What is the Mogollon culture and where was it located?

The Mogollon culture was a prehistoric archaeological culture of Native American peoples. It was situated in a region encompassing Southern New Mexico and Arizona, Northern Sonora and Chihuahua, and Western Texas. This area is partly within the broader regions known as Oasisamerica and Aridoamerica.

During what time frame did the Mogollon culture flourish?

The Mogollon culture flourished from approximately 200 CE, during the archaic period, until either 1450 CE or 1540 CE. The latter date marks the arrival of the Spanish in the region.

From where does the name 'Mogollon' originate?

The name 'Mogollon' is derived from the Mogollon Mountains. These mountains were named in honor of Don Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollón, who served as the Spanish Governor of New Spain from 1712 to 1715.

Who was responsible for defining and naming the Mogollon culture in archaeological terms?

The archaeologist Emil W. Haury is credited with choosing and defining the name 'Mogollon' for this culture in 1936, based on his excavations.

What were the key distinguishing features of Mogollon culture identified by Emil W. Haury?

Emil W. Haury identified several key differences that distinguished the Mogollon culture from neighboring archaeological groups like the Hohokam and Ancestral Puebloans. These included their distinctive brown-paste pottery made using a coil-and-scrape technique, the construction of deeply excavated semi-subterranean pit-houses, and unique forms of ceremonial architecture.

How has subsequent archaeological research validated Haury's initial findings on Mogollon distinctiveness?

Subsequent research conducted over eight decades has largely confirmed Emil W. Haury's initial observations. Today, the distinctiveness of the Mogollon culture in terms of pottery manufacture, architectural styles, ground-stone tool design, settlement patterns, and burial practices is widely recognized by archaeologists.

Describe the evolution of Mogollon housing structures.

Mogollon housing evolved over time. Early dwellings were typically deep pit-houses, often circular or oval. Later, these evolved into more rectangular pit-houses with rounded corners that were not as deep. By the 11th century, surface pueblos with ground-level houses became common, and in the 13th and 14th centuries, cliff-dwellings became a notable architectural feature.

What role did kivas play in Mogollon villages?

Kivas, which are round, semi-subterranean ceremonial structures, were part of Mogollon villages. These spaces likely served important social and ritual functions for the community.

What are the primary theories concerning the origins of the Mogollon culture?

Several theories exist regarding the Mogollon origins. One suggests they developed from the indigenous Desert Archaic tradition present since the late Pleistocene. Another proposes they descended from migrants from central Mexico around 3500 BCE. A third theory posits a descent from the Cochise culture, who adopted farming practices from Central Mexico.

How did the subsistence strategies of the Mogollon people change over their history?

Initially, the Mogollon people primarily relied on foraging for food, supplementing their diet with farming. However, evidence suggests that their dependence on agriculture likely increased significantly during the first millennium CE.

What changes were observed in the density and structure of Mogollon villages over time?

Mogollon villages changed in nature and density throughout their history. Early settlements consisted of just a few pit-houses. As time progressed, villages grew larger, and by the 11th century, surface pueblos became common. Later periods saw the increased use of cliff-dwellings.

How is the Mogollon culture often divided into developmental periods, according to Joe Ben Wheat?

Archaeologist Joe Ben Wheat proposed a division of Mogollon culture into five developmental periods: Mogollon 1 (200–c. 400 CE), Mogollon 2 (c. 400–650 CE), Mogollon 3 (650–850 CE), Mogollon 4 (850–1000 CE), and Mogollon 5 (1000–1450 CE). The Classic Mimbres phase (1050–1200 CE) is specifically noted within Mogollon 5.

What is an alternative chronological division for Mogollon history based on housing types?

An alternative method divides Mogollon history into three periods based on the dominant housing types: Early Pithouse (200–550 CE), Late Pithouse (550–1000 CE), and Mogollon Pueblo (1000–1450 CE).

What geographical areas contain archaeological sites attributed to the Mogollon culture?

Archaeological sites associated with the Mogollon culture are found in several key areas, including the Gila Wilderness, the Mimbres River Valley, along the Upper Gila River, near Paquimé and Hueco Tanks, and at the Three Rivers Petroglyph Site in New Mexico.

What is the significance of the Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument in relation to the Mogollon culture?

The Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument, established in southwestern New Mexico, preserves several archaeological sites attributed to the Mimbres branch of the Mogollon culture, showcasing their cliff-dwelling architecture.

How is the term 'Mimbres' used in the context of Mogollon culture?

The term 'Mimbres' can refer to a specific cultural tradition within a subregion of the larger Mogollon area, known as the Mimbres branch or Mimbres Mogollon. It can also denote a specific time interval, the 'Classic Mimbres phase,' which is roughly dated from 1000 to 1130 CE.

What geographical area was the center of the Mimbres branch of the Mogollon culture?

The Mimbres branch was centered in the Mimbres Valley. Its influence extended to the upper Gila River and parts of the upper San Francisco River in southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona, as well as the Rio Grande Valley and its western tributaries in southwest New Mexico.

During which phases did the Mimbres branch show the most distinct characteristics compared to other Mogollon areas?

The Mimbres branch became most distinct from other Mogollon areas during the Three Circle phase (roughly 825–1000 CE) and the Classic Mimbres phase (1000–1150 CE). These periods are marked by unique architectural styles and distinctive black and white painted pottery.

What makes Classic Mimbres phase pottery particularly famous?

Classic Mimbres phase pottery is renowned for its distinctive style and artistic designs. These designs were so popular that they were later imitated on Santa Fe Railroad 'Mimbreños' china dinnerware, which was produced from 1936 to 1970.

Describe the typical characteristics of Three Circle phase pithouse villages within the Mimbres branch.

Three Circle phase pithouse villages were characterized by quadrilateral houses with sharply angled corners, plastered floors and walls, and an average floor area of about 17 square meters. The local pottery included early forms of Mimbres black and white ware, red-on-cream pottery, and textured plainware. Significant ceremonial structures, often referred to as kivas, were deeply excavated and featured unique elements like foot drums and log grooves.

What were the architectural features of Classic Mimbres phase pueblos?

Classic Mimbres phase pueblos could be quite large, sometimes comprising clusters of communities with up to 150 rooms organized around a central plaza. Ceremonial structures shifted from the earlier deep pit-houses to rooms within the main pueblo structures or smaller, square or rectangular semi-subterranean kivas that included roof openings.

Where were the largest Classic Mimbres sites typically located, and why?

The largest Classic Mimbres sites were generally situated in areas with wide, well-watered floodplains, which were ideal for cultivating maize (corn). While smaller villages existed in upland regions, the major population centers were strategically located near prime agricultural land.

What are the defining artistic characteristics of Mimbres ceramics?

Mimbres ceramics, particularly bowls, are distinguished by their intricate black-on-white painted designs. These designs include complex geometric patterns as well as representational images of animals, humans, and various cultural symbols, all executed on a white background.

What do the representational images found on Mimbres pottery suggest about their culture?

The detailed and often elaborate representational images on Mimbres pottery, depicting animals, humans, and symbolic figures, suggest that the Mimbres Mogollon people possessed a rich ceremonial life. Some imagery also hints at connections and interactions with cultures in northern and central Mexico.

How is Mimbres Style I pottery (formerly 'Boldface Black-on-White') described?

Mimbres Style I pottery, also known historically as 'Boldface Black-on-White,' is primarily characterized by its bold geometric designs. While geometric patterns dominate, some early examples of this style also incorporate figures of humans and animals.

Describe the evolution and common motifs found in Classic Mimbres Black-on-White pottery (Style III).

Classic Mimbres Black-on-White pottery, designated Style III, showcases increasingly sophisticated designs. These include elaborate geometric patterns executed with fine linework and refined brushwork. The pottery frequently features representational figures of animals (such as birds and fish, some resembling species from the Gulf of California) and humans, often depicted with distinctive features like diamond-shaped eyes and receding chins.

What is the significance of 'kill holes' found in Mimbres bowls?

Kill holes are intentionally made holes in the center of Mimbres bowls. They are often found in association with burials, sometimes placed over the face of the deceased. While this practice is notable, archaeological evidence indicates that most Mimbres pottery was not exclusively produced for burial purposes.

What evidence suggests that Mimbres bowls were used in daily life?

Wear marks observed on the interior surfaces of Mimbres bowls provide evidence that they were actively used in daily life, rather than being solely ceremonial objects or exclusively created for burial rituals.

How did the unique style of Mimbres pottery contribute to its destruction in modern times?

The distinctive and highly valued style of Mimbres pottery created significant demand on the black market starting in the 1960s. This demand fueled widespread vandalism and looting of archaeological sites, particularly grave sites, a problem that has persisted into the present day.

What does current research suggest about the end of Mimbres pottery production and the Mimbres people?

Current research indicates that while the Mimbres Valley experienced significant depopulation around the time Mimbres pottery production ceased (circa 1130–1150 CE), some populations likely persisted. These groups adapted by adopting pottery styles from neighboring cultures and migrating to different residential sites with varied architectural forms.

What image caption describes a Mimbres artifact and its stylistic features?

The image caption 'Man and crane, Mangas-Mimbres pot, c. 1000 CE, showing figure-ground reversal' describes a Mimbres pottery piece depicting a man and a crane, dating to around 1000 CE, and highlights the use of figure-ground reversal in its artistic composition.

What does the image caption 'Mimbres black-on-white bowl, c. 1000–1150 CE at the California Academy of Sciences' convey?

This caption identifies a specific artifact: a Mimbres black-on-white bowl, estimated to date between 1000 and 1150 CE, and notes its current location at the California Academy of Sciences.

What does the image caption 'Mountain lion effigy from 1300–1400, found in a protected cave in the general Mimbres area. Note the similarity to Zuni fetishes' describe?

This caption describes a mountain lion effigy artifact, dated between 1300 and 1400 CE, which was discovered in a protected cave within the Mimbres region. It also points out a notable similarity between this effigy and Zuni fetishes.

Who eventually settled in the territory originally occupied by the Mogollon culture?

Following the decline or dispersal of the Mogollon culture, the area was eventually occupied by the Apache people, who migrated into the region from the north.

Which contemporary Pueblo peoples claim a connection to the Mogollon culture?

Contemporary Pueblo peoples in the southwestern United States, including the Acoma, Hopi, and Zuni, assert claims of descent from the Mogollon culture and other related ancestral groups.

According to archaeologists, which specific Western Pueblo villages might be related to the Mogollon culture?

Archaeologists suggest a potential relationship between the Mogollon culture and the Western Pueblo villages inhabited by the Hopi and Zuni peoples.

What evidence links the Acoma, Hopi, and Zuni peoples to the Mogollon culture?

Connections between the Acoma, Hopi, and Zuni peoples and the Mogollon culture are supported by shared traditions in ceramics and by oral histories passed down through generations.

What are some of the key archaeological periods and cultures mentioned in the 'See also' section related to North American prehistory?

The 'See also' section lists related topics such as the List of dwellings of Pueblo peoples, La Junta Indians, Mogollon Rim, Patayan, Prehistoric Southwestern cultural divisions, Swarts Ruin, Cuarenta Casas, Casas Grandes (Paquimé), Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument, and Kinishba Ruins.

What types of sources are cited in the 'Notes' section regarding the Mogollon culture?

The 'Notes' section cites a variety of sources, including dictionaries like the Oxford English Dictionary, academic books on history and archaeology, encyclopedias such as Encyclopædia Britannica, and publications from institutions like the Logan Museum of Anthropology and the Smithsonian Magazine.

What academic works are listed in the 'References' section for further study on the Mogollon and Mimbres cultures?

The 'References' section lists significant academic works such as 'Mexico's Indigenous Past' by López Austin and López Luján, 'The Mimbres: Art and Archaeology' by J. Walter Fewkes, 'Mimbres Pottery: Ancient Art of the American Southwest' by Brody, Le Blanc, and Scott, and 'Mimbres Society' by Powell-Marti and Gilman, among others.

What specific controversy surrounding the Mogollon culture is addressed in the 'Further reading' section?

The book 'Prehistory, Personality, and Place: Emil W. Haury and the Mogollon Controversy' delves into the debate sparked by archaeologist Emil W. Haury's initial identification of the Mogollon as a distinct cultural group separate from the neighboring Pueblo and Hohokam peoples.

What kinds of external resources are available for learning more about the Mogollon culture?

External resources include a Wikimedia Commons category for Mogollon culture media, information on the 'People of the Colorado Plateau,' details on the Firecracker Pueblo (a Jornada Mogollon site), collections of Mogollon artwork at the National Museum of the American Indian, and information on Mimbres pottery housed at the Weisman Art Museum and Arizona State University.

What authority control databases are referenced in relation to the Mogollon culture?

Authority control databases referenced include FAST (an international system), GND (Germany), Library of Congress (United States), BnF data and IdRef (France), and BNE (Spain), along with Yale LUX, providing standardized identifiers for the subject.

What does the image caption 'Map of major prehistoric archaeological cultures in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico' illustrate?

This image caption refers to a map that visually delineates the geographical areas occupied by significant prehistoric archaeological cultures in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, helping to contextualize the location of the Mogollon culture within this broader landscape.

What is the significance of the image caption 'Macaw Pens at Paquimé, Chihuahua'?

The image caption 'Macaw Pens at Paquimé, Chihuahua' refers to specific structures identified at the archaeological site of Paquimé in Chihuahua, Mexico, which are believed to have been used for keeping macaws, indicating potential trade or interaction networks involving exotic animals.

What does the image caption 'Mimbres bowls at Stanford University' indicate?

This caption signifies that Mimbres bowls, a notable type of pottery from the Mimbres branch of the Mogollon culture, are part of the collections held by Stanford University, making them accessible for study and display.

What is the meaning of the image caption 'The rock wall of the canyon, the Cueva de las Ventanas cliff-dwelling is located left of center above a debris-covered cone.'?

This caption describes a specific archaeological feature, pointing out a rock wall within a canyon and locating the Cueva de las Ventanas cliff-dwelling situated above a cone-shaped accumulation of debris, providing a visual reference to a particular site.

Mogollon Culture Wiki: Mogollon Horizons: Unearthing a Southwestern Culture

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Defining the Mogollon

Geographic Scope

The Mogollon culture represents a significant prehistoric archaeological tradition of Native American peoples. Its influence extended across southern New Mexico and Arizona, northern Sonora and Chihuahua in Mexico, and western Texas. This region encompasses parts of both Oasisamerica and Aridoamerica, reflecting a complex environmental and cultural landscape.

Temporal Framework

Flourishing from the Archaic period, with origins estimated around 200 CE, the Mogollon culture persisted until the arrival of the Spanish in the mid-16th century (around 1450 or 1540 CE). This millennium-long existence allowed for substantial cultural development and regional diversification.

Archaeological Significance

As one of the most recognized prehistoric Southwestern cultural divisions, the Mogollon are distinguished by unique pottery manufacturing techniques, architectural styles, and settlement patterns. Their study provides critical insights into the diverse adaptations and innovations of early peoples in this arid region.

Distinctive Cultural Traits

Dwellings and Settlements

Mogollon architecture evolved significantly. Early settlements featured deep, circular or oval pit-houses. Over time, these transitioned to rectangular, semi-subterranean structures with rounded corners. Later periods saw the development of surface pueblos with stone and earth walls, and eventually, impressive cliff-dwellings emerged, particularly in the later phases.

Ceremonial Structures

Central to Mogollon villages were ceremonial structures, often referred to as kivas. These were typically round, semi-subterranean spaces used for rituals and community gatherings. Some later Mimbres kivas featured unique elements like foot drums and log grooves, indicating a rich ceremonial life.

Pottery Traditions

Mogollon pottery is a hallmark of their culture, characterized by a distinctive brown paste and the "coil-and-scrape" manufacturing method. While various regional styles exist, the Mimbres branch is renowned for its exquisite black-on-white painted pottery, featuring intricate geometric patterns and detailed figurative imagery.

Material Culture

Beyond pottery, Mogollon material culture included well-crafted ground-stone tools. Their mortuary practices also varied, offering insights into their beliefs and social structures. The distinctiveness of their pottery, architecture, tool design, and customs solidified their recognition as a unique cultural entity.

Origins and Evolution

Theories of Origin

The precise origins of the Mogollon culture remain a subject of scholarly debate. Leading theories suggest emergence from the indigenous Desert Archaic tradition, migration from farming regions in central Mexico, or descent from the Cochise culture, who themselves adopted farming practices from Mesoamerica.

Subsistence Strategies

Initially, Mogollon peoples were primarily foragers who supplemented their diet with early forms of agriculture. Over time, particularly during the first millennium CE, their reliance on farming likely increased. Evidence of water control features, especially in Mimbres sites from the 10th to 12th centuries, points to sophisticated agricultural management.

Village Development

Mogollon villages underwent significant transformations. From small pithouse clusters, they evolved into larger surface pueblos by the 11th century, featuring multi-room structures. The 13th and 14th centuries saw the rise of impressive cliff-dwellings, showcasing adaptation to defensive and environmental factors.

Developmental Periods

Chronological Frameworks

Archaeologists often divide Mogollon history into distinct periods based on material culture and settlement patterns. Joe Ben Wheat's influential 1955 classification identifies five periods, while another common division focuses on the evolution of housing types.

Wheat's Five Periods (approximate dates):

Mogollon 1 (200 – c. 400 CE): Pine Lawn, Georgetown, Penasco, Circle Prairie, and Hilltop phases.
Mogollon 2 (c. 400 – 650 CE): San Lorenzo, Dos Cabezas, Circle Prairie, and Cottonwood phases.
Mogollon 3 (650 – 850 CE): San Francisco, Pinaleno, Galiuro, Forestdale, and San Marcial phases.
Mogollon 4 (850 – 1000 CE): Three Circle, Cerros, Corduroy, Mesilla, and Capitan phases.
Mogollon 5 (1000 – 1450 CE): Including the Classic Mimbres phase (1050–1200 CE). Phases include Mangus, Mimbres, Encinas, Reserve, Tularosa, Dona Anna, Three Rivers, El Paso, and San Anders.

Housing Type Periods:

Early Pithouse (200 – 550 CE)
Late Pithouse (550 – 1000 CE)
Mogollon Pueblo (1000 – 1450 CE)

Notable Archaeological Sites

Key Locations

Significant Mogollon sites are scattered across the Southwest and Northern Mexico, offering tangible evidence of their culture. These include areas within the Gila Wilderness, the Mimbres River Valley, and along the Upper Gila River. Important sites also extend to Paquimé (Casas Grandes) in Chihuahua, Hueco Tanks near El Paso, Texas, and the Three Rivers Petroglyph Site in New Mexico.

Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument (New Mexico): Features cliff dwellings attributed to the Tularosa phase, showcasing remarkable adaptation to canyon environments.
Mimbres Valley Sites (New Mexico): The heartland of the Mimbres branch, known for its distinctive pottery and large pueblos.
Paquimé (Casas Grandes) (Chihuahua, Mexico): A major center with complex architecture, including unique macaw pens, indicating extensive trade networks.
Hueco Tanks State Historic Site (Texas): Features rock art and evidence of settlement, bridging Mogollon and other cultural influences.
Three Rivers Petroglyph Site (New Mexico): While known for its petroglyphs, it also provides context for Mogollon presence in the region.

The Mimbres Branch

Artistic Mastery

The Mimbres branch, a prominent subset of the Mogollon culture, is celebrated for its exceptionally crafted pottery, particularly the Classic Mimbres phase (c. 1000–1150 CE). This pottery is distinguished by its white background adorned with intricate black-on-white designs.

Design Elements:

Geometric Patterns: Complex, often symmetrical geometric motifs are characteristic.
Figurative Imagery: Depictions include animals (birds, fish, mountain lions), humans, and mythical beings, often rendered with unique stylistic conventions like diamond-shaped eyes.
"Kill Holes": Many Mimbres bowls feature a hole punched through the center, often found associated with burials, though evidence suggests they were used in life before being ritually broken.

Cultural Connections:

The imagery sometimes suggests connections with cultures in northern and central Mexico. The elaborate decoration implies a rich ceremonial life and sophisticated worldview.

Decline and Dispersal

Around 1130–1150 CE, the production of Classic Mimbres pottery ceased, and significant population shifts occurred in the Mimbres Valley. While some populations persisted, many dispersed, adopting pottery styles and architectural forms of neighboring cultural groups. This transition marks a complex period of cultural reorganization rather than a complete disappearance.

Legacy and Descendants

Continuity and Connection

While the distinct Mogollon cultural identity eventually transformed, contemporary Pueblo peoples in the Southwest, including the Hopi, Zuni, and Acoma, assert ancestral connections to the Mogollon and related cultures. Archaeological evidence, such as ceramic traditions and oral histories, supports potential links between Mogollon populations and the development of Western Pueblo villages.

Displacement and Integration

The regions historically occupied by the Mogollon were later settled by the Apache people, who migrated from the north. However, the cultural legacy of the Mogollon persists through the traditions and claims of descent maintained by various Pueblo communities, highlighting a continuous thread of cultural heritage in the region.

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References

Haury, Emil W. The Mogollon Culture of Southwestern New Mexico. Medallion Papers No. XX. Gila Pueblo, Globe, Arizona, 1936.

Cordell, Linda, Archaeology of the Southwest, 2nd edition (San Diego: Academic Press, 1997), page number unknown

Lekson, Stephen H. Archaeology of the Mimbres Region, Southwestern New Mexico. BAR International Series 1466. Archaeopress, Oxford, 2006.

Nelson, Margaret C. Abandonment, Continuity, and Reorganization: Mimbres During the 12th Century. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1999.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Mogollon culture Wikipedia page

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Important Considerations

This content has been generated by an AI model for educational purposes, drawing upon information from Wikipedia. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy and adherence to the source material, interpretations of archaeological data can evolve, and this resource should be viewed as an introductory overview.

This is not a substitute for scholarly research. The information presented is based on a specific dataset and may not encompass all nuances or ongoing debates within the field of Southwestern archaeology. For advanced academic study, consultation of primary archaeological reports, peer-reviewed journals, and specialized monographs is essential.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any interpretations or actions taken based on this information. Always consult primary sources and expert analyses for comprehensive understanding.

Mogollon Horizons

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Defining the Mogollon 🌍

📍 Geographic Scope

⏳ Temporal Framework

🏛️ Archaeological Significance

Distinctive Cultural Traits 🏺

🏠 Dwellings and Settlements

🔥 Ceremonial Structures

🎨 Pottery Traditions

🛠️ Material Culture

Origins and Evolution 📜

🤔 Theories of Origin

🌱 Subsistence Strategies

🏘️ Village Development

Developmental Periods 🕰️

📅 Chronological Frameworks

Wheat's Five Periods (approximate dates):

Housing Type Periods:

Notable Archaeological Sites 🏞️

🗺️ Key Locations

The Mimbres Branch 🎨

✨ Artistic Mastery

Design Elements:

Cultural Connections:

📉 Decline and Dispersal

Legacy and Descendants 🤝

👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Continuity and Connection

➡️ Displacement and Integration

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📜 Important Considerations

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Defining the Mogollon

Geographic Scope

Temporal Framework

Archaeological Significance

Distinctive Cultural Traits

Dwellings and Settlements

Ceremonial Structures

Pottery Traditions

Material Culture

Origins and Evolution

Theories of Origin

Subsistence Strategies

Village Development

Developmental Periods

Chronological Frameworks

Notable Archaeological Sites

Key Locations

The Mimbres Branch

Artistic Mastery

Decline and Dispersal

Legacy and Descendants

Continuity and Connection

Displacement and Integration

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Academic Disclaimer

Important Considerations