What is the fundamental definition of neocolonialism as described in the text?

Neocolonialism is defined as the control exerted by one state, typically a former colonial power, over another state that is nominally independent, usually a former colony. This control is achieved through indirect means rather than direct military or political control.

When was the term 'neocolonialism' first used, and who is credited with its initial popularization in a political context?

The term 'neocolonialism' was first coined by the French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre in 1956. It gained wider recognition and application in the context of African countries undergoing decolonization in the 1960s, notably by Kwame Nkrumah.

In what ways does neocolonialism manifest itself, according to the article?

Neocolonialism manifests through economic imperialism, globalization, cultural imperialism, and the provision of conditional aid. These methods are used to influence or control developing countries, differing from older colonial methods of direct military or political control.

How does neocolonialism differ from standard globalization and development aid?

Neocolonialism differs from standard globalization and development aid because it typically results in a relationship of dependence, subservience, or financial obligation for the influenced nation towards the neocolonialist power.

What was the context for the initial application of the term 'neocolonialism'?

When first proposed, the term neocolonialism was applied to the continuing economic and cultural relationships between European countries and their former colonies, particularly African nations liberated after World War II.

What specific Arabic term did Mehdi Ben Barka use to describe political trends in Africa, and what did it mean?

Mehdi Ben Barka used the Arabic term 'al-isti'mar al-jadid,' which translates to 'the new colonialism,' to describe political trends in Africa during the early 1960s.

What is Kwame Nkrumah's perspective on neocolonialism, as presented in his book?

Kwame Nkrumah described neocolonialism as the last stage of imperialism, more dangerous than old colonialism. He argued that political freedom is meaningless without economic independence and that international monopoly capitalism operates through neocolonialism to exploit labor and widen the gap between rich and poor countries.

How did Kwame Nkrumah theoretically extend the arguments of Lenin's 'Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism'?

Nkrumah extended Lenin's arguments by applying them to the post-World War II 20th century, framing 19th-century imperialism as a geopolitical extension driven by capitalism's financial needs, and then analyzing how neocolonialism continued these patterns in the modern era.

According to Kwame Nkrumah, what is the essence of neocolonialism regarding a state's sovereignty?

The essence of neocolonialism, according to Nkrumah, is that a state may possess all the outward appearances of international sovereignty and political independence, but its economic system and political policies are actually directed from outside.

What did Che Guevara state about the economic condition of 'underdeveloped' countries in relation to imperialism?

Che Guevara stated that countries referred to as 'underdeveloped' are, in reality, colonial, semi-colonial, or dependent. Their economies are distorted by imperialism, leading to a dangerous specialization in raw materials and a dependence on single markets that impose conditions.

How is dependency theory related to economic neocolonialism?

Dependency theory is described as the theoretical framework for economic neocolonialism. It posits that the global economic system creates wealthy 'center' countries and poor 'periphery' countries, with resources flowing from the periphery to the center, causing the underdevelopment of the periphery.

What accusations were exchanged between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. regarding neocolonialism during the Cold War?

During the Cold War, both the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. accused each other of practicing neocolonialism. The U.S. was accused of sponsoring anti-democratic governments and overthrowing elected leaders in developing nations that did not align with U.S. interests, while the Soviet bloc was also accused of similar imperial and hegemonic pursuits.

What role did the Tricontinental Conference play in discussions about neocolonialism?

Under the leadership of Mehdi Ben Barka, the Tricontinental Conference recognized and supported revolutionary anti-colonialism as a means for Third World peoples to achieve self-determination. It also established a Commission on Neocolonialism, identifying the U.S. as the principal neocolonialist actor.

What are the alleged negative impacts of multinational corporations in underdeveloped countries, according to critics of neocolonialism?

Critics argue that multinational corporations enrich only a few in underdeveloped countries, causing humanitarian, environmental, and ecological damage. This leads to unsustainable development, perpetual underdevelopment, and the monopolization of resources, often resulting in increased unemployment and poverty.

How has unsustainable commercial over-fishing by foreign fleets impacted West African nations like Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and Mauritania?

Unsustainable commercial over-fishing by foreign fleets, beginning in 1979, has significantly contributed to large-scale unemployment and migration in West African nations. This practice violates the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, which prioritizes local fishing communities and surplus stocks.

What did Oxfam's 2024 report 'Inequality, Inc.' conclude about multinational corporations and the Global South?

Oxfam's 2024 report concluded that multinational corporations from the Global North perpetuate a colonial-style 'extractivist' model in the Global South. This model locks developing economies into exporting primary commodities to these multinationals.

What recommendation did Jeffrey Sachs make regarding Africa's debt to international financial institutions?

Jeffrey Sachs recommended that Africa's entire debt, estimated at US$200 billion, be dismissed. He suggested that African nations should prioritize using these funds for essential social investments in health, education, and other critical needs rather than repaying the World Bank or IMF.

How has the modern conservation movement been characterized in relation to neocolonialism?

Some theorists, like Wallerstein and Frank, claim that the modern conservation movement, particularly as practiced by international organizations, has inadvertently developed a neocolonial relationship with underdeveloped nations.

What is 'helicopter research' or 'parachute science' in the context of neocolonialism?

Helicopter research, or parachute science, describes a neocolonial practice where researchers from wealthy countries collect data in developing nations with minimal local involvement, analyze it in their home countries, and publish the results without significant collaboration or benefit to local researchers or institutions.

What are the consequences of 'parachute science' for local scientific capacity and researchers?

Parachute science often benefits only the careers of scientists from rich countries, limiting the development of local science capacity and hindering the career progression of local scientists. It can also reduce research quality by failing to ask relevant questions or connect findings to local issues.

What is 'Françafrique', and how is it presented as an example of neocolonialism?

'Françafrique' refers to the continued close relationships between France and its former African colonies. Critics use this term to describe an imbalanced international relationship characterized by French military presence and monopolies by French multinational corporations, often for resource exploitation.

What was the initial meaning of 'French Africa' as used by Félix Houphouët-Boigny, and how did its meaning change?

Initially, Félix Houphouët-Boigny used 'French Africa' in 1955 to denote positive social, cultural, and economic Franco-African relations. Later, critics of neocolonialism adopted the term to describe an imbalanced international relationship that benefited France disproportionately.

How did the All-African Peoples' Conference (AAPC) define neocolonialism?

The AAPC formally defined neocolonialism as the survival of the colonial system despite the formal recognition of political independence in emerging countries. They specifically identified the actions of the French Community of independent states, organized by France, as neocolonial.

Who was Jacques Foccart, and what was his role in relation to Françafrique?

Jacques Foccart was the principal advisor for African matters to French presidents Charles de Gaulle and Georges Pompidou. He is considered the main proponent of 'Françafrique,' the post-independence relationship between France and its former African colonies.

What specific characteristics of the Belgian approach to the Belgian Congo led to it being characterized as neocolonialism?

Belgium's approach to the Belgian Congo was characterized as neocolonial because, upon rapid decolonization, Belgium expected the newly independent Congo to remain dependent on Belgium. This dependence was intended to allow Belgium to exert control over Congo's economy and resources, even after formal independence.

How did Belgium maintain economic control over the former Belgian Congo after its decolonization?

After the decolonization of Belgian Congo, Belgium, through the Société Générale de Belgique, continued to control an estimated 70% of the Congolese economy. This included significant control over the mineral-rich province of Katanga via the Union Minière du Haut Katanga.

What argument do Ugandan activists make regarding the EACOP pipeline project?

Ugandan activists argue that the EACOP (East African Crude Oil Pipeline) project is an example of typical neo-colonial extraction. They point out that the pipeline, majority-owned by TotalEnergies, exports crude oil for refining abroad, meaning most of the economic value is generated outside Uganda.

What is the ongoing debate surrounding the actions of the United States and neocolonialism?

There is an ongoing debate about whether certain actions by the United States constitute neocolonialism. Critics, like Nayna J. Jhaveri, have labeled the 2003 invasion of Iraq as 'petroimperialism,' suggesting U.S. motivation was to secure oil reserves.

According to Noam Chomsky, what is the fundamental principle of U.S. foreign policy in relation to other nations?

Noam Chomsky argues that the core principle of U.S. foreign policy is to establish 'open societies' that are economically and politically controlled by the United States, allowing U.S.-based businesses to prosper. This involves suppressing movements not aligned with U.S. interests and installing friendly governments.

How did Chalmers Johnson and Chip Pitts describe America's approach to foreign territories in the context of neocolonialism?

Chalmers Johnson argued that America's version of a colony is its military base, writing extensively on the consequences of the 'American Empire.' Chip Pitts similarly suggested that enduring U.S. bases in Iraq implied a vision of 'Iraq as a colony.'

What connection did David Vine draw between U.S. military bases overseas and political regimes?

David Vine, author of 'Base Nation,' noted that the U.S. has bases in numerous less-than-democratic countries. He quoted Kent E. Calder, who stated that the U.S. tends to support dictators and undemocratic regimes in nations where it maintains basing facilities.

What accusations have been made against the People's Republic of China regarding its ties with other nations?

The People's Republic of China has faced accusations of colonialism due to its increasingly strong ties with nations in Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America. These accusations often relate to its lending practices and resource acquisition.

What is 'debt-trap diplomacy' in the context of China's international relations?

Debt-trap diplomacy refers to accusations leveled against China where its loans to developing countries, often for infrastructure projects, allegedly lead to a situation where the borrowing country becomes indebted and China acquires foreign assets, such as land or strategic infrastructure, as a result.

What was Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad's concern regarding China-funded projects?

In 2018, Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad expressed fears of Malaysia becoming 'indebted' and warned of a 'new version of colonialism' in relation to China-funded projects, although he later clarified this was not directed at the Belt and Road Initiative or China itself.

How has Russia been accused of neocolonialism in its relations with neighboring states and Ukraine?

Russia has been accused of neocolonialism through its occupation of parts of neighboring states like Moldova, Georgia, and Ukraine, and its illegal annexation of Ukrainian provinces. Historian Timothy Snyder described Russia's war against Ukraine as a 'colonial war' aimed at conquest, domination, displacement, and exploitation.

What role does the Wagner Group play in Russia's alleged neocolonial activities in Africa?

The Wagner Group, a Russian private military company, provides military support and security to autocratic regimes in Africa. In return, Russian companies gain privileged access to natural resources and strategic locations, a practice described as neo-colonial and neo-imperialist state capture.

How does the concept of the 'Russian world' relate to Russian neo-imperial aims?

The 'Russian world' is a concept used by the Russian government and nationalists to refer to territories and communities with historical ties to Russia. Agnia Grigas highlights how this concept, along with the designation of 'Russian compatriots,' serves as an instrument for Russian neo-imperial aims, allowing influence and potential territorial claims.

What is the primary motivation behind Iran's alleged neocolonial actions, according to the text?

The primary motivation behind Iran's alleged neocolonial actions is not economic but religious. Iran seeks to export Shia Islam globally and position itself as a force in world political structures, using humanitarian initiatives as 'soft power' to assert influence.

How has the government of Niue described its struggle to regain control of its domain name '.nu'?

The government of Niue has described its efforts to reclaim control of its '.nu' domain name, which was initially given away in a deal with a U.S. non-profit and later managed by a Swedish organization, as a form of neocolonialism.

What concerns have been raised about South Korea's overseas land acquisition for food production?

Concerns have been raised that South Korea's acquisition of vast tracts of agricultural land in underdeveloped countries for food production could create a form of neocolonialism. This practice might lead to poor states producing food for richer nations at the expense of their own populations, especially the malnourished.

What happened with the Daewoo Logistics deal in Madagascar, and what were its consequences?

Daewoo Logistics secured 1.3 million hectares of farmland in Madagascar, intending to convert rainforests and arable land into monocultures for export. This deal, which bypassed local consultation and occurred in a country with high malnutrition rates, fueled anti-government protests that led to the overthrow of the president and the eventual cancellation of the deal.

How is 'coloniality' defined in the context of knowledge production?

Coloniality, in the context of knowledge production, claims that the creation of knowledge is heavily influenced by the background and context of the knowledge producer. This perspective suggests that it has further disadvantaged developing countries with limited infrastructure for knowledge creation.

What is 'cultural colonialism' as a variant of neocolonialism theory?

Cultural colonialism, as a variant of neocolonialism theory, refers to the attempt by wealthy nations to control the values and perceptions of other nations through cultural means such as media, language, education, and religion, ultimately serving economic interests.

How can neocolonialism be observed in the context of gender construction in the Global South?

Neocolonialism can be seen in gender construction when concepts from the Global North, such as Western feminist frameworks, are applied to communities in the Global South, potentially erasing or overwriting existing local gender norms and identities. Gerise Herndon uses the work of Maryse Condé as an example of grappling with identity formation under neocolonial influence.

What specific example is given to illustrate neocolonialism in gender construction related to Uganda's Anti-Homosexuality Act?

The Ugandan Anti-Homosexuality Act of 2014 is cited as an example where Western pressure, including economic sanctions from the U.S. and aid freezes from European countries, was framed by Uganda as a neocolonialist attack on their culture. Kristen Cheney argues that the real neocolonialism lies in the adoption and funding of conservative U.S. evangelical Christian gender politics, which erodes historical gender diversity in Africa.

What is the relationship between 'neocolonial science' and the concept of 'helicopter research'?

'Neocolonial science,' often termed 'helicopter research' or 'parachute science,' occurs when researchers from developed countries collect data in developing nations without significant local collaboration, analyze it domestically, and publish the findings, thereby extracting knowledge without equitable benefit to the host country.

What did a 2003 study by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences find regarding research collaborations in least-developed countries?

A 2003 study by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences found that 70% of articles sampled on least-developed countries did not include a local research co-author, highlighting the prevalence of 'parachute science' and the lack of collaboration with researchers from the countries being studied.

What is the significance of the 'Namibia exception' mentioned in the context of decolonization?

The 'Namibia exception' refers to a specific instance within the broader context of decolonization, though the provided text does not elaborate on its specific meaning or implications for neocolonialism.

What is the 'New International Economic Order' (NIEO) and its relation to neocolonialism?

The New International Economic Order (NIEO) was a set of proposals put forward by developing countries in the 1970s to reform international economic relations, aiming to address global inequalities and perceived neocolonial exploitation. While not explicitly detailed in this section, it represents an effort to counter neocolonial economic dominance.

How is the concept of 'internal colonialism' related to neocolonialism?

Internal colonialism describes the exploitation and marginalization of a region or group within a country's own borders, often mirroring the dynamics of external colonialism. While distinct from neocolonialism, it shares the theme of power imbalance and exploitation within a state structure.

What is the 'Washington Consensus' and how might it be viewed in relation to neocolonialism?

The Washington Consensus refers to a set of neoliberal economic policies promoted by international financial institutions like the IMF and World Bank. Critics sometimes view these policies as a form of neocolonialism, imposing economic models on developing countries that may serve the interests of dominant global powers.

Neocolonialism Wiki: The Subtle Chains: Deconstructing Neocolonialism in the Modern Era

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Core Concepts

Defining Neocolonialism

Neocolonialism refers to the practice of a state exerting influence and control over another nominally independent state, typically a former colony, through indirect means. This contrasts with direct military or political control characteristic of traditional colonialism. It often manifests as economic imperialism, globalization, cultural influence, and conditional aid, creating relationships of dependence and financial obligation.

Origins of the Term

The term was initially applied to the post-World War II relationships between former European colonial powers and their newly independent colonies. It was popularized by figures like Jean-Paul Sartre and notably by Kwame Nkrumah, the first President of Ghana. Nkrumah argued that political independence without economic self-sufficiency rendered a nation vulnerable to external control.

Mechanisms of Control

Neocolonialism operates through various channels:

Economic Imperialism: Utilizing financial power, investment, and trade agreements to maintain economic dominance.
Cultural Imperialism: Spreading dominant cultural values, media, and languages to influence perceptions and behaviors.
Conditional Aid: Providing development assistance with strings attached, often requiring adherence to specific economic or political policies.
Globalization: While a broader phenomenon, critics argue it can be leveraged to perpetuate existing power imbalances.

Historical Context

Post-War Emergence

Following World War II and the subsequent wave of decolonization, the concept of neocolonialism gained prominence. It described the continuation of colonial-like exploitation by former colonial powers through economic and political leverage, even after formal independence was granted to colonies.

Key Thinkers

Jean-Paul Sartre first proposed the term, highlighting its role in perpetuating exploitation. Kwame Nkrumah significantly developed the concept, applying it to the African context and critiquing the economic dependencies imposed on newly independent nations. His work drew parallels with Lenin's analysis of imperialism.

Early Applications

The term was used in discussions surrounding the decolonization of Africa and the formation of the Organisation of African Unity. Figures like Mehdi Ben Barka utilized the term to describe the subtle ways former colonial powers maintained influence, emphasizing the need for genuine economic independence.

Theoretical Frameworks

Dependency Theory

Dependency theory posits that the global economic system is structured with wealthy "core" countries exploiting poorer "periphery" countries. Neocolonial economic practices, such as resource extraction and specialized production for export, are seen as perpetuating this imbalance, leading to underdevelopment in the periphery as a direct consequence of development in the core.

Coloniality of Power

This framework argues that the structures of colonial power—including racial hierarchies, economic exploitation, and knowledge production—persist long after formal colonialism ends. It emphasizes how these enduring patterns shape contemporary global relations, influencing social, political, and economic outcomes in formerly colonized regions.

Cultural and Social Dimensions

Neocolonialism extends beyond economics to encompass cultural influence. Critics highlight "cultural colonialism," where dominant nations impose their values, media, and languages, potentially eroding local traditions and identities. This can also intersect with gender construction, where external norms are imposed, impacting societal structures.

Global Manifestations

Fran\u00e7afrique

This term describes the complex, often criticized, post-colonial relationship between France and its former African colonies. It involves continued close ties, economic dependencies (e.g., the CFA franc), and French military or political influence, which critics argue maintain a form of neocolonial control.

Belgian Congo

Belgium's rapid decolonization of the Congo was characterized by an expectation that the newly independent state would remain economically dependent. Belgian companies maintained significant control over the Congolese economy, particularly its mineral resources, illustrating a pattern of indirect influence.

United States

Critics accuse the U.S. of neocolonialism through its foreign policy, military bases, and economic influence. Noam Chomsky argues U.S. policy aims to establish "open societies" economically and politically controlled by the U.S. Examples cited include interventions and support for undemocratic regimes to protect U.S. interests.

China

China's expanding economic ties with developing nations, particularly through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative, have drawn accusations of neocolonialism. Concerns include "debt-trap diplomacy," resource extraction, and the creation of economic dependencies that benefit China at the expense of local populations.

Russia

Russia's actions in neighboring states and its use of private military companies like the Wagner Group in Africa are described as neocolonial. These operations often involve providing security in exchange for privileged access to natural resources and gaining political sway, creating client states reliant on Russian protection.

Iran

Iran's foreign policy, particularly its efforts to export Shia Islam and gain influence in Muslim communities, is seen by some as a form of religious neocolonialism. This influence can be used to circumvent economic sanctions and facilitate illicit activities, leveraging humanitarian initiatives for strategic gain.

South Korea

South Korean multinationals and government initiatives have acquired vast tracts of agricultural land in developing countries for resource security. Critics argue this practice, often displacing local populations and exporting resources, mirrors neocolonial exploitation, particularly concerning food and biofuel production.

Cultural Dimensions

Cultural Colonialism

This aspect of neocolonialism involves the imposition of dominant cultural values, media, and languages from powerful nations onto less powerful ones. The aim is often to shape perceptions, consumer habits, and societal norms, thereby reinforcing economic and political influence.

Gender and Identity

Neocolonialism impacts gender construction by potentially imposing Western gender norms and identities onto societies in the Global South. Scholars analyze how postcolonial identities are shaped by the interplay between local culture and the external pressures exerted by former colonial powers.

Neo-colonial Science

This refers to research practices where scientists from wealthier nations conduct studies in developing countries, often without significant local collaboration or benefit. Critics label this "parachute science," arguing it perpetuates inequalities, limits local capacity building, and extracts knowledge without equitable contribution or recognition.

Related Concepts

Key Terms

Explore related concepts that illuminate the multifaceted nature of neocolonialism:

Imperialism
Postcolonialism
Dependency Theory
Cultural Hegemony
Economic Imperialism
Fran\u00e7afrique
Coloniality of Power
Banana Republic

Key Figures

Understand the intellectual landscape through the contributions of influential thinkers:

Kwame Nkrumah
Jean-Paul Sartre
Andre Gunder Frank
Immanuel Wallerstein
Noam Chomsky
Che Guevara

Foundational Works

Key texts that shaped the discourse on neocolonialism:

Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism (Lenin)
Neo-Colonialism, the Last Stage of Imperialism (Nkrumah)
The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism (Chomsky & Herman)
How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (Rodney)

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References

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The Subtle Chains

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Core Concepts 🔗

⚖️ Defining Neocolonialism

💡 Origins of the Term

💰 Mechanisms of Control

Historical Context ⏳

📜 Post-War Emergence

🗣️ Key Thinkers

🤝 Early Applications

Theoretical Frameworks 🧠

📉 Dependency Theory

🏛️ Coloniality of Power

🌐 Cultural and Social Dimensions

Global Manifestations 🌍

🇫🇷 Fran\u00e7afrique

🇧🇪 Belgian Congo

🇺🇸 United States

🇨🇳 China

🇷🇺 Russia

🇮🇷 Iran

🇰🇷 South Korea

Cultural Dimensions 🎭

📺 Cultural Colonialism

♀️ Gender and Identity

🔬 Neo-colonial Science

Related Concepts 📚

⚖️ Key Terms

👥 Key Figures

📖 Foundational Works

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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Academic Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice for Learners

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Core Concepts

Defining Neocolonialism

Origins of the Term

Mechanisms of Control

Historical Context

Post-War Emergence

Key Thinkers

Early Applications

Theoretical Frameworks

Dependency Theory

Coloniality of Power

Cultural and Social Dimensions

Global Manifestations

Fran\u00e7afrique

Belgian Congo

United States

China

Russia

Iran

South Korea

Cultural Dimensions

Cultural Colonialism

Gender and Identity

Neo-colonial Science

Related Concepts

Key Terms

Key Figures

Foundational Works

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Academic Disclaimer

Important Notice for Learners