What was the duration of Warren G. Harding's presidency?

Warren G. Harding served as the 29th president of the United States from March 4, 1921, until his death on August 2, 1923. His tenure lasted just over two and a half years, concluding during his first term.

In what historical context did Warren G. Harding assume the presidency?

Harding took office during the aftermath of World War I, a period characterized by significant economic and social adjustments as the nation transitioned from wartime to peacetime. This era was marked by a desire for stability and a return to pre-war conditions.

What was Warren G. Harding's political affiliation and home state?

Warren G. Harding was a Republican from Ohio, a state that played a significant role in his political career and presidential campaign. His Ohio roots were a key element of his political identity.

Who succeeded Warren G. Harding as president?

Upon Harding's death in office, Vice President Calvin Coolidge succeeded him as president, continuing the Republican administration and guiding the country through the remainder of Harding's term and beyond.

How did Warren G. Harding win the 1920 presidential election, and what was the significance of his victory margin?

Harding defeated Democrat James M. Cox in the 1920 presidential election. His victory was marked by a 26.2 percentage point margin in the popular vote, which was the largest popular-vote percentage margin in a presidential election since the Era of Good Feelings in the 1820s, indicating a significant public mandate.

What was the general economic philosophy of Harding's administration?

Harding's administration pursued conservative economic policies aimed at minimizing the government's role in the economy. This approach, often described as laissez-faire, contrasted with the more interventionist policies of the preceding Wilson administration and emphasized a return to business-friendly practices.

What key piece of legislation concerning federal budgeting was signed into law during Harding's presidency?

Harding signed the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, which established the country's first formal budgeting process and created the Bureau of the Budget. This act was a significant step in modernizing federal financial management and oversight.

What was the impact of the Fordney-McCumber Tariff signed by Harding?

The Fordney-McCumber Tariff greatly increased tariff rates on imported goods, reflecting a protectionist policy intended to safeguard American industries and jobs. While intended to boost domestic manufacturing, it was later criticized for potentially hindering international trade and contributing to economic difficulties.

How did Harding's administration approach immigration policy?

Harding supported the Emergency Quota Act of 1921, which initiated a period of restrictive immigration policies by limiting the number of immigrants from any given country based on census data. This reflected a broader nativist sentiment prevalent in the United States at the time.

What significant action did Harding take regarding veterans of World War I?

Harding presided over the creation of the Veterans Bureau, an agency established to manage the needs of wounded veterans, including hospitalization and medical care. However, he vetoed a bill that would have provided a direct bonus to these veterans, citing concerns about the national treasury.

Who directed the foreign policy of the Harding administration, and what was a major achievement of this policy?

Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes directed foreign policy, marking a shift from President Wilson's direct involvement. Hughes' major achievement was the Washington Naval Conference of 1921-1922, which resulted in a naval disarmament program among major world powers.

How did Harding's judicial appointments shape the Supreme Court?

Harding appointed four justices to the Supreme Court, including William Howard Taft as Chief Justice. These appointments were generally conservative and contributed to the court's alignment, often referred to as the Taft Court, which upheld precedents favoring business interests.

What were the primary frontrunners for the Republican nomination in the 1920 presidential election before Harding emerged?

Before Harding became a viable candidate, the main contenders for the Republican nomination were General Leonard Wood, Illinois Governor Frank Lowden, and Senator Hiram Johnson of California. These candidates represented different factions within the party.

How did Harry Daugherty strategize Harding's path to the Republican nomination?

Harry Daugherty, Harding's campaign manager, strategized to position Harding as a compromise candidate. He believed that by making Harding acceptable to all wings of the Republican party, Harding could emerge as the nominee if the convention became deadlocked.

What unique campaign method did Harding employ in 1920?

Harding conducted a "front porch" campaign from his home in Marion, Ohio. This approach utilized modern advertising techniques and various media, allowing him to connect with voters without extensive travel, setting a precedent for future campaigns.

What was the significance of the 1920 presidential election regarding women's suffrage and media coverage?

The 1920 election was significant as the first time women could vote nationwide following the 19th Amendment's ratification. It was also the first presidential election to be covered by radio, marking advancements in both political participation and media dissemination.

What slogan did Harding use in his 1920 presidential campaign, and what did it signify?

Harding ran on the promise of a "return to normalcy," signifying a desire to move away from the perceived complexities and internationalism of the Wilson administration and return to more traditional, domestically focused policies. This resonated with a public weary of war and rapid change.

Describe the advertising campaign used by Harding's presidential campaign.

Led by Albert Lasker, the Harding campaign employed modern advertising techniques, utilizing newsreels, motion pictures, sound recordings, posters, newspapers, magazines, trained speakers, and telemarketers. This comprehensive approach aimed to shape public perception and promote Harding's platform effectively.

What was the outcome of the 1920 presidential election in terms of electoral and popular votes?

Warren G. Harding won a decisive victory, securing 404 electoral votes compared to James M. Cox's 127. He also captured 60 percent of the nationwide popular vote, while Cox received 34 percent, indicating a strong mandate for Harding's platform.

What was the nature of Harding's inaugural address?

In his inaugural address, Harding reiterated his campaign themes of healing and normalcy, emphasizing the need for citizens to contribute to the government rather than expecting too much from it. He called for a return to stability and a less interventionist government.

Who were the key figures Harding appointed to his Cabinet, and what were some notable appointments?

Harding appointed prominent figures such as Charles Evans Hughes as Secretary of State, Andrew Mellon as Secretary of the Treasury, and Herbert Hoover as Secretary of Commerce. Harry M. Daugherty's appointment as Attorney General was controversial due to his political background.

What was the "Ohio Gang," and what was their association with the Harding administration?

The "Ohio Gang" was a group of Harding's political associates and appointees, primarily from Ohio, who gained influence during his administration. This group became associated with graft and corruption that permeated Harding's Justice Department and other government offices.

What significant legislation did Harding sign concerning the federal budget?

Harding signed the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, which established the Bureau of the Budget to centralize and coordinate the federal budgeting process. This act mandated that the president annually submit a budget to Congress.

What role did Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover play in promoting new technologies during Harding's presidency?

Herbert Hoover, as Secretary of Commerce, actively promoted emerging technologies like radio and aviation. He convened conferences to discuss their development and regulation, although legislative action often lagged behind these initiatives.

What major labor disputes occurred during Harding's presidency, and how did the administration respond?

Major labor disputes included the 1922 coal miners' strike and the railroad workers' strike. Harding intervened in the coal strike by encouraging a return to work pending a commission's review, and his administration obtained an injunction to break the railroad strike, though Harding later sought to amend it.

What was Harding's stance on civil rights for African Americans?

Harding advocated for civil rights, speaking out for equal political and educational opportunities for African Americans and appointing Black individuals to government positions. However, he did not support social equality or intermarriage and expressed concerns about the Great Migration's impact on race relations.

What was the significance of the Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act signed by Harding?

The Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act of 1921 was the first major federal social welfare program in the U.S. It provided funding for maternal and child health centers, offering preventive care and setting a precedent for future social programs.

How did Harding's administration approach deregulation?

Harding's administration sought to limit the power of regulatory agencies by appointing individuals sympathetic to business interests. This deregulatory approach was exemplified by the Willis Graham Act, which allowed AT&T to establish a monopoly in the telephone industry.

What action did Harding take regarding political prisoners?

On December 23, 1921, Harding released Socialist leader Eugene V. Debs from prison, commuting his sentence, and also granted amnesty to 23 other prisoners considered political radicals from the First Red Scare era.

What was the outcome of the 1922 midterm elections for the Republican party?

The Republican party suffered significant losses in the 1922 midterm elections, losing seats in both the House and Senate. This weakened their majority and empowered the progressive wing of the party, leading to increased scrutiny of the Harding administration.

What was the purpose of the Washington Naval Conference convened during Harding's presidency?

The Washington Naval Conference, convened in November 1921, aimed to prevent an arms race by establishing limitations on the tonnage of naval ships among major world powers, including the United States, Great Britain, and Japan. It sought to promote international peace through arms control.

What was the U.S. policy towards Russia during Harding's presidency, particularly concerning the famine?

While refusing diplomatic recognition to the Communist government, Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover utilized the American Relief Administration to provide aid during the 1921 Russian famine. This humanitarian effort is credited with saving millions of lives.

What was the Harding administration's approach to Latin American relations?

The administration worked to improve relations with Latin American countries wary of U.S. interventionism. They withdrew troops from Cuba and negotiated treaties like the Thomson-Urrutia Treaty with Colombia, though troops remained in the Dominican Republic and Nicaragua.

What was the most notorious scandal associated with the Harding administration?

The most notorious scandal was the Teapot Dome scandal, involving Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall leasing naval oil reserves to private companies in exchange for personal loans and payments. This affair became a symbol of the corruption within the administration.

Who was Albert B. Fall, and what was his role in the Teapot Dome scandal?

Albert B. Fall, Harding's Secretary of the Interior, was the central figure in the Teapot Dome scandal. He was convicted of accepting bribes in exchange for granting lucrative oil drilling rights on federal lands, making him the first former cabinet member sent to prison for crimes committed in office.

What allegations of corruption were made against Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty?

Harry M. Daugherty faced allegations of authorizing graft within the Justice Department, including the sale of government appointments, prison pardons, and protection from prosecution. These activities were allegedly carried out by his aides, Jess Smith and Howard Mannington.

What role did Jess W. Smith play in the Harding administration's scandals?

Jess W. Smith, Attorney General Daugherty's personal aide, was a key figure in manipulating government files, selling favors, and acting as a bagman. He allegedly facilitated the sale of liquor permits to bootleggers and supplied alcohol for White House gatherings, contributing to the administration's corrupt image.

What scandal involved Charles R. Forbes and the Veterans Bureau?

Charles R. Forbes, the Director of the Veterans Bureau, was involved in a scandal where he defrauded the government of millions of dollars. He achieved this by inflating hospital construction costs and selling valuable hospital supplies to insider contractors, ultimately leading to his resignation and conviction.

How did Harding's personal life and habits at the White House differ from his predecessor's?

Harding's lifestyle was more unconventional; he allowed bootleg whiskey to be served at White House parties, played poker regularly, and smoked and chewed tobacco. These activities contrasted with the more reserved demeanor of his predecessor, Woodrow Wilson.

What was the "Voyage of Understanding" undertaken by President Harding?

The "Voyage of Understanding" was President Harding's extensive tour across the United States and into Alaska in the summer of 1923. Its purpose was to engage with the public, address various national issues through speeches, and potentially alleviate the stress of his presidency.

What were the circumstances surrounding President Harding's death?

Harding died on August 2, 1923, in San Francisco, likely from a heart attack. His death occurred shortly after experiencing symptoms of pneumonia and heart trouble during his Western tour, while his wife was reading him a flattering article about his presidency.

How did the public and press initially react to Harding's death?

Harding's death was met with widespread mourning and shock across the nation. Journalists and associates expressed deep sorrow, with many praising him and suggesting he had died in service to his country, reflecting his initial popularity.

How did Harding's historical reputation evolve over time?

Initially ranked among the worst presidents due to the scandals that emerged after his death, Harding's reputation has undergone reassessment in recent decades. Historians now consider a broader range of his actions, leading to more nuanced views of his presidency and its impact.

What was the significance of the Revenue Act of 1921?

The Revenue Act of 1921, signed by Harding, significantly reduced taxes, particularly for the wealthy, by lowering the top marginal income tax rate and the corporate tax rate. This was intended to stimulate economic growth by allowing businesses and individuals to retain more capital.

What was the "return to normalcy" slogan referring to in Harding's campaign?

The "return to normalcy" slogan signified Harding's desire to revert to pre-World War I domestic policies and a less interventionist government. It represented a rejection of the internationalism and perceived excesses of the Wilson administration, appealing to a public weary of war and rapid societal changes.

What was the role of Albert Lasker in Harding's presidential campaign?

Albert Lasker, a prominent advertiser, managed Harding's presidential campaign and implemented modern advertising techniques. His efforts focused on promoting Harding's patriotism and affability, utilizing various media to reach a broad electorate.

What was the primary outcome of the Washington Naval Conference?

The Washington Naval Conference resulted in several treaties, most notably the Washington Naval Treaty, which established limits on the tonnage of battleships and aircraft carriers for the major naval powers. It also produced the Four-Power Treaty, concerning Pacific territorial integrity.

What was the "smoke-filled room" incident related to Harding's nomination?

The term "smoke-filled room" refers to a meeting of Republican leaders in Chicago during the 1920 convention, held in a smoke-filled room at the Blackstone Hotel. There, they tentatively decided that Warren G. Harding would be the party's compromise presidential candidate, influencing the convention's outcome.

What was the purpose of the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921?

The Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 established the Bureau of the Budget to centralize and coordinate the federal budgeting process. This act mandated that the president annually submit a budget to Congress, enhancing fiscal accountability.

Presidency Of Warren G. Harding Wiki: The Harding Era: Navigating a Nation's Transition

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

When you are ready...
🎮 Play the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge Game🎮

The 1920 Election

Republican Nomination

Emerging from a crowded field of frontrunners, Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio secured the Republican presidential nomination at the 1920 convention. His campaign manager, Harry Daugherty, orchestrated a strategy to position Harding as a compromise candidate, appealing to various party factions. This effort culminated in Harding's nomination after a protracted convention deadlock, with Massachusetts Governor Calvin Coolidge selected as his running mate.

The "Return to Normalcy"

Harding's general election campaign against Democrat James M. Cox was defined by the promise of a "return to normalcy," advocating for a retreat from the perceived excesses of the Wilson administration and a return to more conservative, laissez-faire policies. This message resonated strongly with an electorate weary of World War I and its aftermath.

Landslide Victory

Leveraging modern advertising techniques and a compelling message, Harding achieved a decisive victory. He secured 404 electoral votes and 60% of the popular vote, the largest margin seen in decades. This election also marked the first time women could vote nationwide and was extensively covered by the nascent radio medium.

Inauguration and Vision

Taking Office

Warren G. Harding was inaugurated as the 29th President on March 4, 1921, on the U.S. Capitol's East Portico. Administered by Chief Justice Edward D. White, the oath was taken upon the Washington Inaugural Bible. This event was notable for being the first presidential inauguration where the president traveled to and from the ceremony by automobile.

Inaugural Address

In his address, Harding reiterated his campaign themes, emphasizing healing, restoration, and national stability over radical change or international entanglement. He articulated a vision of reduced government intervention in business and a renewed focus on domestic prosperity and national identity.

The Harding Cabinet

Key Appointments

Harding assembled a cabinet that included prominent figures, aiming for "the best minds." Notable appointments included Charles Evans Hughes as Secretary of State and Andrew Mellon as Secretary of the Treasury. Herbert Hoover served as Secretary of Commerce, and Harry M. Daugherty became Attorney General.

The Harding administration featured a diverse cabinet, though some appointments later became associated with significant scandals.

Office	Name	Term
President	Warren G. Harding	1921–1923
Vice President	Calvin Coolidge	1921–1923
Secretary of State	Charles Evans Hughes	1921–1923
Secretary of the Treasury	Andrew Mellon	1921–1923
Secretary of War	John W. Weeks	1921–1923
Attorney General	Harry M. Daugherty	1921–1923
Postmaster General	Will H. Hays, Hubert Work, Harry S. New	1921–1923
Secretary of the Navy	Edwin Denby	1921–1923
Secretary of the Interior	Albert B. Fall, Hubert Work	1921–1923
Secretary of Agriculture	Henry Cantwell Wallace	1921–1923
Secretary of Commerce	Herbert Hoover	1921–1923
Secretary of Labor	James J. Davis	1921–1923

Judicial Appointments

Harding appointed four justices to the Supreme Court: William Howard Taft (as Chief Justice), George Sutherland, Pierce Butler, and Edward Terry Sanford. These appointments generally reflected a conservative judicial philosophy, reinforcing the precedents of the Lochner era and aligning with the prevailing political climate of the 1920s.

Domestic Policy

Economic Reforms

In response to the post-war economic downturn, Harding's administration pursued conservative fiscal policies. The Revenue Act of 1921 significantly reduced taxes, particularly for higher earners, reflecting Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon's belief that wealth concentration fueled economic growth. The Budget and Accounting Act established the Bureau of the Budget, formalizing the federal budgeting process.

Tariffs and Immigration

The Fordney-McCumber Tariff of 1922 substantially raised import duties, aiming to protect American industries and agriculture, though it later contributed to international trade friction. Immigration policy shifted towards restriction with the Emergency Quota Act of 1921, limiting entry based on national origin.

Agricultural and Labor Issues

Addressing the agricultural crisis, Harding signed several acts, including the Packers and Stockyards Act and the Capper-Volstead Act, to support farmers and cooperatives. His administration also navigated significant labor disputes, including major strikes in the coal and railroad industries, often employing federal intervention.

Technological Advancements

Harding's administration embraced new technologies, notably radio. Harding became the first president to be heard on the radio, and Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover played a key role in developing early radio regulation policies.

Foreign Policy

Disarmament and Peace

Under Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes, the administration pursued a policy of international engagement without formal League of Nations membership. The landmark Washington Naval Conference (1921-1922) resulted in significant naval disarmament treaties among major powers, aiming to prevent an arms race, particularly in the Pacific.

Relations and Treaties

The U.S. ratified separate peace treaties with Germany, Austria, and Hungary, formally ending World War I. Harding's administration also addressed war debts and reparations, negotiating agreements that set patterns for international finance. Relations with Latin America saw efforts to improve ties, including the Thomson-Urrutia Treaty with Colombia.

Administration Scandals

The Teapot Dome Scandal

The most significant scandal involved Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall, who illicitly leased naval oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California, to private oil companies. Fall accepted substantial bribes for these leases, leading to his conviction and imprisonment, making him the first former cabinet member to be jailed for actions during his service.

Justice Department Corruption

The Department of Justice, under Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty, was plagued by allegations of corruption. Daugherty's associates, including Jess Smith, were implicated in bribery schemes involving appointments, pardons, and the sale of liquor permits. Investigations revealed widespread graft, though Daugherty himself was never convicted.

Veterans Bureau Mismanagement

Charles R. Forbes, Director of the Veterans Bureau, was convicted of defrauding the government through inflated hospital construction costs and the illicit sale of surplus medical supplies. His actions, along with the suicide of his legal counsel Charles Cramer amid investigations, highlighted significant corruption within the bureau.

Life in the White House

Social Scene

Harding's White House was known for a more relaxed and unconventional social atmosphere compared to his predecessor. Poker games, smoking, and the serving of bootleg whiskey (despite Prohibition) were common among Harding and his guests, reflecting a stark contrast with the strict enforcement policies expected of the administration.

Personal Life

Harding maintained a close relationship with his dog, Laddie Boy, and engaged in activities like poker. Despite the growing criticism of his administration and personal health concerns, he maintained a public image of geniality, though private reports indicated increasing stress and declining health.

Western Tour and Demise

The Voyage of Understanding

Seeking respite from political pressures and declining health, Harding embarked on a cross-country "Voyage of Understanding" in the summer of 1923. The demanding schedule, however, exacerbated his existing health issues, including chest pains and fatigue, which were evident to observers.

Sudden Passing

While in San Francisco, Harding suffered a severe relapse, diagnosed with pneumonia and heart complications. Despite a temporary apparent improvement, he collapsed and died on August 2, 1923, at the age of 57, likely from a heart attack. His death occurred amidst escalating revelations of administration scandals.

Historical Reputation

Initial Judgments

Initially lauded for his popular appeal and promise of normalcy, Harding's reputation plummeted following the exposure of widespread corruption and scandals within his administration. For decades, he was often ranked among the least effective U.S. presidents.

Reassessment

More recent historical scholarship has begun to reassess Harding's presidency, acknowledging his efforts in areas like naval disarmament and the establishment of the Bureau of the Budget, while also contextualizing the scandals within the broader political environment of the era. His administration's policies and the actions of his appointees continue to be subjects of historical debate.

Teacher's Corner

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

Edit and Print Materials from this study in the wiki2web studio

Click here to open the "Presidency Of Warren G. Harding" Wiki2Web Studio curriculum kit

Use the free Wiki2web Studio to generate printable flashcards, worksheets, exams, and export your materials as a web page or an interactive game.

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Learn about presidency_of_warren_g._harding while playing the wiki2web Clarity Challenge game.

Unlock the mystery image and prove your knowledge by earning trophies. This simple game is addictively fun and is a great way to learn!

Play now

Explore More Topics

Discover other topics to study!

beijing capital international airport

strangling

relaxation of the asshole

alfred sisley

domnonée

1991 philips austrian open– singles

morehead state eagles

national library of australia

tibetan dual system of government

bob livingston

References

Harry M. Daugherty, Ohio History Central, Retrieved September 5, 2010

John A. Moore, "The Original Supply Siders: Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge." The Independent Review 18.4 (2014): 597-618. online

Robenalt, âThe Republican president who called for racial justice in America after Tulsa massacre"

Goldstein, Erik The Washington Conference 1921â22, 1994, Retrieved May 14, 2010.

Goldman, Emily O. Sunken treaties, 1994; retrieved May 14, 2010

Joshua E. Kastenberg, Judicial Ethics in the Confluence of National Security and Political Ideology: William Howard Taft and the âTeapot Domeâ Oil Scandal as a Case Study for the Post-Trump Era, 53 St. Mary's Law Journal, 55, 115 (2022)

Anthony, Carl "A President Of the Peephole", The Washington Post, June 7, 1998; retrieved December 24, 2010.

The Hartford Courant (March 15, 1923), Charles F. Cramer Ex-Veterans' Bureau Counsel A Suicide, p. 14

The Hartford Courant (March 15, 1923), Charles F. Cramer Ex-Veterans' Bureau Counsel A Suicide, p. I4

A full list of references for this article are available at the Presidency of Warren G. Harding Wikipedia page

Feedback & Support

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer

Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not professional historical or political advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional consultation or in-depth academic research. Always refer to primary sources and consult with qualified historians or political scientists for specific analyses. Never disregard professional advice because of something you have read on this website.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

The Harding Era

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

The 1920 Election 🗳️

⭐ Republican Nomination

📣 The "Return to Normalcy"

🏆 Landslide Victory

Inauguration and Vision 🏛️

📜 Taking Office

🗣️ Inaugural Address

The Harding Cabinet 🤝

⭐ Key Appointments

⚖️ Judicial Appointments

Domestic Policy 🏠

💰 Economic Reforms

📈 Tariffs and Immigration

🚜 Agricultural and Labor Issues

📻 Technological Advancements

Foreign Policy 🌍

🕊️ Disarmament and Peace

🤝 Relations and Treaties

Administration Scandals ⚖️

🛢️ The Teapot Dome Scandal

🏛️ Justice Department Corruption

🏥 Veterans Bureau Mismanagement

Life in the White House 🍸

🎉 Social Scene

🐶 Personal Life

Western Tour and Demise 🥀

✈️ The Voyage of Understanding

💔 Sudden Passing

Historical Reputation 📊

📉 Initial Judgments

🔄 Reassessment

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

True or False? 🤔

❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

Gamer's Corner 🎮

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Explore More Topics

📜 Discover other topics to study!

References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

The 1920 Election

Republican Nomination

The "Return to Normalcy"

Landslide Victory

Inauguration and Vision

Taking Office

Inaugural Address

The Harding Cabinet

Key Appointments

Judicial Appointments

Domestic Policy

Economic Reforms

Tariffs and Immigration

Agricultural and Labor Issues

Technological Advancements

Foreign Policy

Disarmament and Peace

Relations and Treaties

Administration Scandals

The Teapot Dome Scandal

Justice Department Corruption

Veterans Bureau Mismanagement

Life in the White House

Social Scene

Personal Life

Western Tour and Demise

The Voyage of Understanding

Sudden Passing

Historical Reputation

Initial Judgments

Reassessment

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice