legacy and Cultural Impact

Symbol of the Ancien Régime

Patronage and Aesthetics

Enduring Historical Figure

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Academic Disclaimer

Important Considerations