What theological beliefs of Martin Luther form the basis of Lutheranism?

Luther's theology centered on the belief that justification, or being declared righteous by God, is not earned through human actions but is received solely as a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ. He also taught that the Bible is the sole source of divinely revealed knowledge and that all baptized Christians share in a holy priesthood, challenging the exclusive authority of the Pope and bishops.

What were some of the key teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church that Luther rejected?

Martin Luther initiated a significant debate by rejecting several contemporary teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Notably, he questioned the efficacy and sale of indulgences, which were seen as a remission of temporal punishment for sin, and challenged the ultimate authority of the Pope.

What was the significance of Martin Luther's Ninety-five Theses?

Authored in 1517, the Ninety-five Theses were Martin Luther's scholarly objection to the Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences. While initially intended as a debate point, these theses sparked an international discussion on church practices and papal authority, marking a pivotal moment in the Reformation.

What actions did Pope Leo X and Emperor Charles V take against Martin Luther?

Pope Leo X demanded that Luther renounce his writings, and upon Luther's refusal, excommunicated him in January 1521. Later that year, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V condemned Luther as an outlaw at the Diet of Worms, effectively banning his literature and making him a target for arrest.

How did Luther's translation of the Bible into German impact the church and culture?

Luther's translation of the Bible into German made the scriptures significantly more accessible to the common people. This had a profound impact on both the church and German culture, contributing to the development of a standard German language and influencing translation practices, including the English Tyndale Bible.

What controversial views did Luther express in his later works, such as "On the Jews and Their Lies"?

In later works like "On the Jews and Their Lies" (1543), Martin Luther expressed staunchly antisemitic views. He advocated for harsh measures against Jews, including the burning of synagogues, expulsion, and the destruction of their prayer books, which have been a source of significant controversy and criticism.

When and where was Martin Luther born, and what was his birth name?

Martin Luther was born on November 10, 1483, in Eisleben, County of Mansfeld, within the Holy Roman Empire. His birth name was Martin Luder, though he later changed it to Luther.

What was Martin Luther's father's profession and ambition for Martin?

Martin Luther's father, Hans Luther, was a leaseholder of copper mines and smelters and served as a town councilor. Hans was determined for his son Martin to become a lawyer and pursued this ambition by sending him to various Latin schools.

How did Luther describe his early education and his experience at the University of Erfurt?

Luther described his early education in grammar, rhetoric, and logic at Latin schools as akin to purgatory and hell. Upon entering the University of Erfurt in 1501, he found it to be a place of rote learning and wearying spiritual exercises, later comparing it to a beerhouse and whorehouse.

What event is traditionally said to have prompted Luther's decision to become a monk?

The most commonly cited event is that on July 2, 1505, during a severe thunderstorm, Luther was struck by lightning and, fearing death and divine judgment, cried out a vow to become a monk if Saint Anne would save him. He entered St. Augustine's Monastery in Erfurt on July 17, 1505.

How did Luther describe his spiritual state during his time as a monk?

Luther described his monastic period as one of deep spiritual despair, feeling that he had lost touch with Christ as a comforter and instead viewed Him as a jailer. He dedicated himself intensely to fasting, prayer, pilgrimage, and confession, yet found no peace.

When and where was Martin Luther ordained as a priest, and what was his academic career path?

Martin Luther was ordained to the priesthood on April 3-4, 1507, in Erfurt Cathedral. He later began teaching theology at the University of Wittenberg in 1508, eventually earning his Doctor of Theology in 1512 and succeeding Johann von Staupitz as chair of theology.

What biblical texts did Luther lecture on from 1510 to 1520, and how did this influence his theological views?

From 1510 to 1520, Luther lectured on the Psalms, and the books of Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians. Through studying these texts, partly with Erasmus's new translation, he began to reinterpret terms like 'penance' and 'righteousness,' concluding that the Church had strayed from core Christian truths.

What did Luther teach about the source of salvation and the role of faith?

Luther taught that salvation is a gift of God's grace, attainable only through faith in Jesus Christ, rather than through human works or merits. He believed that good works were a necessary consequence of this living faith, part of the process of sanctification.

What was the context and impact of Luther's Ninety-five Theses?

Luther wrote the Ninety-five Theses in 1517, protesting the sale of indulgences by Johann Tetzel, who was raising funds for St. Peter's Basilica. The theses questioned the Pope's authority and the practice of selling indulgences, quickly spreading throughout Germany and initiating the public phase of the Reformation.

What was the significance of the Marburg Colloquy in 1529?

The Marburg Colloquy was an assembly convened to establish doctrinal unity among German and Swiss theologians. While agreement was reached on fourteen out of fifteen points, a significant disagreement persisted regarding the nature of the Eucharist, particularly between Luther and Huldrych Zwingli.

What was Luther's view on the relationship between faith and reason?

Luther held that faith and reason operated in separate spheres. He stated that reason could not lead to faith and was often its greatest enemy in spiritual matters, yet he also acknowledged that reason, when enlightened, could further faith. This has led to debate among scholars about whether he was a fideist.

How did Luther view the Turks and Islam in his writings?

Luther viewed the Turks (Muslims) as a scourge sent by God to punish Christians and as agents of the Antichrist, but he opposed the idea of a "Holy War" against them. He supported secular warfare against them based on his doctrine of the two kingdoms, while believing the spiritual war against their faith should be waged through prayer and repentance.

What was the significance of Luther's marriage to Katharina von Bora?

Martin Luther married Katharina von Bora, a former nun, in 1525. Their marriage was significant as it set a precedent and gave approval to the practice of clerical marriage within the Protestant movement, which had previously been uncommon and often discouraged.

What was the purpose of Luther's "Small Catechism" and "Large Catechism"?

Luther devised the catechisms in 1529 as instructional tools for congregations. The "Small Catechism" was intended for memorization by the laity, especially children and parents, while the "Large Catechism" served as a manual for pastors and teachers, providing clear explanations of core Christian doctrines.

When did Martin Luther translate the Old Testament into German, and what was the impact of this translation?

Luther and his collaborators completed the German translation of the Old Testament in 1534, following his New Testament translation in 1522. This comprehensive Bible translation, known as the Luther Bible, made scripture accessible to a wider audience, significantly influenced the German language, and played a key role in spreading Protestant ideas.

What is Luther's most famous hymn, and what is its significance?

Martin Luther's most famous hymn is "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott," known in English as "A Mighty Fortress Is Our God." This hymn, often associated with the Reformation, reflects themes of divine protection and steadfast faith, becoming an anthem for Protestantism.

What was Luther's view on the state of the soul after death?

Throughout his life, Luther maintained that it was not false doctrine to believe that a Christian's soul sleeps after separation from the body in death. He rejected the concept of purgatory and the idea of souls being tormented after death, believing instead that they rest peacefully until the resurrection.

Where is Martin Luther buried?

Martin Luther is buried in the Schlosskirche (Castle Church) in Wittenberg, Germany, in front of the pulpit. His tomb is a significant site for Lutheran pilgrimage and commemoration.

What is the significance of the swan as an attribute associated with Martin Luther?

The swan is associated with Martin Luther due to a prophecy attributed to Jan Hus, a reformer executed in 1415, who reportedly predicted that a swan would sing after his 'goose' (Hus's name meaning goose) was roasted. Since Luther published his Ninety-five Theses about 103 years later, the swan became a symbol of his role as a successor reformer.

What was the impact of Luther's use of the printing press?

Luther effectively utilized Johannes Gutenberg's printing press to disseminate his views widely. By switching to German and publishing prolifically, his works became accessible to a broad audience, making him the most widely read author of his generation and a key figure in spreading the Reformation.

What controversial views did Luther express regarding Jews, and how have they been interpreted?

While initially advocating for kindness towards Jews to encourage conversion, Luther grew increasingly bitter when his efforts failed. In his later works, particularly "On the Jews and Their Lies," he used violent language and called for harsh measures against them. These writings have been interpreted as contributing to German antisemitism and were later used by the Nazis.

What was the "Bigamy of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse" controversy, and what was Luther's role?

In 1539-1540, Luther became involved in the matter of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, who sought to marry a second wife while still married to his first. Luther, along with other theologians, reluctantly advised Philip that if he was determined, he should marry secretly, a decision that caused lasting damage to Luther's reputation.

What was the significance of Luther's lectures on Psalms and his development of the doctrine of justification by faith?

During his lectures on Psalms and the epistles of Romans and Galatians (1510-1520), Luther developed his understanding of justification by faith alone. He came to believe that righteousness was a gift from God, received through faith in Christ, rather than something earned by human merit, a core tenet of his theology.

What was Luther's stance on the German Peasants' War, as expressed in "Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants"?

While Luther sympathized with some peasant grievances, he strongly condemned their violent uprisings in "Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants" (1525). He called for the nobles to put down the rebels ruthlessly, likening them to mad dogs, and stated that he had "slain all the peasants" by his condemnation.

What was the significance of the Augsburg Confession in 1530?

The Augsburg Confession was a key document presented to Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Augsburg in 1530. It outlined the core beliefs of the Lutheran reformers, aiming to show their alignment with orthodox Christian doctrine and to address the religious divisions within the Holy Roman Empire.

How did Luther's theology challenge the authority of the Pope and bishops?

Luther challenged papal and episcopal authority by asserting that the Bible alone (sola scriptura) was the ultimate source of religious truth, rather than church tradition or papal decrees. He also promoted the concept of the universal priesthood of all believers, diminishing the need for a hierarchical clerical structure.

What was the "Antinomian controversy," and what was Luther's position?

The Antinomian controversy arose in the late 1530s when figures like Johannes Agricola argued that Christians were no longer bound by the moral law (like the Ten Commandments), as the gospel alone revealed God's wrath. Luther strongly opposed this, reaffirming the importance of the law for Christians, both as a means to recognize sin (the second use) and as a guide for righteous living (the third use).

What was the significance of Luther's "Invocavit Sermons"?

Preached in Wittenberg in March 1522 upon his return from Wartburg Castle, Luther's eight "Invocavit Sermons" addressed the radical reforms and disturbances occurring in the city. In these sermons, he emphasized the power of God's word over violence and urged adherence to core Christian values like love and patience.

What is the "Weimar Edition" of Martin Luther's works?

The Weimar Edition (Weimarer Ausgabe or WA) is a comprehensive and standard scholarly edition of Martin Luther's complete works, published in German. It includes his Latin and German writings, correspondence (WA Br), table talk (WA Tr), and German Bible translations (WA DB).

How did Luther's physical health deteriorate in his final years, and how did it affect his writings?

In his final years (roughly 1531-1546), Luther suffered from various ailments, including Ménière's disease, vertigo, kidney stones, arthritis, and angina. This poor health reportedly made him short-tempered and contributed to the harshness and polemical tone found in some of his later writings.

What was the "Constantinian shift" in Christianity, and how did it relate to Luther's views?

The "Constantinian shift" refers to the period when Emperor Constantine legalized Christianity and it eventually became the state religion of the Roman Empire. This shift brought Christianity into closer alliance with secular political power, a development that Luther later engaged with through his doctrine of the two kingdoms, which distinguished between spiritual and temporal authority.

What was the significance of the "Peace of Augsburg" in 1555 regarding religious divisions?

The Peace of Augsburg, signed in 1555, was a treaty that officially recognized Lutheranism within the Holy Roman Empire. It established the principle of *cuius regio, eius religio* (whose realm, his religion), allowing rulers to choose either Catholicism or Lutheranism for their territory, thereby formally acknowledging the religious divisions resulting from the Reformation.

What role did Lucas Cranach the Elder play in the visual representation of Martin Luther?

Lucas Cranach the Elder, a close friend of Luther, created numerous portraits and woodcuts of him. These images were crucial in shaping the public perception of Luther, often depicting him as a robust, imposing figure, which helped to spread the image of Protestantism's founder throughout Germany.

What was Luther's view on the "priesthood of all believers"?

Luther's doctrine of the "priesthood of all believers" asserted that all baptized Christians have direct access to God through faith and Jesus Christ, without the need for priestly mediation. This challenged the hierarchical structure of the Catholic Church and emphasized the spiritual equality of all believers.

What is the "Theology of the Cross" as articulated by Martin Luther?

Luther's "Theology of the Cross" contrasts with a "Theology of Glory." It emphasizes that God reveals Himself not through worldly power or wisdom, but through suffering, weakness, and the cross of Christ. True understanding of God comes through recognizing His presence in the midst of human suffering and hiddenness.

When did Luther die, and what were his final words?

Martin Luther died on February 18, 1546, at the age of 62, in Eisleben, his birthplace. His companions reported his final words as a prayer committing his spirit to God: "Into your hand I commit my spirit; you have redeemed me, O Lord, faithful God." He also affirmed his readiness to die in faith in Christ.

What was the "Great Awakening" in the context of Protestantism, and how might Luther's legacy relate to it?

The "Great Awakenings" were periods of religious revival in Protestant history, particularly in America, characterized by fervent preaching and emotional conversion experiences. While distinct from Luther's direct actions, his emphasis on personal faith and the accessibility of scripture laid groundwork that influenced later revival movements within Protestantism.

What is the significance of the "Five Solas" in Lutheran theology?

The "Five Solas" are foundational principles of the Protestant Reformation, including *sola scriptura* (Scripture alone), *sola fide* (faith alone), *sola gratia* (grace alone), *solus Christus* (Christ alone), and *soli Deo gloria* (glory to God alone). Luther's theology strongly emphasized *sola scriptura*, *sola fide*, and *sola gratia* as central to Christian doctrine.

How did Luther's hymns influence Protestant church music?

Luther was a prolific hymnwriter, authoring hymns like "A Mighty Fortress Is Our God." His hymns, often written in German and set to popular tunes, significantly influenced the development of congregational singing and church music in Protestant churches, making worship more accessible and participatory.

What was the "Adiaphora controversy" in Lutheranism?

The "Adiaphora controversy" (mid-16th century) concerned matters considered neither commanded nor forbidden by Scripture, such as liturgical practices and ceremonies. Lutherans debated whether these "indifferent things" (adiaphora) could be adopted or modified under pressure from Catholic authorities, particularly during periods of persecution or political compromise.

What was Luther's view on the "two kingdoms doctrine"?

Luther's "two kingdoms doctrine" distinguished between God's spiritual kingdom, administered through the Gospel and the Church, and His temporal kingdom, governed by law and the state. He believed Christians should obey both kingdoms, fulfilling their spiritual duties through faith and their civic duties through participation in the temporal realm.

What was the "Crypto-Calvinist" controversy in Lutheranism?

The "Crypto-Calvinist" controversy arose in the late 16th century when followers of John Calvin's theology were suspected of secretly influencing Lutheran teachings, particularly regarding the Eucharist. This led to theological disputes and purges within Lutheran territories, reinforcing strict adherence to the Book of Concord.

What was the "Gnesio-Lutheran" movement?

The "Gnesio-Lutheran" movement, active in the mid-16th century, emphasized strict adherence to Luther's original teachings, particularly in opposition to the "Philippists" who followed Philip Melanchthon's more conciliatory theological positions. They sought to preserve the purity of Lutheran doctrine as established by Luther.

How did Luther's writings contribute to the development of the German language?

Luther's translation of the Bible and his numerous other writings were instrumental in standardizing the German language. By using the German dialect common in the Saxon chancellery, which was understood in both northern and southern regions, his work helped create a unified literary German language.

Martin Luther Wiki: The Reformation's Architect: Martin Luther's Enduring Legacy

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Who Was Martin Luther?

A Pivotal Figure

Martin Luther (1483–1546) was a German priest, theologian, author, hymnwriter, professor, and former Augustinian friar. He is recognized as the seminal figure of the Protestant Reformation, and his theological doctrines form the foundation of Lutheranism. His influence extends profoundly throughout Western and Christian history.

Sparking the Reformation

Luther initiated a global debate on church practices, most notably challenging the sale of indulgences with his Ninety-five Theses in 1517. His theological stance led to his excommunication by Pope Leo X in 1521 and condemnation by Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms.

Core Theological Tenets

Central to Luther's theology was the doctrine of justification—that individuals are declared righteous solely through God's grace, received by faith in Jesus Christ, not through human works or merit. He championed the Bible as the ultimate authority (sola scriptura) and the concept of the universal priesthood of all believers.

Early Life and Education

Birth and Family

Born Martin Luder on November 10, 1483, in Eisleben, Holy Roman Empire, Luther was the son of Hans and Margarethe Luther. His father, a successful mine operator and town council member, intended for Martin to become a lawyer.

Academic Foundations

Luther received a rigorous education at Latin schools in Mansfeld, Magdeburg, and Eisenach. He entered the University of Erfurt in 1501, where he earned his master's degree in 1505. Initially studying law as per his father's wishes, he soon shifted his focus to philosophy and theology.

Philosophical Discontent

Luther found philosophy unsatisfying, as it provided intellectual rigor but little assurance regarding the love of God. He increasingly turned to scripture, believing that divine revelation, not human reason alone, was the path to understanding God.

Monastic Vow and Ordination

The Vow

In July 1505, caught in a violent thunderstorm, Luther vowed to become a monk if Saint Anne saved him. This led him to abandon his legal studies and enter St. Augustine's Monastery in Erfurt, much to his father's dismay.

Ordination and Spiritual Struggle

Luther dedicated himself to monastic discipline, engaging in fasting, prayer, and confession. He experienced profound spiritual despair, feeling alienated from God. His superior, Johann von Staupitz, encouraged him to pursue an academic career to distract him from excessive introspection. Luther was ordained a deacon in 1507 and a priest on April 3/4, 1507.

Academic Career Begins

In 1508, Luther began teaching theology at the newly established University of Wittenberg. He earned his Doctor of Theology degree in 1512 and succeeded von Staupitz as chair of theology, dedicating the rest of his career to this position.

The Reformation Ignites

The Indulgence Controversy

In 1516, Johann Tetzel, a Dominican friar, began selling indulgences to fund the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica. Luther protested this practice, viewing it as a corruption that offered false assurance of salvation, and penned his Ninety-five Theses in 1517.

The Ninety-five Theses

Luther's Ninety-five Theses, initially intended as a scholarly objection, questioned the Pope's authority and the efficacy of indulgences. The theses were widely circulated, sparking debate across Germany and beyond, marking the beginning of the Reformation.

Diet of Worms

Summoned to the Diet of Worms in 1521, Luther refused to recant his writings unless convinced by Scripture or clear reason. Declared an outlaw by Emperor Charles V, he faced condemnation but remained steadfast, famously stating, "Here I stand. I can do no other."

Influential Writings and Translations

The German Bible

While in hiding at Wartburg Castle, Luther translated the New Testament into German (1522), followed by the Old Testament in 1534. This monumental work, the Luther Bible, made scripture accessible to the common people and significantly shaped the German language and literature.

Hymns of Faith

Luther was a prolific hymn writer, authoring enduring hymns such as "A Mighty Fortress Is Our God" and "Vater unser im Himmelreich." His music blended high art with folk traditions, fostering congregational singing and enriching Protestant worship.

Catechisms and Doctrine

To educate the populace, Luther published the Small Catechism (1529) for children and laypeople, and the Large Catechism (1529) for pastors and teachers. These works clearly articulated core Christian doctrines, including the Ten Commandments, the Apostles' Creed, and the Sacraments.

Enduring Legacy

Shaping Christianity and Culture

Luther's actions fundamentally altered the religious and political landscape of Europe. His emphasis on individual faith, scripture, and accessible worship profoundly influenced the development of Protestant denominations and Western culture.

Family and Church Life

Luther's marriage to Katharina von Bora, a former nun, in 1525 set a precedent for clerical marriage within Protestantism. They raised six children, and their home became a center for theological discussion and hospitality.

Theological Impact

His doctrines of justification by faith alone, the priesthood of all believers, and the authority of Scripture continue to be central tenets for millions worldwide, shaping theological discourse and practice for centuries.

Controversial Views

Antisemitic Writings

In his later years, Luther expressed staunchly antisemitic views in works such as On the Jews and Their Lies. These writings called for the expulsion of Jews and the burning of synagogues, contributing to a legacy of religious antisemitism in Germany.

Peasants' War Stance

While initially sympathetic to some peasant grievances, Luther vehemently condemned the violent German Peasants' War (1524–1525) in his pamphlet Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants, urging authorities to suppress the rebellion ruthlessly.

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References

Ewald M. Plass, What Luther Says, 3 vols., (St. Louis: CPH, 1959), 88, no. 269; M. Reu, Luther and the Scriptures, (Columbus, Ohio: Wartburg Press, 1944), 23.

Luther, Martin. Concerning the Ministry (1523), tr. Conrad Bergendoff, in Bergendoff, Conrad (ed.) Luther's Works. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1958, 40:18 ff.

Fahlbusch, Erwin and Bromiley, Geoffrey William. The Encyclopedia of Christianity. Grand Rapids, MI: Leiden, Netherlands: Wm. B. Eerdmans; Brill, 1999â2003, 1:244.

Bainton, Roland. Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther. New York: Penguin, 1995, 269.

Schaff, Philip: History of the Christian Church, Vol. VIII: Modern Christianity: The Swiss Reformation, William B. Eerdmans Pub. Co., Grand Rapids, Michigan, US, 1910, page 706.

Grunberger, Richard. The 12-Year Reich: A Social History of Nazi Germany 1933â1945 (NP:Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971), 465.

Marty, Martin. Martin Luther. Viking Penguin, 2004, p. 1.

Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985â93, 1:3â5.

Marty, Martin. Martin Luther. Viking Penguin, 2004, p. 3.

Rupp, Ernst Gordon. "Martin Luther," EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica, accessed 2006.

Marty, Martin. Martin Luther. Viking Penguin, 2004, pp. 2â3.

Marty, Martin. Martin Luther. Viking Penguin, 2004, p. 4.

Marty, Martin. Martin Luther. Viking Penguin, 2004, p. 5.

Marty, Martin. Martin Luther. Viking Penguin, 2004, p. 6.

Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985â93, 1:48.

Marty, Martin. Martin Luther. Viking Penguin, 2004, p. 7.

Kittelson, James. Luther The Reformer. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress Publishing House, 1986, 79.

Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985â93, 1:93.

Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985â93, 1:112â127.

Wriedt, Markus. "Luther's Theology," in The Cambridge Companion to Luther. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003, 88â94.

Luther, Martin. "The Smalcald Articles," in Concordia: The Lutheran Confessions. Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2005, 289, Part two, Article 1.

"Johann Tetzel," EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica, 2007

Hillerbrand, Hans J. "Martin Luther: Indulgences and salvation," EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica, 2007.

KrÃ¤mer, Walter and Trenkler, GÃ¶tz. "Luther" in Lexicon van Hardnekkige Misverstanden. Uitgeverij Bert Bakker, 1997, 214:216.

Gerhard Prause "Luthers Thesanschlag ist eine Legende,"in Niemand hat Kolumbus ausgelacht. DÃ¼sseldorf, 1986.

Bainton, Roland. Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1950), p. 79, online

Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985â93, 1:204â205.

Spitz, Lewis W. The Renaissance and Reformation Movements, St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1987, 338.

Papal Bull Exsurge Domine, 15 June 1520.

Bainton, Roland. Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1950), Chapter V, p. 96, online

Brecht, Martin. (tr. Wolfgang Katenz) "Luther, Martin," in Hillerbrand, Hans J. (ed.) Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, 2:463.

Cindy Wooden, "Lutheran World Council OKs joint declaration on justification," The Pilot, 19 June 1998, 20.

Reformation Europe: 1517â1559, London: Fontana, 1963, 53; Diarmaid MacCulloch, Reformation: Europe's House Divided, 1490â1700, London: Allen Lane, 2003, 132.

Jaroslav J. Pelikan, Hilton C. Oswald, Luther's Works, 55 vols. (St. Louis and Philadelphia: Concordia Pub. House and Fortress Press, 1955â1986), 46: 50â51.

Brecht, 2:267; MacCulloch, 165. On one occasion, Luther referred to the elector as an "emergency bishop" (Notbischof).

Luther, Martin. Luther's Works. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971, 50:172â173; Bainton, Mentor edition, 263.

Christopher Boyd Brown, Singing the Gospel: Lutheran Hymns and the Success of the Reformation. (2005)

Robin A. Leaver, "Luther's Catechism Hymns." Lutheran Quarterly 1998 12(1): 79â88, 89â98.

Robin A. Leaver, "Luther's Catechism Hymns: 5. Baptism." Lutheran Quarterly 1998 12(2): 160â169, 170â180.

Christoph Markschies, Michael Trowitzsch: Luther zwischen den Zeiten â Eine Jenaer Ringvorlesung; Mohr Siebeck, 1999; pp. 215â219 (in German).

Psychopannychia (the night banquet of the soul), manuscript OrlÃ©ans 1534, Latin Strasbourg 1542, 2nd.ed. 1545, French, Geneva 1558, English 1581.

Sermons of Martin Luther: the House Postils, Eugene F.A. Klug, ed. and trans., 3 vols., (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 1996), 2:240.

Blackburne A short historical view of the controversy concerning an intermediate state (1765) p. 121

Henry Eyster Jacobs Martin Luther the Hero of the Reformation 1483 to 1546 (1898). Emphasis added.

Weimar Ausgabe 26, 442; Luther's Works 37, 299â300.

Mallett, 198; Marius, 220. The siege was lifted on 14 October 1529, which Luther saw as a divine miracle.

The "first use of the law," accordingly, would be the law used as an external means of order and coercion in the political realm by means of bodily rewards and punishments.

Brecht, Martin, Martin Luther, tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985â93, 3:212.

Brecht, Martin, Martin Luther, tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985â93, 3:214.

Brecht, Martin, Martin Luther, tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985â93, 3:205â215.

Oberman, Heiko, Luther: Man Between God and the Devil, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006, 294.

Michael, Robert. Holy Hatred: Christianity, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, 109; Mullett, 242.

Brecht, 3:341â343; Mullett, 241; Marty, 172.

Noble, Graham. "Martin Luther and German anti-Semitism," History Review (2002) No. 42:1â2; Mullett, 246.

Luther, On the Jews and Their Lies, quoted in Robert Michael, "Luther, Luther Scholars, and the Jews," Encounter 46 (Autumn 1985) No. 4:343â344.

Luther, Martin. Sermon No. 8, "Predigt Ã¼ber Mat. 11:25, Eisleben gehalten," 15 February 1546, Luthers Werke, Weimar 1914, 51:196â197.

Mackinnon, James. Luther and the Reformation. Vol. IV, (New York): Russell & Russell, 1962, p. 204.

Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985â93, 3:369â379.

Dorfpredigten: Biblische Einsichten aus Deutschlands 'wildem SÃ¼den'. AusgewÃ¤hlte Predigten aus den Jahren 1998 bis 2007 Teil II 2002â2007 by Thomas O.H. Kaiser, p. 354

See Noble, Graham. "Martin Luther and German anti-Semitism," History Review (2002) No. 42:1â2.

Diarmaid MacCulloch, Reformation: Europe's House Divided, 1490â1700. New York: Penguin Books Ltd, 2004, pp. 666â667.

Bernd Nellessen, "Die schweigende Kirche: Katholiken und Judenverfolgung," in Buttner (ed), Die Deutschen und die Jugendverfolg im Dritten Reich, p. 265, cited in Daniel Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing Executioners (Vintage, 1997)

Siemon-Netto, The Fabricated Luther, 17â20.

Siemon-Netto, "Luther and the Jews," Lutheran Witness 123 (2004) No. 4:19, 21.

Bainton, Roland: Here I Stand, (Nashville: Abingdon Press, New American Library, 1983), p. 297

"Der Deutsche Luthertag 1933 und die Deutschen Christen" by HansjÃ¶rg Buss. In: Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte Vol. 26, No. 2

Richard (Dick) Geary, "Who voted for the Nazis? (electoral history of the National Socialist German Workers' Party)", in History Today, 1 October 1998, Vol. 48, Issue 10, pp. 8â14

A full list of references for this article are available at the Martin Luther Wikipedia page

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Martin Luther: Catalyst of Change

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👤 A Pivotal Figure

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📖 Core Theological Tenets

Early Life and Education 🎓

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📚 Academic Foundations

🤔 Philosophical Discontent

Monastic Vow and Ordination 🙏

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⛪ Ordination and Spiritual Struggle

🏛️ Academic Career Begins

The Reformation Ignites 🔥

💰 The Indulgence Controversy

📜 The Ninety-five Theses

⚖️ Diet of Worms

Influential Writings and Translations ✍️

📖 The German Bible

🎶 Hymns of Faith

📚 Catechisms and Doctrine

Enduring Legacy 🌟

🌍 Shaping Christianity and Culture

👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Family and Church Life

🗣️ Theological Impact

Controversial Views ⚠️

📜 Antisemitic Writings

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Who Was Martin Luther?

A Pivotal Figure

Sparking the Reformation

Core Theological Tenets

Early Life and Education

Birth and Family

Academic Foundations

Philosophical Discontent

Monastic Vow and Ordination

The Vow

Ordination and Spiritual Struggle

Academic Career Begins

The Reformation Ignites

The Indulgence Controversy

The Ninety-five Theses

Diet of Worms

Influential Writings and Translations

The German Bible

Hymns of Faith

Catechisms and Doctrine

Enduring Legacy

Shaping Christianity and Culture

Family and Church Life

Theological Impact

Controversial Views

Antisemitic Writings

Peasants' War Stance

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice