What is the official name of Mexico, and where is it geographically situated?

The official name of Mexico is the United Mexican States. It is located in North America, serving as the northernmost country in Latin America. It shares borders with the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast, with maritime boundaries in the Pacific Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico.

How does Mexico rank globally in terms of land area and population?

Mexico covers an area of 1,972,550 square kilometers, making it the thirteenth-largest country in the world by land area. With a population exceeding 130 million, it is the tenth-most populous country globally and is home to the largest number of native Spanish speakers.

What were the key civilizations that flourished in Mesoamerica, considered a cradle of civilization?

The region of Mesoamerica, considered a cradle of civilization, was home to advanced societies such as the Olmecs, Maya, Zapotecs, the Teotihuacan civilization, and the Purépecha. Human presence in Mexico dates back to at least 8,000 BC.

What were the primary factors that made New Spain a significant part of the Spanish Empire during the Age of Discovery?

New Spain was a crucial part of the Spanish Empire due to its large, hierarchically organized Mesoamerican populations that provided tribute and labor, and the discovery of vast silver deposits in northern Mexico. Its strategic position also made it a hub connecting Europe and Asia.

What major territorial loss did Mexico experience following the Mexican-American War?

In 1848, Mexico lost nearly half of its territory to the United States following the American invasion and the Mexican-American War. This territorial cession was formalized by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

What was the impact of the Liberal reforms and the Constitution of 1857 on Mexico?

The Liberal reforms, particularly those enshrined in the Constitution of 1857, aimed to modernize Mexico by separating Church and State, reducing privileges for the Church and military, and secularizing education. However, these reforms also triggered a civil war and led to French intervention.

What characterized the Porfiriato period under Porfirio Díaz?

The Porfiriato, the long dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz from 1876 to 1911, was characterized by rapid modernization, economic stability, and significant foreign investment. However, these advancements came at the cost of severe social unrest and political repression.

What significant political document was adopted after the Mexican Revolution?

Following the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920), Mexico adopted the Constitution of 1917, which remains its governing document today. This constitution empowered the government to expropriate resources, granted rights to labor, and strengthened anticlerical provisions.

How has Mexico's official name evolved throughout its history, particularly concerning its forms of government?

Mexico's official name has changed with its forms of government, including periods as the *Imperio Mexicano* (Mexican Empire) and using *Estados Unidos Mexicanos* (United Mexican States) in its federal constitutions since 1824. The name *República Mexicana* also appeared in earlier constitutional laws.

What was Teotihuacan's significance as a city in ancient Mesoamerica?

Teotihuacan was one of the largest cities in the world at its peak, flourishing between 1 AD and 500 AD. It was known for its impressive pyramidal structures and served as the center of a significant military and commercial empire.

What were some key advancements in writing and numerical systems among pre-Columbian Mexican civilizations?

Pre-Columbian civilizations in Mexico developed sophisticated writing systems, including the Maya Hieroglyphic script, and utilized a vigesimal (base 20) numeric system. These cultural traits spread throughout the Mesoamerican region.

When did the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire begin, and who led the expedition?

The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire began in February 1519, led by Hernán Cortés, who founded the Spanish city of Veracruz. The capture of Tenochtitlan in 1521 marked the beginning of the 300-year colonial era.

What role did the Council of the Indies play in the administration of New Spain?

The Council of the Indies, established in Spain in 1524 by King Charles I, was responsible for overseeing state power and administration in Spain's overseas territories, including New Spain.

What event is commemorated as Mexico's Independence Day?

Mexico's Independence Day is commemorated on September 16th, marking the "Cry of Dolores" (Grito de Dolores). This call to arms against "bad government" was initiated by secular priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla on September 16, 1810.

What significant social reform did Vicente Guerrero enact during his presidency?

Vicente Guerrero, who served as president of Mexico briefly in 1829, enacted the significant social reform of abolishing slavery throughout the country.

What conflict led to Mexico losing a significant portion of its northern territory to the United States?

The Mexican-American War, which began in 1846, led to Mexico losing much of its sparsely populated northern territory. This loss was formalized by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848.

What were the main goals of the Liberal Reform and the Constitution of 1857?

The Liberal Reform aimed to modernize Mexico's economy and institutions based on liberal principles. The Constitution of 1857 sought to separate Church and State, remove special privileges for the Church and military, and secularize education.

How did the French intervention lead to the establishment of the Second Mexican Empire?

Following a civil war triggered by the Liberal reforms, Mexican Conservatives sought foreign intervention. Emperor Napoleon III of France placed Maximilian Habsburg on the throne, establishing the Second Mexican Empire.

What event triggered the Mexican Revolution in 1910?

The Mexican Revolution was triggered by the fraudulent 1910 election, where President Porfirio Díaz manipulated the results after initially stating he would not run, leading Francisco I. Madero to call for armed uprising.

What role did the United States play in the events surrounding Victoriano Huerta's regime?

During Victoriano Huerta's regime (1913-1914), the U.S. initially supported his coup but later refused to recognize his government and allowed arms sales to the Constitutionalists, even occupying Veracruz in 1914.

What was the significance of the Constitution of 1917?

The Constitution of 1917, adopted after the Mexican Revolution, remains Mexico's governing document. It empowered the government to expropriate resources, granted rights to labor, and strengthened anticlerical provisions.

Which political party dominated Mexico for most of the 20th century, and when was it founded?

The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) dominated Mexican politics for most of the 20th century, having been founded in 1929 to unite revolutionary factions and manage presidential succession.

What major economic reform did President Lázaro Cárdenas implement in 1938?

In March 1938, President Lázaro Cárdenas implemented the Mexican oil expropriation, nationalizing the assets of the Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company and leading to the creation of the state-owned oil company, Pemex.

What period is known as the "Mexican Miracle," and what characterized it?

The "Mexican Miracle" refers to the period of rapid industrialization and economic growth in Mexico from the 1940s to the 1970s. This era saw significant economic development but also increased social inequality.

What event in 1968 highlighted government repression during a period of economic growth?

The Tlatelolco Massacre in 1968 highlighted government repression during student protests leading up to the Mexico City Olympics, where government forces cracked down on demonstrators, resulting in hundreds of deaths.

What political shift occurred in Mexico in the 2000 presidential election?

In the 2000 presidential election, Vicente Fox of the National Action Party (PAN) won, ending 71 years of rule by the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) and marking the first time in decades that a president was elected from an opposition party.

Who became Mexico's first female president, and in which election did she win?

Claudia Sheinbaum became Mexico's first female president after winning the 2024 presidential election in a landslide victory, taking office in October 2024.

What are Mexico's primary geographical features and its location relative to tectonic plates?

Mexico is situated in southern North America, bordered by the United States, Guatemala, and Belize, with coastlines on the Pacific Ocean, Gulf of California, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea. Geographically, most of its territory lies on the North American Plate, with smaller portions on the Pacific and Cocos Plates.

What is the significance of the Chicxulub crater in Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula?

The Chicxulub crater, located on the Yucatán Peninsula, is significant as the impact site of the Chicxulub impactor, which is widely believed to have caused the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event that led to the dinosaurs' demise.

How does the Tropic of Cancer divide Mexico's climate zones?

The Tropic of Cancer divides Mexico into temperate regions north of it, which experience cooler winter temperatures, and tropical regions south of it, where temperatures are more consistent year-round and vary mainly with elevation.

What is Mexico's global ranking in biodiversity, and what percentage of the world's biodiversity does it hold?

Mexico ranks fourth in the world for biodiversity and is recognized as one of the 17 megadiverse countries. It is estimated to be home to 10-12% of the world's total biodiversity, with over 200,000 documented species.

What are the three levels of government established by Mexico's constitution?

Mexico's constitution establishes three levels of government: the federal Union, the state governments, and the municipal governments, reflecting its federal republic structure.

How are members of Mexico's Chamber of Deputies and Senate elected?

Members of Mexico's Chamber of Deputies and Senate are elected through a system of parallel voting that combines plurality and proportional representation, ensuring representation based on both geographic districts and party lists.

What is the political status of Mexico City within the federal structure?

Mexico City is a distinct federal entity that belongs to the federation as a whole, rather than being part of a particular state. It has been undergoing a process to gain greater political autonomy, including the establishment of its own constitution and congress.

What are the core principles guiding Mexico's foreign policy?

Mexico's foreign policy is guided by principles including respect for international law, the legal equality and sovereignty of states, non-interventionism, peaceful conflict resolution, and the promotion of collective security through international organizations.

What are the main branches of the Mexican Armed Forces?

The main branches of the Mexican Armed Forces are the Mexican Army (which includes the Mexican Air Force) and the Mexican Navy. The National Guard also plays a role in domestic law enforcement under military command.

What are some of the significant human rights issues and crime-related problems Mexico faces?

Mexico faces significant human rights issues including enforced disappearances, abuses against migrants, extrajudicial killings, femicide, and attacks on journalists. Crime, corruption, and the ongoing drug war contribute to widespread insecurity and low public confidence in the justice system.

How does Mexico's economy rank globally in terms of nominal GDP and PPP?

As of April 2025, Mexico's economy ranks fifteenth globally by nominal GDP ($1.693 trillion) and thirteenth by Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) ($3.396 trillion).

What role do remittances play in Mexico's economy?

Remittances from Mexican citizens working abroad, primarily in the United States, are a significant source of foreign income for Mexico, consistently topping other sources of foreign income.

Which company dominates Mexico's telecommunications industry, and what is its market reach?

Telmex (Teléfonos de México), privatized in 1990, primarily dominates Mexico's telecommunications industry and has expanded its operations to several countries in South America and the United States.

What is Mexico's global ranking in oil production?

Mexico ranks as the sixth-largest oil producer globally, with an output of 3.7 million barrels per day.

Who was Mario J. Molina, and what Nobel Prize did he win?

Mario J. Molina was a Mexican chemist who won the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone. He was the first Mexican citizen to receive a Nobel Prize in science.

How did Mexico rank globally in tourism in 2017?

In 2017, Mexico was ranked as the sixth most visited country in the world and held the highest tourism income in Latin America.

What has been the trend in life expectancy in Mexico over the past century?

Life expectancy in Mexico has shown a substantial increase over the past century, rising from an average of 36 years in 1895 to 75 years by 2020.

What are the five largest metropolitan areas in Mexico based on the 2020 National Population Census?

The five largest metropolitan areas in Mexico, according to the 2020 census, are: Valley of Mexico (Greater Mexico City), Monterrey, Guadalajara, Puebla–Tlaxcala, and Toluca.

What was the government's strategy after the Mexican Revolution to foster a unified national identity?

After the Mexican Revolution, the government promoted the *mestizo* ideology, emphasizing the blending of different races and cultures, to foster a unified national identity. This concept viewed Mexicans as belonging to a mixed race distinguished primarily by culture.

How many indigenous linguistic groups and varieties are recognized in Mexico?

The federal government officially recognizes sixty-eight distinct linguistic groups in Mexico, encompassing 364 varieties of indigenous languages, which are legally considered "national languages" with equal status to Spanish.

What is the dominant religious affiliation in Mexico, and how does its Catholic population compare globally?

Catholicism is the dominant religious affiliation in Mexico, with 77.8% of the population identifying as Catholic in the 2020 census, making it the second-largest Catholic community globally.

What is the current literacy rate in Mexico?

The literacy rate in Mexico was 95.25% in 2020, showing a steady increase and relatively equal rates between males and females.

How did Spanish rule and indigenous interactions shape Mexican culture?

Mexican culture is a blend of Spanish culture and indigenous traditions resulting from centuries of interaction. While Spanish influence was significant, many pre-Columbian customs persisted or became syncretized, and Spanish settlers also integrated into local communities.

Mexico Wiki: Mexico: A Tapestry of Civilizations and Continents

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

When you are ready...
🎮 Play the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge Game🎮

Overview

Geographic Context

Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a sovereign country located in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered by the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast. Its extensive coastlines span the Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of California, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea.

Demographics

With a population exceeding 130 million, Mexico ranks as the tenth most populous country globally and is home to the largest number of native Spanish speakers. Its capital and largest city, Mexico City, is a sprawling metropolis recognized as one of the most populous metropolitan areas worldwide.

Economic Standing

Mexico is classified as a newly industrialized and developing country. It possesses the world's 15th-largest economy by nominal GDP and the 13th-largest by Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). This economic dynamism positions it as a significant player in both regional and global markets.

Etymology

Origins of the Name

The name "Mexico" originates from the Nahuatl term Mēxihco, referring to the heartland of the Aztec Empire, specifically the Valley of Mexico. The prevailing scholarly consensus suggests that the toponym for the valley was the source of the primary ethnonym for the Aztec Triple Alliance, though the reverse may also be true. During the colonial period (1521–1821), this central region constituted the Intendency of Mexico. Following independence in 1821, the Intendency became the State of Mexico, and the new nation adopted its name from its capital, Mexico City.

Historical Trajectory

Indigenous Civilizations (Pre-1519)

Mexico's history is deeply rooted in ancient civilizations. Mesoamerica, recognized as a cradle of civilization, hosted advanced societies such as the Olmecs, Maya, Zapotecs, Teotihuacanos, and Purépecha. These cultures developed complex societal structures, sophisticated writing systems, monumental architecture, and advanced agricultural practices, laying the foundation for subsequent cultural developments.

Olmec Culture: Flourished on the Gulf Coast from c. 1500 BC, influencing subsequent cultures.
Maya Civilization: Developed complex centers like Calakmul and Chichen Itza, known for their hieroglyphic script.
Teotihuacan: A major urban center and empire in Central Mexico, peaking between 1 AD and 500 AD.
Aztec Empire: Established dominance in the Post-Classic period, with its capital at Tenochtitlan.

Spanish Conquest and Colonial Era (1519–1821)

The Spanish conquest, initiated by Hernán Cortés in 1519, culminated in the fall of the Aztec Empire in 1521. This marked the beginning of the 300-year colonial period, during which Mexico was known as New Spain. The colony became a vital hub for the Spanish Empire, driven by silver mining and its strategic position in transoceanic trade.

Administration: Governed by the Council of the Indies in Spain and the Viceroyalty of New Spain, headed by a viceroy.
Economy: Dominated by silver mining and trade, with Veracruz and Acapulco as key ports.
Society: A complex multiracial society with significant influence from the Roman Catholic Church and the Spanish Crown.

Independence Era (1808–1855)

The Mexican War of Independence, beginning with Miguel Hidalgo's "Cry of Dolores" in 1810, concluded in 1821, leading to the establishment of the First Mexican Empire. The subsequent decades were marked by political instability, including changes in government, foreign interventions (Pastry War), and the rise of figures like Antonio López de Santa Anna.

1810: Cry of Dolores initiates the War of Independence.
1821: Independence declared; First Mexican Empire established.
1836: Pastry War with France.
1846–1848: Mexican–American War results in significant territorial loss.

Liberal Era and Intervention (1855–1911)

The Liberal Reform period saw the promulgation of the Constitution of 1857, which aimed to modernize Mexico by separating Church and State and secularizing institutions. This led to the War of the Reform and subsequent French intervention, culminating in the Second Mexican Empire under Maximilian I. The restoration of the Liberal Republic under Benito Juárez marked a period of national consolidation.

Constitution of 1857: Established secularism and reduced Church privileges.
French Intervention (1862–1867): Installation and subsequent overthrow of Emperor Maximilian I.
Porfiriato (1876–1911): Dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz characterized by modernization, economic growth, and social inequality.

Mexican Revolution (1910–1920)

The Mexican Revolution was a transformative decade-long conflict that began as a revolt against Porfirio Díaz's long dictatorship. It involved various factions, including Francisco I. Madero, Victoriano Huerta, Pancho Villa, and Emiliano Zapata. The revolution led to the adoption of the Constitution of 1917, fundamentally reshaping Mexico's political and social landscape.

Francisco I. Madero: Initiated the revolution against Díaz.
Victoriano Huerta: Usurped power after Madero's assassination.
Pancho Villa & Emiliano Zapata: Key revolutionary leaders representing northern and southern agrarian interests.
Venustiano Carranza: Led the Constitutionalist faction and oversaw the drafting of the 1917 Constitution.

Consolidation and One-Party Rule (1920–2000)

The post-revolutionary period saw the consolidation of power under the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), which dominated Mexican politics for over 70 years. This era included significant economic development (the "Mexican Miracle"), but also periods of political repression, such as the Tlatelolco Massacre, and growing social inequality.

PRI Dominance: Founded in 1929, the PRI maintained power through a complex system of patronage and political control.
Mexican Miracle: Period of rapid industrialization and economic growth from the 1940s to the 1970s.
Tlatelolco Massacre (1968): Government crackdown on student protests prior to the Olympic Games.
Neoliberal Reforms: Implemented in the late 20th century, including the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).

Contemporary Mexico (2000–Present)

The 21st century marked a significant shift with the end of PRI's hegemony in 2000. Vicente Fox (PAN) became the first opposition president. Subsequent elections saw shifts in power between the PAN and the PRI, followed by the rise of Andrés Manuel López Obrador (MORENA) in 2018, and the historic election of Claudia Sheinbaum in 2024, the first female president.

2000: End of PRI rule with Vicente Fox's election.
2018: Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) wins presidency, leading MORENA.
2024: Claudia Sheinbaum elected as the first female president.
Challenges: Ongoing issues include crime, corruption, and economic development.

Geography

Topography and Location

Mexico spans a vast area of 1,972,550 km², making it the thirteenth-largest country globally. Situated in southern North America, it is characterized by diverse topography, including high-altitude plateaus, extensive mountain ranges like the Sierra Madre Oriental and Occidental, and volcanic belts such as the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, which features Mexico's highest peaks like Pico de Orizaba.

Coastlines and Regions

Mexico possesses extensive coastlines along the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of California to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea to the east. Geographically, it is often divided into nine distinct regions, ranging from the Baja California peninsula to the Yucatán Peninsula, each with unique geological and ecological features.

Geological Significance

A notable geological feature is the Chicxulub crater on the Yucatán Peninsula. Scientific consensus posits that the impact of the Chicxulub impactor was the primary cause of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, which led to the demise of the dinosaurs.

Climate

Diverse Climatic Zones

Mexico's climate is highly varied, influenced by its size, elevation, and proximity to the Tropic of Cancer. North of the Tropic, regions experience cooler winters, while areas south of it maintain relatively constant temperatures year-round, with elevation being the primary determinant of variation. This results in a wide spectrum of climates, from arid deserts in the north to tropical rainforests in the south.

Precipitation and Hazards

Seasonal precipitation typically occurs from May to August. Northern regions often face arid conditions with sporadic rainfall, whereas southern tropical lowlands can receive over 2,000 mm of annual precipitation. Coastal areas, particularly along the Pacific and Gulf coasts, are vulnerable to hurricanes during summer and fall, and seismic activity is also a significant consideration.

Biodiversity

Megadiverse Nation

Mexico is recognized as one of the world's megadiverse countries, ranking fourth globally in biodiversity. It harbors an estimated 10–12% of the world's species, including the highest number of reptile species (707), second-highest number of mammal species (438), and fourth-highest number of amphibian species (290).

Ecosystems and Conservation

The country boasts a rich array of ecosystems and is a frequent site for bioprospecting. However, Mexico also faces significant environmental challenges, including deforestation and soil erosion, particularly in rural areas. While environmental protection laws have improved in urban centers, enforcement in rural regions remains a concern.

Government and Politics

Federal Republic Structure

Mexico operates as a federal republic with a presidential system, as established by the 1917 Constitution. The government is structured into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. Power is distributed among the federal Union, state governments, and municipal governments, with each state possessing its own constitution and governance structure.

Legislative and Executive Branches

The bicameral Congress of the Union, comprising the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, forms the legislative branch. The President of Mexico serves as both head of state and government, commanding the armed forces and appointing cabinet members. The President holds executive authority and the power to veto legislation.

Political Parties

Historically, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) dominated Mexican politics for over seven decades. Other significant parties include the conservative National Action Party (PAN) and the left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). More recently, the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), a left-wing populist party, has emerged as the ruling party.

Military

Armed Forces Structure

The Mexican Armed Forces consist of the Secretariat of National Defense (SEDENA), overseeing the Mexican Army (including the Air Force) and the Mexican Navy. The National Guard, established in 2019, functions as a gendarmerie under military command, responsible for law enforcement and security.

Defense Expenditures

As of recent estimates, Mexico maintains a substantial active military personnel count across its branches. Military expenditures represent a relatively small fraction of the nation's GDP, reflecting a strategic focus on defense within broader national priorities.

Foreign Relations

Foreign Policy Principles

Mexico's foreign policy is guided by constitutional principles emphasizing respect for international law, state sovereignty, non-interventionism, peaceful conflict resolution, and active participation in international organizations. The Estrada Doctrine has historically informed its approach to diplomatic relations.

International Engagement

Mexico is a founding member of numerous international bodies, including the United Nations, the Organization of American States (OAS), and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Its status as a regional power is reflected in its active role in global economic and political forums like the G-20.

Teacher's Corner

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

Edit and Print Materials from this study in the wiki2web studio

Click here to open the "Mexico" Wiki2Web Studio curriculum kit

Use the free Wiki2web Studio to generate printable flashcards, worksheets, exams, and export your materials as a web page or an interactive game.

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Learn about mexico while playing the wiki2web Clarity Challenge game.

Unlock the mystery image and prove your knowledge by earning trophies. This simple game is addictively fun and is a great way to learn!

Play now

Explore More Topics

Discover other topics to study!

dicastery for the laity family and life

hungarian–romanian war

lanham maryland

herzog de meuron

References

Restall, Matthew, "A History of the New Philology and the New Philology in History", Latin American Research Review - Volume 38, Number 1, 2003, pp.113â134

Chuchiak, John F. IV, "Inquisition" in Encyclopedia of Mexico. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 704â708

Weber, David J., The Mexican Frontier, 1821â1846: The American Southwest under Mexico, University of New Mexico Press, 1982

Benjamin, Thomas. La RevoluciÃ³n: Mexico's Great Revolution as Memory, Myth, and History. Austin: University of Texas Press 2000

Matute, Alvaro. "Mexican Revolution: May 1917 â December 1920" in Encyclopedia of Mexico, 862â864.

Katz, Friedrich. The Secret War in Mexico. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

[2] Mexico Fact Book. accessed 6 May 2022

"Usumacinta River | Yucatan, Guatemala, Belize, & Map" "Brittanica", retrieved on October 16, 2024.

"ATLAS / ATMOSFERA" "SEMARNAT", retrieved on October 10, 2024.

Hayden, Cori. 2003. When Nature Goes Public: The Making and Unmaking of Bioproscpecting in Mexico. Princeton University Press.

[3] World Fact Book, Mexico. accessed 4 May 2022

[4] World Fact Book accessed 14 May 2022.

Sonora Energy Group Hermosillo

"EnergÃa eÃ³lica", retrieved on September 30, 2024.

"POBLACIÃN" "SEMARNAT", retrieved on October 4, 2024.

"Programa Nacional de Ordenamiento Territorial y Urbano" page 27, retrieved on August 28, 2024.

Knight, Alan. 1990. "Racism, Revolution and indigenismo: Mexico 1910â1940". Chapter 4 in The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870â1940. Richard Graham (ed.) pp. 78â85

Wimmer, Andreas, 2002. Nationalist Exclusion and Ethnic Conflict: Shadows of Modernity, Cambridge University Press page 115

Katzew, Ilona. Casta Painting: Images of Race in Eighteenth-Century Mexico. New Haven: Yale University Press 2005

Widdiefield, Stacie G. The Embodiment of the National in Late Nineteenth-Century Mexican Painting. Tucson: University of Arizona Press 1996

Anreus, Robin AdÃ¨le Greeley, and Leonard Folgarait, eds. Mexican Muralism: A Critical History. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 2012.

Russell, Craig. "Music: Mesoamerica through Seventeenth Century", Encyclopedia of Mexico, 976â980

Hess, Carol A. "Carlos Antonio de Padua ChÃ¡vez y RamÃrez", Encyclopedia of Mexico, 242â43

Zolov, Eric. "Counterculture", Encyclopedia of Mexico, 363â368

Zolov, Eric. Refried Elvis: The Rise of Mexican Counterculture. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1999.

Hanna Rosin, "Life Lessons: How Soap Operas Can Change the World", The New Yorker, 5 June 2006, pp. 40â45.

[11] World Fact Book, Mexico. accessed 4 May 2022

Baker, Shannon L. and William H. Beezley, "Sports", Encyclopedia of Mexico, 1370-1372

A full list of references for this article are available at the Mexico Wikipedia page

Feedback & Support

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer

Important Notice

This page has been generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is derived from publicly available data and may not be entirely comprehensive, accurate, or up-to-date. It is crucial to consult primary sources and expert opinions for critical decision-making.

This is not professional advice. The information provided herein does not constitute legal, political, historical, or any other form of professional advice. Always seek the guidance of qualified professionals for specific matters related to governance, history, geography, or any other field discussed on this page.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided.

Mexico: A Tapestry of Civilizations and Continents

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview ❓

🌍 Geographic Context

👥 Demographics

📈 Economic Standing

Etymology 🏷️

🗣️ Origins of the Name

Historical Trajectory 📜

🏺 Indigenous Civilizations (Pre-1519)

⚔️ Spanish Conquest and Colonial Era (1519–1821)

🕊️ Independence Era (1808–1855)

⚖️ Liberal Era and Intervention (1855–1911)

💥 Mexican Revolution (1910–1920)

🏛️ Consolidation and One-Party Rule (1920–2000)

🗳️ Contemporary Mexico (2000–Present)

Geography 🌍

🗺️ Topography and Location

🌊 Coastlines and Regions

☄️ Geological Significance

Climate ☀️

🌡️ Diverse Climatic Zones

🌧️ Precipitation and Hazards

Biodiversity 🦋

🌿 Megadiverse Nation

🌳 Ecosystems and Conservation

Government and Politics 🏛️

⚖️ Federal Republic Structure

📜 Legislative and Executive Branches

🏛️ Political Parties

Military ⚔️

🛡️ Armed Forces Structure

💰 Defense Expenditures

Foreign Relations 🤝

🌐 Foreign Policy Principles

🌍 International Engagement

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

True or False? 🤔

❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

Gamer's Corner 🎮

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Explore More Topics

📜 Discover other topics to study!

References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

Geographic Context

Demographics

Economic Standing

Etymology

Origins of the Name

Historical Trajectory

Indigenous Civilizations (Pre-1519)

Spanish Conquest and Colonial Era (1519–1821)

Independence Era (1808–1855)

Liberal Era and Intervention (1855–1911)

Mexican Revolution (1910–1920)

Consolidation and One-Party Rule (1920–2000)

Contemporary Mexico (2000–Present)

Geography

Topography and Location

Coastlines and Regions

Geological Significance

Climate

Diverse Climatic Zones

Precipitation and Hazards

Biodiversity

Megadiverse Nation

Ecosystems and Conservation

Government and Politics

Federal Republic Structure

Legislative and Executive Branches

Political Parties

Military

Armed Forces Structure

Defense Expenditures

Foreign Relations

Foreign Policy Principles

International Engagement

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice