What is the biogeographical definition of a native species?

In biogeography, a native species is defined as one that is indigenous to a particular region or ecosystem, meaning its presence is the result of only local natural evolution throughout history. This term is synonymous with indigenous or autochthonous species, emphasizing their natural origin within that area.

How is a native species distinguished from an introduced species?

A native species is indigenous to a region due to natural evolution. In contrast, an introduced species is a wild organism that has been anthropogenically brought into a region where it did not naturally occur, meaning its presence is due to human intervention rather than natural processes.

Under what circumstances might an introduced species be classified as invasive?

An introduced species may be specifically classified as an invasive species if it causes significant ecological, environmental, or economic damage in its new region. Invasive species pose a substantial risk to native populations and the overall health of ecosystems.

What is the difference between a native species and an endemic species?

A native species is indigenous to a region, but it may also be found in other areas. An endemic species, however, is exclusively found in one particular geographic location, meaning it occurs nowhere else on Earth.

Does the term 'native species' imply that the organism originated or evolved in its current location?

No, the terms 'native' and 'endemic' do not necessarily imply that an organism first originated or evolved in the specific place where it is currently found. Their presence is defined by natural occurrence in the region, not necessarily its evolutionary origin point.

What factors contribute to the complexity and blurred nature of the concept of nativity?

The concept of nativity is considered blurred because it is influenced by both time and political boundaries. Over long geological periods, natural processes like tectonic plate movement and climate change alter ecosystems and species distributions, making historical definitions challenging to apply rigidly.

How do natural geological and climatic changes affect species distribution over long periods?

Over extended periods, the movement and splitting of tectonic plates, along with natural climate change, alter sea levels, ice cover, temperature, and rainfall. These changes directly impact habitability and indirectly affect species through shifts in predators, competitors, food sources, and even oxygen levels, leading to natural changes in species distribution.

What criticism has been leveled against the historical definition of native species?

The definition of native versus non-native species, when tied strictly to historical local occurrence, has been criticized for lacking perspective. Some argue for more nuanced categorizations, such as 'prehistoric natives,' which refers to species present in a region during prehistory but locally extinct afterward due to human activity.

How do native species interact with other organisms within their ecosystem?

Native species form complex communities and engage in biological interactions with other specific flora, fauna, fungi, and organisms. For instance, some plants rely on specific animal pollinators for reproduction, and these pollinators may, in turn, depend on the plant for food, illustrating intricate ecological relationships.

Can native species adapt to extreme or unusual environmental conditions?

Yes, many native species have adapted to very specific, unusual, or harsh conditions, such as extremely cold climates or environments prone to frequent wildfires. Conversely, some native species are capable of living in diverse areas and adapting well to different surroundings.

What role do natural barriers play in maintaining species diversity across different bioregions?

Natural barriers such as large rivers, seas, oceans, mountains, and deserts historically played a crucial role in separating bioregions. This separation allowed for the independent evolution and diversification of species within those areas, contributing to global biodiversity.

How have humans impacted the natural distribution of species?

Humans have significantly impacted species distribution by introducing them to new locations at an unprecedented rate, often across continents and oceans. This human-driven movement can occur over time scales ranging from days to decades, disrupting natural patterns.

What is the primary concern regarding the human introduction of species?

The primary concern is that introduced species can become invasive, causing substantial damage to native communities and ecosystems. This poses an increased risk to native species and the ecological balance, potentially leading to extinctions.

What are the potential impacts of invasive species on ecosystems?

Invasive species can profoundly affect ecosystems by altering their structure, function, species abundance, and overall community composition. Beyond ecological damage, they can also negatively impact agriculture, infrastructure, and cultural assets, creating widespread problems.

What types of organizations advocate for the use of native plants?

Organizations such as the Society for Ecological Restoration, various native plant societies, Wild Ones, and the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center actively encourage the use of native plants. These groups often identify and work to preserve local remnant natural areas as a basis for their conservation efforts.

What is the stance of native plant advocates on the use of cultivars derived from native species?

The use of cultivars, which are plant varieties developed through selective breeding from native species, is a widely disputed practice among native plant advocates. This suggests ongoing debate about the ecological implications of using selectively bred versus wild-type native plants.

Why is attention to the historical distribution of native species important in ecological restoration?

Paying attention to the historical distribution of native species is crucial for ensuring the ecological integrity of restoration projects. Without this, projects may be historically inaccurate, incomplete, or fail to restore the original ecological system, potentially overlooking basic remediation needs.

What happened at the Los Angeles International Airport in 1975 regarding landscaping and native species?

In 1975, landscapers at the Los Angeles International Airport stabilized recontoured sand dunes using a seed mix intended to be 'natural.' However, this mix represented coastal sage scrub, an exogenous plant community, rather than the native dune scrub community that should have been present.

How did the landscaping error at LAX impact the El Segundo blue butterfly?

The incorrect seed mix used at LAX, which favored coastal sage scrub over native dune buckwheat, led to the El Segundo blue butterfly becoming an endangered species. This butterfly relies specifically on dune buckwheat as its host plant for survival.

What steps were taken to help the El Segundo blue butterfly population recover at LAX?

The population of the El Segundo blue butterfly began to recover when the invasive California buckwheat was removed. This allowed its original native host plant, the dune buckwheat, to regain some of its lost habitat, facilitating the butterfly's recovery.

What is the scientific name of the El Segundo blue butterfly?

The scientific name of the El Segundo blue butterfly is Euphilotes allyni.

What is the scientific name of the California buckwheat mentioned in the LAX example?

The scientific name of the California buckwheat is Eriogonum fasciculatum.

What is the scientific name of the dune buckwheat mentioned in the LAX example?

The scientific name of the dune buckwheat is Eriogonum parvifolium.

What is the common name and scientific name of the plant shown in the introductory image?

The plant shown in the introductory image is the large-leaved lupine, with the scientific name Lupinus polyphyllus.

What is notable about the large-leaved lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus) in terms of its native range and current status?

The large-leaved lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus) is native to western North America but has been introduced and has become invasive in several areas worldwide, highlighting how native species can become problematic elsewhere.

What is the common name and scientific name of the frog shown in the Ecology section image?

The frog shown in the image is the Bicolored frog, with the scientific name Clinotarsus curtipes.

Where is the Bicolored frog (Clinotarsus curtipes) native to, and is it found elsewhere?

The Bicolored frog (Clinotarsus curtipes) is native to the Western Ghats of India and is found nowhere else, meaning it is endemic to that specific region.

What does the term 'autochthonous' mean in the context of species?

The term 'autochthonous' is a synonym for native or indigenous species, indicating that they are native to a particular region or ecosystem due to local natural evolution.

How does the concept of 'nativity' relate to political boundaries?

The concept of nativity is considered a function of political boundaries because these human-defined lines can influence how regions are categorized, even though species distributions and evolutionary histories naturally transcend such boundaries over geological time.

What is the role of mutualistic interactions between native species?

Mutualistic interactions are important for native species, where, for example, a plant species might depend on a specific animal pollinator for reproduction, and that pollinator might depend on the plant for its food source, indicating a co-dependent relationship crucial for ecosystem function.

What are some examples of natural barriers that historically separated bioregions?

Historically, large rivers, seas, oceans, mountains, and deserts served as natural barriers that separated bioregions. This isolation allowed for the independent evolution and diversification of species within these areas, contributing to the planet's overall biodiversity.

What is the significance of the citations 'Long, 1981' and 'Vermeij, 1991' regarding human species introduction?

These citations refer to work indicating that humans can introduce species that have never previously encountered each other in their evolutionary history. This introduction can occur over varying time scales, from days to decades, highlighting the significant impact of human activity on species distribution.

What is the primary goal of native plant organizations?

The primary goal of native plant organizations is to encourage the use of native plants. They often achieve this by identifying and working with local remnant natural areas, promoting the preservation and restoration of native ecosystems.

What is the 'Anthropocene' in relation to species nativity?

The 'Anthropocene' refers to the current geological epoch characterized by significant human impact on Earth's systems. In the context of species nativity, it highlights the accelerated rate of human-driven species introductions and suggests the need for potentially graduated categorizations of species status beyond simple native/non-native labels.

What is the core argument presented in the 'Restoration Ecology' journal article cited regarding nativity?

The cited article in 'Restoration Ecology' argues that nativeness is not a binary concept. It proposes graduated terminology for native and non-native species in the Anthropocene, advocating for a more nuanced approach to classifying species based on their history and interaction with human-altered environments.

What is the purpose of the 'See also' section in the article?

The 'See also' section typically provides links or references to related topics that might be of interest to the reader, such as a specific list of Australian plants termed 'native,' helping to guide further exploration of the subject.

What is the purpose of the 'References' section?

The 'References' section lists all the sources cited within the article, providing the necessary information for readers to verify the facts presented or to find further details on the topics discussed. It ensures transparency and allows for academic rigor.

What is the purpose of the 'Further reading' section?

The 'Further reading' section suggests additional books or resources that readers might consult for a deeper understanding of the topic, beyond the scope of the main article. This encourages continued learning and exploration of related subjects.

How does the text define a 'wild organism' in relation to native species?

A wild organism is contrasted with a domesticated organism. In the context of biogeography, a wild organism is referred to as an introduced species within regions where it has been anthropogenically introduced, implying that native species are inherently wild and naturally occurring.

What is the significance of 'ecotype accuracy' in ecological restoration?

Ecotype accuracy refers to ensuring that the specific genetic variety or local adaptation of a native species is maintained during ecological restoration. Overlooking this can lead to projects that are not truly restoring the original ecological system, as different ecotypes are adapted to specific local conditions.

What is the potential consequence of overlooking ecotype accuracy in restoration projects?

Overlooking ecotype accuracy can result in restoration projects that are historically inaccurate, incomplete, or fail to restore the original ecological system. Even if native species are used, using the wrong ecotype can disrupt the intended ecological function and community structure.

What is the primary driver of species distribution changes mentioned in the 'Notion' section?

While tectonic plates and natural climate change drive long-term shifts in species distribution, the text also highlights that human intervention is a significant factor, particularly through the introduction of species to new regions at an accelerated rate.

What does the term 'indigenous' mean in the context of biogeography?

In biogeography, the term 'indigenous' is used synonymously with 'native' to describe a species that naturally belongs to a specific region or ecosystem due to local evolution. It signifies a natural presence rather than an introduced one.

How does the text describe the rate at which humans are moving species globally?

The text states that humans are moving species across the globe at an unprecedented rate. This rapid global transport is a significant concern for conservation efforts, as it increases the likelihood of invasive species establishing themselves.

What is the relationship between native species and their environment, as described in the 'Ecology' section?

Native species are often highly adapted to specific, sometimes harsh, environmental conditions within their native ecosystems. They form intricate biological interactions with other native organisms, sometimes leading to mutual dependencies that are vital for the ecosystem's stability.

What is the main challenge posed by human-caused climate change in relation to native species?

While the text mentions natural climate change affecting species distribution over long periods, the implication is that human-caused climate change, being much faster, presents a more immediate and potentially disruptive challenge to the habitability and distribution of native species, potentially exceeding their adaptive capacity.

What is the role of 'political boundaries' in the concept of nativity?

Political boundaries can complicate the concept of nativity because they are often used to define regions for administrative or legal purposes. However, species distributions and evolutionary histories do not adhere to these human-defined lines, which can lead to differing classifications of what is considered 'native' within adjacent areas.

What is the purpose of the 'shortdescription' tag in the source text?

The 'shortdescription' tag, along with related attributes like 'nomobile,' 'noexcerpt,' and 'noprint,' indicates a brief, concise description of the page's topic intended for display in search results or mobile interfaces. For this article, it defines 'Native species' as 'Species indigenous to a given area in geologic time.'

What does the reference to Executive Order 13112 suggest about the U.S. government's stance on native species?

While the text doesn't explicitly state the government's stance, the reference to Executive Order 13112, which deals with invasive species, implies that U.S. government policy acknowledges and seeks to manage the issues arising from non-native species impacting native ecosystems. This suggests a governmental concern for protecting native biodiversity.

How do native plant societies contribute to conservation efforts?

Native plant societies contribute to conservation by encouraging the use of native plants in gardens and landscapes. They often achieve this by identifying and working with local remnant natural areas, promoting the preservation and restoration of native ecosystems within communities.

What is the significance of the term 'autochthonous' in relation to native species?

The term 'autochthonous' is a synonym for native or indigenous species, emphasizing their origin and presence in a region due to natural, local evolution. It reinforces the idea of a species being intrinsically part of a region's natural history.

Native Species Wiki: Indigenous Flora and Fauna: Understanding Native Species in Ecological Context

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Introduction to Native Species

Defining Nativity

In the field of biogeography, a native species is defined as one that is indigenous to a particular region or ecosystem. Its presence is attributed to natural evolutionary processes within that area over historical time, often colloquially understood as occurring without direct human intervention.^[1] This concept is synonymous with indigenous or autochthonous species.^[2]^[3]

Distinguishing from Introduced Species

A wild organism, distinct from domesticated varieties, is termed an introduced species when it is brought into a region through anthropogenic means.^[4] Should such an introduced species cause significant ecological, environmental, or economic disruption, it may be classified more specifically as an invasive species.

Native vs. Endemic

It is important to note that a native species is not necessarily endemic to a location. Endemic species are found exclusively within a single, specific geographic area.^[5] Conversely, a native species may naturally occur in multiple regions beyond the one currently under consideration. Furthermore, the terms 'native' and 'endemic' do not inherently imply that an organism originated or evolved in its current geographical location.^[6]

The Nuances of Nativity

Temporal and Political Dimensions

The concept of nativity is inherently complex, being influenced by both the passage of time and the definition of political boundaries.^[7]^[8] Over geological epochs, natural conditions such as tectonic plate movements, climate shifts (temperature, precipitation, ice cover), and sea-level changes constantly alter habitability and species distribution. Species naturally arise, thrive, or face extinction, with their ranges rarely remaining static.

Dynamic Ecosystems and Evolution

Furthermore, the demarcation between native and non-native based solely on historical presence has been critiqued for its limited temporal perspective. Some scholars advocate for more graduated classifications, such as distinguishing prehistoric natives—species present before recorded history but locally extinct due to human influence—from those currently extant.^[9] This acknowledges the dynamic nature of evolution and species distribution.

Ecological Significance

Interconnectedness and Interactions

Native species are integral components of their ecosystems, forming complex webs of biological interactions with other flora, fauna, fungi, and microorganisms. For instance, specific plant species may rely exclusively on particular animal pollinators for reproduction, while simultaneously serving as a crucial food source for those pollinators.^[10] These co-evolved relationships are fundamental to ecosystem stability and function.

Adaptation to Environments

Many native species exhibit remarkable adaptations to unique, challenging, or extreme environmental conditions. This includes survival in harsh climates, resilience to frequent natural disturbances like wildfires, or thriving in environments with specific resource limitations.^[11] Conversely, some native species possess broader ecological tolerances, allowing them to inhabit diverse environments.

Case Study: El Segundo Blue Butterfly

The historical plight of the El Segundo blue butterfly (Euphilotes allyni) exemplifies the delicate balance of native ecosystems. Its population, once spanning coastal dunes, declined dramatically when landscaping efforts at Los Angeles International Airport introduced non-native coastal sage scrub instead of the required native dune buckwheat (Eriogonum parvifolium). Restoration efforts focused on removing invasive species and re-establishing the native host plant, highlighting the critical importance of ecotype accuracy in conservation and restoration projects.^[19]^[20]^[21]

Human Impact and Intervention

Accelerating Species Movement

Geographical barriers such as rivers, oceans, mountains, and deserts have historically limited species distribution. However, human activities, particularly in the modern era, facilitate the movement of species across these natural boundaries at an unprecedented rate.^[12] This accelerated dispersal significantly increases the risk to native species and ecosystems.

The Threat of Invasive Species

When humans introduce species into new environments, intentionally for cultivation or accidentally through transport, these species can become invasive. Invasive species pose a substantial threat to native communities, potentially altering ecosystem structure, function, species abundance, and overall composition.^[12] Beyond ecological damage, they can negatively impact agriculture, infrastructure, and cultural heritage.

Addressing the Challenge

Recognizing the profound impacts of invasive species, governmental agencies and environmental organizations are increasingly dedicating resources to managing and mitigating these threats. This involves research, policy development, and practical interventions aimed at protecting native biodiversity.

Conservation and Advocacy

Promoting Native Plant Use

Numerous organizations, including native plant societies and ecological restoration groups like the Society for Ecological Restoration and the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, actively advocate for the use of native plants in various settings.^[13]^[14] These initiatives often identify and protect remnant natural areas, providing a foundation for conservation efforts.

Native Gardening Resources

Extensive literature exists on the principles and practices of planting native species, particularly within home gardens. These resources aim to educate the public on the ecological benefits of native flora. However, the use of cultivars derived from native species remains a subject of ongoing debate among advocates, with concerns about potential deviations from the original genetic integrity.^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]

Ecological Restoration Principles

Effective ecological restoration projects prioritize the re-establishment of native ecological systems. This requires careful attention to historical species distribution and, crucially, ecotype accuracy—ensuring that the genetic makeup of reintroduced species aligns with the local historical population. Overlooking these fundamentals can lead to projects that are historically inaccurate or ecologically incomplete, potentially failing to restore the intended system.^[19]

References

Source Citations

The following are the sources cited within this document, providing the basis for the information presented:

Executive Order 13112. (2008, May 15). Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved July 9, 2022.
What are native plants? University of Rhode Island. Archived from the original on September 22, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
Autochthonous. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
Introduced species. (n.d.). Science Daily. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
Endemic. (n.d.). In Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required).
Indigenous, Aliens and Invasives. Envirofacts.
Levin, P. S., & Poe, M. R. (2017). Conservation for the Anthropocene Ocean: Interdisciplinary Science in Support of Nature and People. Academic Press. ISBN 9780128092989.
Aitken, G. (2018). A New Approach to Conservation: The Importance of the Individual through Wildlife Rehabilitation. Routledge. ISBN 9781351163545.
Lemoine, R. T., & Svenning, J.-C. (2022). Nativeness is not binary—a graduated terminology for native and non-native species in the Anthropocene. Restoration Ecology, 30(8). doi:10.1111/rec.13636
Tallamy, D. W. (2007). Bringing Nature Home: How Native Plants Sustain Wildlife in Our Gardens. Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-854-9.
Oduor, A. M. O. (2022). Native plant species show evolutionary responses to invasion by Parthenium hysterophorus in an African savanna. New Phytologist, 233(2), 983–994. doi:10.1111/nph.17574
Point Reyes National Seashore, Drakes Estero, A Sheltered Wilderness Estuary. (n.d.). National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior. (PDF). Archived from the original on January 27, 2023. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
Native Plant Societies. (n.d.). nanps.org. Retrieved September 23, 2018.
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. (n.d.). Wildflower.org. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
Stein, S. (1993). Noah's Garden: Restoring the Ecology of Our Own Back Yards. Houghton-Mifflin. ISBN 9780395709405.
Wasowski, A. & S. (2000). The Landscaping Revolution: Garden With Mother Nature, Not Against Her. Contemporary Books. ISBN 9780809226658.
Tallamy, D. W. (2020). Nature's Best Hope: A New Approach to Conservation That Starts in Your Yard. Timber Press. ISBN 978-1604699005.
Nativars. (n.d.). Courtesy of Watermarkwoods.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
Longcore, T., Mattoni, R., Pratt, G., & Rich, C. (1997). On the perils of ecological restoration and the El Segundo blue butterfly. In 2nd Interface Between Ecology and Land Development in California. Occidental College.
Black, S. H., & Vaughan, D. M. (2005). Species profile: Euphilotes battoides allyni, El Segundo Blue. Red List of Pollinator Insects of North America. CD-ROM Version 1. The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. (PDF). Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2013.
California's butterflies: The El Segundo Blue. (n.d.). Quino Checkerspot Captive Breeding Program, Vista Murrieta High School. Archived from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved September 29, 2013.

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References

Indigenous, Aliens and Invasives Envirofacts

A full list of references for this article are available at the Native species Wikipedia page

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Important Notice

This document has been generated by an Artificial Intelligence system for educational and informational purposes only. The content is based on data extracted from publicly available sources, primarily Wikipedia, and has been refined to align with an academic tone suitable for higher education students. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy and comprehensiveness based on the provided source material, the information may not be entirely exhaustive, up-to-date, or free from interpretation.

This is not professional ecological advice. The information presented herein is not a substitute for expert consultation regarding specific ecological, conservation, or biogeographical matters. Always consult with qualified professionals and refer to primary scientific literature and official documentation for critical decision-making. Reliance on any information provided on this page is solely at your own risk.

The creators of this content are not liable for any errors, omissions, or consequences arising from the use of this information.

Native Species: The Foundation of Ecosystems

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Introduction to Native Species

Defining Nativity

Distinguishing from Introduced Species

Native vs. Endemic

The Nuances of Nativity

Temporal and Political Dimensions

Dynamic Ecosystems and Evolution

Ecological Significance

Interconnectedness and Interactions

Adaptation to Environments

Case Study: El Segundo Blue Butterfly

Human Impact and Intervention

Accelerating Species Movement

The Threat of Invasive Species

Addressing the Challenge

Conservation and Advocacy

Promoting Native Plant Use

Native Gardening Resources

Ecological Restoration Principles

Related Topics

Australian Native Flora

References

Source Citations

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Native Species: The Foundation of Ecosystems

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Introduction to Native Species ℹ️

🌿 Defining Nativity

🌍 Distinguishing from Introduced Species

📍 Native vs. Endemic

The Nuances of Nativity ⚖️

⏳ Temporal and Political Dimensions

🔄 Dynamic Ecosystems and Evolution

Ecological Significance 🌳

🤝 Interconnectedness and Interactions

🏔️ Adaptation to Environments

🦋 Case Study: El Segundo Blue Butterfly

Human Impact and Intervention ⚙️

➡️ Accelerating Species Movement

💥 The Threat of Invasive Species

🏛️ Addressing the Challenge

Conservation and Advocacy 🌱

📣 Promoting Native Plant Use

🏡 Native Gardening Resources

🏞️ Ecological Restoration Principles

Related Topics 📚

🇦🇺 Australian Native Flora

References 🔗

📜 Source Citations

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Introduction to Native Species

Defining Nativity

Distinguishing from Introduced Species

Native vs. Endemic

The Nuances of Nativity

Temporal and Political Dimensions

Dynamic Ecosystems and Evolution

Ecological Significance

Interconnectedness and Interactions

Adaptation to Environments

Case Study: El Segundo Blue Butterfly

Human Impact and Intervention

Accelerating Species Movement

The Threat of Invasive Species

Addressing the Challenge

Conservation and Advocacy

Promoting Native Plant Use

Native Gardening Resources

Ecological Restoration Principles

Related Topics

Australian Native Flora

References

Source Citations

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice