What is the primary subject of the article 'Novus ordo seclorum'?

The article primarily discusses the Latin phrase 'Novus ordo seclorum,' which translates to 'New order of the ages,' and its significance as one of two mottos found on the reverse side of the Great Seal of the United States.

Where can the motto 'Novus ordo seclorum' be found, and what other motto accompanies it?

The motto 'Novus ordo seclorum' is located on the reverse side of the Great Seal of the United States. It is accompanied by another Latin motto, 'Annuit cœptis'.

Who was responsible for coining the mottos 'Novus ordo seclorum' and 'Annuit cœptis' for the Great Seal?

Charles Thomson, who served as the secretary of the Congress of the Confederation, was responsible for coining both the 'Novus ordo seclorum' and 'Annuit cœptis' mottos for the Great Seal.

What is the English translation of the Latin phrase 'Novus ordo seclorum'?

The English translation of the Latin phrase 'Novus ordo seclorum' is 'New order of the ages'. This phrase encapsulates the idea of a significant new beginning.

How did Charles Thomson interpret the meaning of 'Novus ordo seclorum' in relation to American history?

Charles Thomson interpreted 'Novus ordo seclorum' to signify 'the beginning of the New American Era,' which he associated with the date of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. This pivotal date is also depicted in Roman numerals at the base of the pyramid on the Great Seal.

From which ancient Roman poet and work did Charles Thomson derive the phrase 'Novus ordo seclorum'?

Charles Thomson derived the phrase 'Novus ordo seclorum' from the fourth poem of the *Eclogues* by the Roman poet Virgil. The *Eclogues* are a collection of pastoral poems that often touch upon themes of nature and prophecy.

What specific line from Virgil's *Eclogues* is the direct source for the motto 'Novus ordo seclorum'?

The motto 'Novus ordo seclorum' is a rephrasing of the second line from Virgil's fourth eclogue, which reads in Latin: 'Magnus ab integro saeclorum nascitur ordo'.

What is the English translation of the original Latin line from Virgil that inspired 'Novus ordo seclorum'?

The English translation of Virgil's original Latin line, 'Magnus ab integro saeclorum nascitur ordo,' is 'The great cycle of ages is born anew.' This line speaks to the idea of a significant new era beginning.

Why is the form 'saeclorum' used in the motto instead of 'saeculorum'?

The form 'saeclorum' was a normal alternative to the more common 'saeculorum' throughout the history of Latin poetry and prose. Specifically, 'saeculorum' would be impossible in hexameter verse due to its syllable weight, where the 'ae' and 'o' are long, and the 'u' is short by position.

Does the word 'seclorum' in 'Novus ordo seclorum' mean 'secular'?

No, the word 'seclorum' does not mean 'secular.' It is the genitive plural form of the Latin word 'saeculum,' which has a different meaning in this context.

What is the meaning of the Latin word 'saeculum' in the context of the motto?

In the context of the motto, the Latin word 'saeculum' means generation, century, or age. It refers to a long period of time or an epoch, rather than something non-religious.

How is the English word 'secular' related to the Latin word 'saeculum,' and how does it differ from 'seclorum'?

The English word 'secular' is derived from 'saeculum' through the adjective 'secularis,' which means 'worldly.' However, 'secularis' is not equivalent to the genitive plural 'seclorum,' which means 'of the ages.' The distinction is between an adjective describing something as worldly and a possessive plural indicating belonging to or pertaining to ages.

What date is specifically referenced on the Great Seal of the United States in Roman numerals, and what does it represent?

The date 1776, the year of the Declaration of Independence, is specifically referenced in Roman numerals at the base of the pyramid on the Great Seal of the United States. It represents the beginning of the 'New American Era' as interpreted by Charles Thomson.

Besides 'Novus ordo seclorum' and 'Annuit cœptis,' what other motto is listed as a national motto of the United States?

In addition to 'Novus ordo seclorum' and 'Annuit cœptis,' 'In God We Trust' is also listed as a national motto of the United States. Another motto, 'E pluribus unum,' is also mentioned in related content.

What are some of the national symbols of the United States mentioned in the related content?

Some national symbols of the United States mentioned include the Flag, the Great Seal, the Bald eagle, Uncle Sam, Columbia, the Phrygian cap, the General Grant Tree, the American Creed, the Pledge of Allegiance, the Rose, the Oak, and the American bison. These represent various aspects of American identity and heritage.

What are some of the national landmarks of the United States listed in the article's related sections?

The national landmarks of the United States listed include the Statue of Liberty (also known as *Liberty Enlightening the World*), the Liberty Bell, Mount Rushmore, and the National Mall, which encompasses West Potomac Park. These sites hold significant historical and cultural importance.

Which historical figure is prominently associated with the design of the Great Seal of the United States and its mottos?

Charles Thomson is prominently associated with the design of the Great Seal of the United States and its mottos, including 'Novus ordo seclorum' and 'Annuit cœptis.' He played a crucial role in the early American government.

What role did Charles Thomson play in the Continental Congress?

Charles Thomson served as the Secretary of the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1789, encompassing the First Continental Congress, the Second Continental Congress, and the Congress of the Confederation. In this capacity, he maintained the *Journals of the Continental Congress*.

What significant document is mentioned in connection with Charles Thomson and the Declaration of Independence?

The Dunlap broadside of the Declaration of Independence is mentioned in connection with Charles Thomson, highlighting his involvement in the official documentation of this foundational American text.

What other Latin phrases are listed in the 'See also' section, indicating their relevance to the topic?

Other Latin phrases listed in the 'See also' section include 'Annuit cœptis' and 'E pluribus unum,' both of which are significant mottos associated with the United States and appear on its currency or seal.

What is the 'Eye of Providence' and how is it related to the Great Seal?

The 'Eye of Providence' is listed in the 'See also' section, suggesting its visual or symbolic connection to the Great Seal of the United States, where it appears above the pyramid. It is a symbol often associated with divine oversight.

What are some of the songs listed as national symbols of the United States?

A wide array of songs are listed as national symbols, including 'The Star-Spangled Banner,' 'America the Beautiful,' 'God Bless America,' 'The Stars and Stripes Forever,' and various military anthems like 'The Army Goes Rolling Along' and 'Marines' Hymn.' These songs evoke patriotism and national identity.

What are some of the topics related to United States currency and coinage mentioned in the article's navigation boxes?

Topics related to United States currency and coinage include the U.S. dollar, the Federal Reserve System, the U.S. Mint (and its various locations), the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, and different denominations of current and discontinued paper money and coinage. These are all integral to the nation's financial system.

What are some of the current coinage denominations of the United States dollar?

Current coinage denominations of the United States dollar include the Penny (1¢), Nickel (5¢), Dime (10¢), Quarter (25¢), Half dollar (50¢), and the Dollar ($1) coin. These are the standard coins used in daily transactions.

What are some examples of bullion coinage produced by the United States?

Examples of bullion coinage produced by the United States include the America the Beautiful silver bullion coins, the American Silver Eagle, the American Gold Eagle, the American Buffalo (gold), the First Spouse (gold), the American Platinum Eagle, the American Palladium Eagle, and the American Liberty (gold) coin. Bullion coins are typically valued for their precious metal content.

What are the current denominations of paper money in the United States?

The current denominations of paper money in the United States are the $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100 bills, which are Federal Reserve Notes. These are the most common forms of physical currency in circulation.

What were some of the discontinued large denominations of United States currency?

Some of the discontinued large denominations of United States currency included the $500, $1,000, $5,000, $10,000, and $100,000 bills. These high-value notes were primarily used for interbank transactions rather than public circulation and are now rare collector's items.

What is the significance of the Roman numerals at the base of the pyramid on the Great Seal?

The Roman numerals at the base of the pyramid on the Great Seal represent the year 1776, which is the date of the Declaration of Independence. This date marks the beginning of the 'New American Era' as interpreted by Charles Thomson, symbolizing the nation's birth.

How does the concept of a 'new order' in 'Novus ordo seclorum' relate to the historical context of the United States' founding?

The concept of a 'new order' in 'Novus ordo seclorum' reflects the revolutionary spirit of the United States' founding, signifying a departure from old world monarchies and the establishment of a new nation based on different principles, marking a new epoch in history and governance.

What is the general theme of Virgil's fourth eclogue, from which the motto is derived?

Virgil's fourth eclogue, from which the motto is derived, has a general theme of prophecy and the dawning of a new golden age, marked by the birth of a boy who will bring an end to the iron age and usher in a period of peace and prosperity. This theme of renewal resonated with the American founders.

What is the role of the Great Seal of the United States in national symbolism?

The Great Seal of the United States serves as a principal national symbol, representing the sovereignty and authority of the nation. It is used to authenticate certain documents issued by the U.S. government, signifying official approval.

What is the meaning of 'Cumaean prophecy' as mentioned in the translation of Virgil's poem?

The 'Cumaean prophecy' refers to the prophecies delivered by the Cumaean Sibyl, a legendary priestess of Apollo in ancient Greece and Rome, whose pronouncements often foretold future events or ages. Her prophecies were highly regarded in the ancient world.

Who are Astraea and Saturn, whose return is mentioned in Virgil's poem?

Astraea, also known as 'the Maid,' is the goddess of justice, and Saturn is associated with the Golden Age in Roman mythology. Their return in Virgil's poem symbolizes a restoration of an ideal, peaceful era, often linked to a time of innocence and abundance.

What is the 'Iron Age' in mythological context, as referenced in Virgil's poem?

In mythological context, the 'Iron Age' is the last and most degenerate of the Ages of Man, characterized by hardship, conflict, and moral decline, contrasting sharply with the earlier, more idyllic Golden Age. It represents a period of human suffering and injustice.

Who is Lucina, mentioned in Virgil's poem, and what is her role?

Lucina is a Roman goddess associated with childbirth and light, often invoked to assist in safe deliveries. In Virgil's poem, she is asked to be gracious at the birth of the prophesied boy, symbolizing hope for a new beginning.

Who is Apollo, mentioned in Virgil's poem, and what does his reign signify?

Apollo is a prominent Greek and Roman deity, god of music, poetry, light, healing, and prophecy. His reign in Virgil's poem signifies a period of divine favor and the flourishing of arts and enlightenment, heralding a brighter future.

What is the significance of the phrase 'ab integro' in Virgil's original line 'Magnus ab integro saeclorum nascitur ordo'?

The phrase 'ab integro' means 'anew' or 'from the beginning,' emphasizing the complete renewal and fresh start implied by the 'new order of the ages.' It highlights a profound and fundamental change.

How does the article describe the pronunciation of 'Novus ordo seclorum' in English?

The article provides the English phonetic pronunciation of 'Novus ordo seclorum' as /ˌnoʊvəs ˌɔːrdoʊ sɛˈklɔːrəm/, offering a guide to its spoken form in English.

How does the article describe the pronunciation of 'Novus ordo seclorum' in Latin?

The article provides the Latin phonetic pronunciation of 'Novus ordo seclorum' as [ˈnɔwäs ˈoːrdoː seːˈkloːrũː], indicating how it would have been pronounced in classical Latin.

What is the purpose of the 'See also' section in the Wikipedia article?

The 'See also' section in the Wikipedia article serves to provide links to other related articles and topics, allowing readers to explore broader contexts and connections to 'Novus ordo seclorum,' such as other national symbols, mottos, and historical figures. It helps in navigating related information.

What is the 'Continental Association' and how is it related to Charles Thomson?

The 'Continental Association' is listed under 'Related' topics for Charles Thomson, indicating his connection to this system created by the First Continental Congress in 1774 to boycott British goods. This was an early act of colonial unity and resistance.

What are the 'Articles of Confederation' and how are they related to Charles Thomson?

The 'Articles of Confederation' are listed under 'Related' topics for Charles Thomson, signifying his involvement with this first constitution of the United States, which he would have overseen as Secretary of the Continental Congress. They established the initial framework for the American government.

What is the 'Seal of the president of the United States' and how is it related to the Great Seal?

The 'Seal of the president of the United States' is listed as a related topic, suggesting its connection to the Great Seal as another important symbol of American authority, though distinct in its specific use. The Presidential Seal is used to authenticate documents from the Executive Branch.

What is the 'Syng inkstand' and how is it related to Charles Thomson?

The 'Syng inkstand' is listed under 'Related' topics for Charles Thomson, indicating its historical significance in the context of the Continental Congress, as it was used during the signing of the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. It is a tangible artifact of American founding.

What is 'Thomson's Bible translation' and how is it related to Charles Thomson?

'Thomson's Bible translation' is listed under Charles Thomson's writings, referring to his significant work in translating the Septuagint into English, a notable scholarly achievement for the era. This demonstrates his linguistic expertise beyond his political roles.

What is 'Harriton House' and how is it related to Charles Thomson?

'Harriton House' is listed as Charles Thomson's home, indicating it was his residence and is a historical site associated with him. It provides a glimpse into his personal life and legacy.

What theatrical portrayals of Charles Thomson are mentioned in the article?

The article mentions theatrical portrayals of Charles Thomson in the 1969 musical *1776* and its 1972 film adaptation, highlighting his role in the events surrounding the Declaration of Independence. These portrayals bring his historical contributions to a wider audience.

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The Motto

A New Order of the Ages

The phrase Novus ordo seclorum, translating to "New order of the ages," is one of two Latin mottos prominently featured on the reverse side of the Great Seal of the United States. This profound declaration encapsulates a foundational ideal of the nascent American republic, signifying a departure from old world orders and the inauguration of a distinct new era.

The Architect: Charles Thomson

The creation of this significant motto is attributed to Charles Thomson, who served as the esteemed secretary of the Congress of the Confederation. Thomson, a scholar with a deep understanding of classical languages, was instrumental in the design of the Great Seal, carefully selecting phrases that would imbue it with enduring symbolic meaning for the new nation.

Alongside Annuit Cœptis

Novus ordo seclorum does not stand alone on the Great Seal. It is paired with another equally significant Latin motto, Annuit cœptis, which translates to "Providence favors our undertakings" or "He [God] has favored our undertakings." Together, these two mottos articulate a dual vision: divine endorsement for the new nation's endeavors and the establishment of an unprecedented epoch in human history.

Classical Source

Virgil's Prophetic Eclogues

The inspiration for Novus ordo seclorum is rooted in classical antiquity, specifically in the fourth poem of the Eclogues by the renowned Roman poet Virgil. This particular eclogue is often interpreted as a messianic or prophetic poem, foretelling the dawn of a new golden age and the return of justice and peace, a theme that resonated deeply with the American founders' aspirations.

The Poetic Line

Charles Thomson directly derived the motto from the second line of Virgil's fourth eclogue. The original passage (lines 4–10) reads:


Ultima Cumaei venit iam carminis aetas:
magnus ab integro saeclorum nascitur ordo.
Iam redit et Virgo, redeunt Saturnia regna:
iam nova progenies caelo demittitur alto.
Tu modo nascenti puero, quo ferrea primum
desinet, ac toto surget gens aurea mundo,
casta fave Lucina; tuus iam regnat Apollo.

Translated, these lines convey:


Now is come the last age of the Cumaean prophecy:
the great cycle of ages is born anew.
Now returns the Maid, returns the reign of Saturn:
now from high heaven a new generation comes down.
Yet do thou at that boy's birth, in whom the iron age shall begin to cease,
and the golden to arise over all the world,
holy Lucina, be gracious; now thine own Apollo reigns.

The motto is a direct rephrasing of the second line: "Magnus ab integro saeclorum nascitur ordo" (The great cycle of ages is born anew).

Interpretation

Not "Secular"

A common misconception regarding Novus ordo seclorum pertains to the word "seclorum." It is crucial to understand that "seclorum" does not signify "secular" in the modern sense. Instead, it is the genitive (possessive) plural form of the Latin word saeculum, which in this context means "generation," "century," or "age." While the term saeculum later evolved in Christian Latin to mean "age" or "world," and the English word "secular" is indeed derived from it through secularis, the adjective "secularis" (meaning "worldly") is not equivalent to the genitive plural "seclorum" ("of the ages").

A New American Era

Charles Thomson, the motto's translator and designer, explicitly stated that Novus ordo seclorum was intended to signify "the beginning of the New American Era." This era was officially marked by the date of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, a pivotal moment in history that is also depicted in Roman numerals (MDCCLXXVI) at the base of the pyramid on the Great Seal. Thomson's interpretation underscores the profound belief that the founding of the United States represented a fresh start, a new epoch in the annals of human governance and liberty.

Seal Context

The Great Seal's Reverse

The reverse side of the Great Seal of the United States is rich with symbolism. It features an unfinished pyramid of thirteen steps, representing the original thirteen states and the ongoing work of building the nation. Above the pyramid, an Eye of Providence (or all-seeing eye) is enclosed in a triangle, symbolizing divine oversight. Below the pyramid, the Roman numerals MDCCLXXVI denote the year 1776, the year of the Declaration of Independence. It is within this intricate design that Novus ordo seclorum is placed, directly beneath the pyramid, visually reinforcing its connection to the founding date and the nation's foundational principles.

Enduring Symbolism

The placement and meaning of Novus ordo seclorum on the Great Seal reflect the aspirations of the Founding Fathers for a nation that would forge a path distinct from its European predecessors. It speaks to a vision of self-governance, liberty, and a new societal structure. This motto continues to serve as a powerful reminder of the revolutionary ideals that underpinned the birth of the United States and its enduring commitment to progress and renewal.

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References

P. Vergilius Maro, Eclogues, J. B. Greenough, Ed.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Novus ordo seclorum Wikipedia page

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Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not historical or legal advice. The interpretations and historical context provided on this website are for academic study and general understanding. Always refer to primary historical documents, scholarly publications, and official government resources for definitive information regarding the Great Seal of the United States and its mottos. Never disregard established historical consensus or official guidance because of something you have read on this website.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

Epochal Dawn: Unpacking Novus Ordo Seclorum

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The Motto ℹ️

🇺🇸 A New Order of the Ages

✍️ The Architect: Charles Thomson

👁️ Alongside Annuit Cœptis

Classical Source 🏛️

📜 Virgil's Prophetic Eclogues

📖 The Poetic Line

Interpretation 🧐

❌ Not "Secular"

🌟 A New American Era

Seal Context 🦅

🔺 The Great Seal's Reverse

✨ Enduring Symbolism

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

The Motto

A New Order of the Ages

The Architect: Charles Thomson

Alongside Annuit Cœptis

Classical Source

Virgil's Prophetic Eclogues

The Poetic Line

Interpretation

Not "Secular"

A New American Era

Seal Context

The Great Seal's Reverse

Enduring Symbolism

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice