What is the official name of Quito, Ecuador?

The official name of Quito is San Francisco de Quito.

What is Quito's primary role in Ecuador?

Quito serves as the capital and the second-largest city of Ecuador, and it is also the capital of the Pichincha Province.

What is the approximate population of Quito's metropolitan area?

The metropolitan area of Quito has an estimated population of approximately 2.8 million people.

Describe Quito's geographical location and elevation.

Quito is situated in a valley on the eastern slopes of the Pichincha volcano in the Andes mountains. Its elevation of 2,850 meters (9,350 feet) makes it one of the highest national capitals in the world.

When was Quito's historic center recognized by UNESCO, and why is it significant?

Quito's historic center was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978, recognizing it as the largest and best-preserved historic center in the Americas.

How does Quito's location relate to the Equator?

Quito is the capital city located closest to the Equator, with the Equator line passing through the northern part of its metropolitan area.

What is the earliest evidence of human settlement found in the Quito region?

The earliest traces of human presence in Quito were discovered on the slopes of the Ilaló volcano and date back to 8000 BC, attributed to hunter-gatherers who utilized obsidian tools.

How did the Inca Empire incorporate Quito into its territory?

In the late 15th century, the Inca Emperor Huayna Capac conquered the region, integrating Quito into the Inca Empire and establishing it as the capital of the empire's northern territory.

What are the key dates associated with the Spanish founding of Quito?

The Spanish founded Santiago de Quito on August 15, 1534, renamed it San Francisco de Quito on August 28, 1534, and then refounded it at its current location on December 6, 1534, by Sebastián de Benalcázar.

Under which Spanish viceroyalties was Quito administered during the colonial era?

During the colonial period, Quito was administered as part of the Viceroyalty of Peru until 1717, after which it was incorporated into the Viceroyalty of New Granada.

What significant events related to independence occurred in Quito in the early 19th century?

Quito briefly proclaimed de facto independence from Spain between 1765 and 1766 during the Quito Revolt. A more significant movement for independence began on August 10, 1809, which was later suppressed, with full independence achieved after the Battle of Pichincha in 1822.

What notable political violence occurred in Quito during the Republican period?

During the Republican period, Quito experienced political violence, including the assassination of President Gabriel García Moreno in 1875, the poisoning of Archbishop José Ignacio Checa y Barba in 1877, and the lynching of Eloy Alfaro in 1912.

How did a radio broadcast cause panic in Quito in 1949?

A realistic radio broadcast of H.G. Wells' novel *The War of the Worlds* in 1949 led to widespread panic in Quito, resulting in over twenty deaths from fires set by mobs.

What major infrastructure developments have occurred in Quito in the 21st century?

In the 21st century, Quito has seen the development of the Metrobus (Ecovía) system, the opening of a new international airport (Mariscal Sucre International Airport), the redevelopment of the old airport site into Parque Bicentenario, and the launch of the Quito Metro subway system.

Describe Quito's relationship with nearby volcanoes.

Quito is situated near several volcanoes, most notably Pichincha, which looms over the city. This proximity to an active volcano is unique among capital cities, and eruptions from Pichincha and Reventador have affected the city with ashfall.

What is the climate of Quito like, and what factors influence it?

Quito has a subtropical highland climate (Cfb) characterized by uniform precipitation and consistently cool, comfortable temperatures year-round. This climate is influenced by its high altitude and location near the Equator.

What is the average annual temperature in Quito?

The average annual temperature in Quito is approximately 15.6 degrees Celsius (60.1 degrees Fahrenheit).

How does Quito's altitude affect its solar radiation levels?

Due to its high altitude, Quito receives intense solar radiation, sometimes reaching a UV Index of 24 under clear skies, making it one of the highest in the world.

What is the primary source of Quito's water supply, and what conservation efforts are in place?

Quito's water supply primarily comes from the páramo, high-altitude grasslands. To protect this source, the Fund for the Protection of Water (FONAG) was established to conserve these vital ecosystems.

How is Quito divided topographically, and what are the characteristics of these divisions?

Quito is divided into three topographical zones: the Central area, which houses the colonial old city; the Southern area, primarily industrial and working-class residential; and the Northern area, which is modern, featuring high-rise buildings, commercial centers, and a mix of residential areas.

What is Quito's economic significance within Ecuador?

Quito is the largest contributor to Ecuador's national GDP and has the highest per capita income, making it the country's most important economic region and the highest in tax collection.

What are the main industries and key export crops in Quito?

Quito's main industries include textiles, metals, and agriculture. Key export crops from the region are coffee, sugar, cacao, rice, bananas, and palm oil.

How is the city of Quito governed?

Quito is governed by a mayor and a 15-member city council. The mayor, currently Pabel Muñoz Lopez, is elected for a five-year term and also serves as the Mayor of the Metropolitan District of Quito.

What is the function of the Palacio de Carondelet?

The Palacio de Carondelet is the seat of the Government of Ecuador and has historically served as the base from which presidents have governed the country.

What is the architectural significance of the Basilica del Voto Nacional?

The Basilica del Voto Nacional is significant as Ecuador's most important neo-Gothic building and was once the largest of its kind in the New World.

What is the architectural style of the Church of La Compañía de Jesús in Quito?

The Church of La Compañía de Jesús is renowned for its ornate Baroque style, particularly its facade, which is considered one of the finest examples of this art form in the Americas.

What monument is located on top of El Panecillo hill?

A 41-meter tall aluminum monument of the Virgin Mary, known as the Virgen de Legarda or Virgen del Panecillo, stands atop El Panecillo hill.

Which park in Quito is recognized as the largest urban park in South America?

The Guanguiltagua Metropolitan Park (Parque Metropolitano "Guanguiltagua") is recognized as the largest urban park in South America, covering 1,376 acres.

What is the significance of La Mitad del Mundo?

La Mitad del Mundo, meaning "Middle of the World," is a site north of Quito featuring a monument marking the Equator, though modern GPS indicates the actual equator lies slightly north of the monument.

What is the main public transportation system in Quito called?

The main public transportation system in Quito is the MetrobusQ network, also known as "Red Integrada de Transporte Público," which operates bus rapid transit lines throughout the city.

When did the Quito Metro subway system begin operations?

The Quito Metro subway system began operations on December 1, 2023, after construction that started in 2013.

What is the cultural significance of El Ejido park on weekends?

On weekends, El Ejido park is known for its handicrafts market where local artists sell their work, and indigenous vendors offer traditional crafts, with prices often open to negotiation.

What is the role of the Quito Observatory in La Alameda park?

The Quito Observatory, located in La Alameda park, serves dual purposes for both meteorology and astronomy, having been opened in 1873.

What is notable about the Quito Zoo?

The Quito Zoo, located near Guayllabamba, houses Ecuador's largest collection of native fauna and has successfully bred the endangered Andean condor, contributing to conservation and education.

Which football clubs from Quito have achieved continental titles?

LDU Quito and Independiente del Valle are the football clubs from Quito that have won continental titles, including the Copa Libertadores and the CONMEBOL Sudamericana, respectively.

How does Quito's high altitude impact its football teams?

Quito's stadiums are situated at a high altitude (over 2,800 meters), which generally provides a competitive advantage to local teams when playing against visiting clubs.

What is the most common crime affecting tourists in Quito?

According to the U.S. Department of State, petty theft, including pickpocketing and purse snatching, is the most prevalent crime experienced by tourists in Quito.

How is Quito connected to the broader Ecuadorian security crisis?

Quito is considered a "consumer market" by organized criminal groups involved in drug trafficking, and the city has seen an increase in homicides linked to competition over drug routes.

Name a prominent artist from Quito mentioned in the article.

Oswaldo Guayasamín, a renowned painter, is a notable figure from Quito mentioned in the article.

Who was Manuela Sáenz in the context of Quito's history?

Manuela Sáenz was a significant revolutionary figure associated with Quito's history.

Name one of Quito's sister cities.

Quito maintains sister city relationships with numerous cities worldwide, including Bogotá, Colombia; Cádiz, Spain; and Lima, Peru.

What criteria did UNESCO use to designate Quito as a World Heritage Site?

Quito was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site based on cultural criteria ii (representing a significant interchange of human values) and iv (being an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates significant stages in human history).

What role did the Cotocollao people play in pre-Columbian trade?

The Cotocollao people were involved in trade by extracting and exporting obsidian to the coastal regions of Ecuador.

What special title was granted to Quito in 1556 by the Spanish crown?

In 1556, Quito was granted the title "Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad de San Francisco de Quito," meaning "Very Noble and Loyal City of San Francisco of Quito."

What is the controversy surrounding the Intiñan Solar Museum's demonstration?

The Intiñan Solar Museum, located near the equator monument, demonstrates the Coriolis effect on water drainage, but many scientific sources question the validity of this demonstration.

What is the significance of the Quito Zoo?

The Quito Zoo is significant for housing Ecuador's largest collection of native fauna and for its successful breeding program for the endangered Andean condor, contributing to conservation and education.

What type of environment does the Maquipucuna Reserve protect?

The Maquipucuna Reserve protects a high-biodiversity rainforest and cloud forest ecosystem, serving as a critical habitat for numerous plant and bird species and acting as a conservation corridor for the spectacled bear.

How is Holy Week observed in Quito?

Quito observes Holy Week with various ceremonies, including the notable March of the Penitents on Good Friday, which originates from the Church of San Francisco.

When was the Central University of Ecuador established?

The Central University of Ecuador was established on March 18, 1826.

What kind of exhibits does the National Museum of Ecuador feature?

The National Museum of Ecuador is an art museum that presents five distinct displays covering different historical periods, from prehistory to contemporary Ecuadorian art.

What is the historical focus of the Museum House of Sucre?

The Museum House of Sucre is dedicated to the life of Antonio José de Sucre, a key figure in Ecuador's independence, with its second floor restored to reflect the period in which he lived.

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A Tapestry of Time: Quito's History

Pre-Columbian Foundations

The earliest evidence of human settlement in Quito dates back to 8000 BC, with hunter-gatherer sites like El Inga revealing sophisticated obsidian tools. Later, around 1500 BC, the Cotocollao neighborhood hosted a significant prehistoric village, indicating established sedentary populations. While historical accounts suggest a unified Kingdom of Quito, modern scholarship favors a more fragmented view of pre-Hispanic societies in the region. Archaeological discoveries, such as elaborate tombs in La Florida dating to AD 800, highlight the advanced craftsmanship and complex funerary rites of the Quitu culture.

Colonial Era and Independence

The Spanish conquest in 1534 marked a pivotal moment, with Sebastián de Benalcázar refounding the city on December 6th. Quito quickly became a significant administrative center within the Spanish Empire, first under the Viceroyalty of Peru and later New Granada. The city's historic center, established with numerous churches and convents, is renowned for its preservation. Quito played a crucial role in the struggle for independence, with early movements in 1809 and 1810, culminating in the decisive victory at the Battle of Pichincha in 1822, which secured Ecuador's freedom.

Republican Transformations

The Republican period saw Quito evolve as the political and cultural heart of Ecuador. Despite periods of political turmoil and the assassination of key figures like President Gabriel García Moreno, the city grew and modernized. The late 19th and early 20th centuries witnessed significant events, including the lynching of Eloy Alfaro and the tumultuous "Four Days' War" in 1932. The city's historic center was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978, acknowledging its outstanding universal value.

Elevated Existence: Quito's Geography

Equatorial Altitude

Nestled in the northern highlands of Ecuador, Quito is situated in the Guayllabamba River basin, on the eastern slopes of the active stratovolcano, Pichincha. Its remarkable elevation of approximately 2,850 meters (9,350 feet) makes it one of the highest capital cities globally. This unique altitude contributes to its distinct climate and offers breathtaking panoramic views of surrounding volcanic peaks, including the snow-capped Cotopaxi and Antisana on clear days.

Strategic Location

Quito's proximity to the Equator is a defining geographical characteristic. The city is divided into three main topographical zones: the central historic area, the southern industrial and residential district, and the modern northern zone. This layout, shaped by the valley's topography and the presence of volcanoes, creates distinct urban environments within the metropolitan area, which spans over 4,200 square kilometers.

Volcanic Proximity

The city's relationship with the Pichincha volcano is profound. As the only capital city developed so close to an active volcano, Quito is monitored by volcanologists. Pichincha's eruptions, notably in 1660 and 1999, have impacted the city with ashfall. Other nearby volcanoes like Reventador, Cotopaxi, and Antisana also shape the region's landscape and occasionally influence weather patterns, underscoring the dynamic geological environment.

Temperate Highlands: Quito's Climate

Equatorial Climate

Quito experiences a subtropical highland climate (Koppen: Cfb), characterized by relatively constant cool temperatures year-round due to its high altitude. The average daily maximum temperature hovers around 21.4°C (70.5°F), with nighttime lows averaging 9.8°C (49.6°F). The city has two distinct seasons: a dry season from June to August (summer) and a wet season from September to May (winter), with annual precipitation exceeding 1,000 mm.

Intense Solar Radiation

Its equatorial location means Quito receives some of the highest solar radiation levels globally. At solar noon, the UV Index can reach extreme levels, necessitating precautions against sun exposure. The city's atmospheric pressure is generally stable, with minimal fluctuations, contributing to its consistent weather patterns.

Detailed climate statistics for Quito:

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily max °C (°F)	21.2 (70.2)	21.0 (69.8)	20.8 (69.4)	20.9 (69.6)	21.0 (69.8)	21.1 (70.0)	21.5 (70.7)	22.2 (72.0)	22.3 (72.1)	21.8 (71.2)	21.3 (70.3)	21.3 (70.3)	21.4 (70.5)
Mean daily min °C (°F)	9.8 (49.6)	10.1 (50.2)	10.1 (50.2)	10.2 (50.4)	10.1 (50.2)	9.8 (49.6)	9.4 (48.9)	9.6 (49.3)	9.4 (48.9)	9.5 (49.1)	9.6 (49.3)	9.7 (49.5)	9.8 (49.6)
Precipitation mm (inches)	82.5 (3.25)	111.0 (4.37)	146.6 (5.77)	171.2 (6.74)	105.5 (4.15)	39.5 (1.56)	21.5 (0.85)	27.7 (1.09)	68.9 (2.71)	114.9 (4.52)	108.5 (4.27)	100.4 (3.95)	1098.2 (43.24)

Economic Engine: Quito's Financial Landscape

National Economic Hub

Quito stands as Ecuador's primary economic contributor, boasting the highest per capita income and tax collection rates in the nation. It serves as the headquarters for numerous national and international financial institutions, oil corporations, and businesses, solidifying its status as a significant business center in Latin America. The city's economic output is substantial, with a GDP of approximately $33.9 billion (PPP, 2023).

Key Industries

The city's industrial base is diverse, with significant contributions from textiles, metals, and agriculture. Major agricultural exports include coffee, sugar, cacao, rice, bananas, and palm oil. Petroecuador, the nation's largest oil company, is headquartered in Quito, further emphasizing its role in the country's economic infrastructure. The city's integration into the global city network is recognized, ranking it as a Beta city by the GaWC.

Navigating the Capital: Quito's Transport Network

Integrated Public Transit

Quito's public transportation system is robust, featuring the MetrobusQ network, which includes the central trolleybus system ("El Trole"), the Ecovía, and the Central Corridor. Numerous bus companies operate fixed routes throughout the city. Taxis are readily available and are distinctively yellow, equipped with meters. The city has also invested in bicycle sharing systems to promote sustainable mobility.

Modern Infrastructure

The city has seen significant infrastructure development, including the construction of a modern metro subway system, which began operations in December 2023. This system aims to alleviate road congestion and improve commuter efficiency. The new Mariscal Sucre International Airport, located east of the city, replaced the older, centrally located airport, enhancing air travel capabilities and facilitating urban redevelopment.

Roadways and Connectivity

While public transport is dominant, private vehicle use has increased, leading to traffic congestion. Key avenues like Avenida Oriental and Avenida Occidental run north-south, connecting different parts of the elongated city. The historic center follows a grid pattern, with major streets facilitating movement through its colonial layout.

Cultural Crossroads: Quito's Heritage

Religious and Artistic Traditions

Quito boasts a rich cultural heritage, deeply influenced by its colonial past and strong Catholic traditions. The city's historic center is a testament to this, featuring numerous well-preserved churches and convents adorned with exquisite religious art. Holy Week is observed with elaborate ceremonies, including the solemn March of the Penitents, reflecting the deep spiritual significance of the city.

Vibrant Arts Scene

The city offers a dynamic cultural scene, with a blend of traditional and contemporary artistic expressions. Neighborhoods like La Mariscal serve as entertainment hubs, offering diverse culinary, artistic, and nightlife options. Festivals, such as the Fiestas de Quito, celebrate the city's heritage with parades and cultural events, showcasing its lively spirit.

Centers of Learning: Quito's Educational Institutions

Higher Education Hub

Quito is a significant center for higher education in Ecuador, hosting numerous universities and academic institutions. These institutions contribute to the city's intellectual and research landscape. Notable universities include the Central University of Ecuador (founded 1826), the National Polytechnic School (1869), and the Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador (1946), among many others.

Key Universities in Quito:

Central University of Ecuador (1826)
National Polytechnic School (1869)
Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador (1946)
Universidad San Francisco de Quito (1988)
Instituto de Altos Estudios Nacionales (1972)
Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (1974)
Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE (1977)
Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial (1986)
Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar (1992)
Universidad Internacional SEK (1993)
Universidad de las Américas (1995)
Universidad Internacional del Ecuador (1996)
Universidad Del Pacífico: Escuela de Negocios (1997)
Universidad de Especialidades Turísticas (2000)
Universidad de los Hemisferios (2004)
Universidad Politécnica Salesiana (1994)

Treasures of Quito: Museums and Galleries

Diverse Collections

Quito's museums offer a comprehensive journey through Ecuador's history, art, and culture. The National Museum of Ecuador showcases exhibits spanning prehistory to contemporary times. The Centro de Arte Contemporáneo, housed in a renovated military hospital, features permanent and temporary exhibitions. The Casa del Alabado preserves pre-colonial art, while the Museo de la Ciudad details Quito's urban history.

Artistic and Historical Insights

Further enriching the cultural landscape are institutions like La Capilla del Hombre, dedicated to the works of Oswaldo Guayasamín, and the Museum House of Sucre, honoring a key figure in Ecuador's independence. The city also hosts specialized museums focusing on medicine, colonial art, and historical figures, providing deep insights into the nation's heritage.

Passion on the Pitch: Quito's Sporting Scene

Football Capital

Quito is a powerhouse of Ecuadorian football, home to several of the nation's most successful clubs, including LDU Quito, El Nacional, and Aucas. These teams have collectively won numerous league titles and continental championships, with LDU Quito notably being the first Ecuadorian club to win the Copa Libertadores. The city's high-altitude stadiums provide a unique home-field advantage.

Iconic Venues

The Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa is a key venue for major sporting events. The city's altitude, exceeding 2,800 meters, is a significant factor in the performance of visiting teams and has historically aided the Ecuadorian national football team's World Cup qualifications.

Navigating Safety: Crime in Quito

Tourist Safety Concerns

While Quito offers a rich cultural experience, visitors should be aware of potential safety issues. Petty theft, such as pickpocketing and purse snatching, is the most common crime affecting tourists. Awareness of surroundings and securing personal belongings are essential precautions. Recent years have seen an increase in organized crime, linked to drug trafficking routes, impacting the city's security landscape.

Notable Figures: Quito's Contributions

Influential Personalities

Quito has been the birthplace or adopted home of numerous influential figures across various fields. From scientists and artists like Eugenio Espejo and Oswaldo Guayasamín to revolutionary leaders like Manuela Sáenz and national heroes like Antonio José de Sucre, the city's legacy is intertwined with the contributions of these individuals. Its cultural impact is further amplified by poets, writers, footballers, and political figures who have shaped Ecuador's identity.

Selected Notable Individuals Associated with Quito:

Teresa de Ahumada (Nun)
Jorge Carrera Andrade (Poet)
Christian Benítez (Footballer)
Sebastián Cordero (Film Director)
Juan Manuel Correa (Racing Driver)
Eugenio Espejo (Scientist)
Oswaldo Guayasamín (Painter)
Jorge Icaza (Novelist)
Juana Miranda (Midwife, Professor)
Mariana de Jesús de Paredes (Catholic Saint)
Manuela Sáenz (Revolutionary)
José Velasco Ibarra (Former President)

Global Connections: Quito's Sister Cities

International Partnerships

Quito maintains sister city relationships with several global cities, fostering cultural exchange and cooperation. These partnerships reflect Quito's position as an international capital and its engagement with diverse cultures worldwide.

Quito is twinned with:

Bogotá, Colombia
Cádiz, Spain
Doha, Qatar
Guangzhou, China
Mexico City, Mexico
Montreal, Canada
Reno, United States
Saint Louis, United States
San Francisco, United States
Santiago, Chile
Taipei, Taiwan
Tel Aviv, Israel
Toronto, Canada
Vancouver, Canada

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References

Citypopulation.de Population and area of Quito

"Contact Us." TAME. Retrieved on 14 March 2010.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Quito Wikipedia page

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Disclaimer

This content has been generated by an AI model for educational purposes, drawing upon publicly available information. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy and adherence to the source material, it may not be exhaustive or entirely up-to-date. Information regarding safety, specific statistics, or rapidly changing details should always be verified with official sources.

This is not travel advice. Visitors should conduct their own research and exercise caution, particularly concerning safety and local conditions, before planning any travel. Always consult official government advisories and local resources for the most current information.

Quito: Andean Jewel Unveiled

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

A Tapestry of Time: Quito's History ⏳

🏺 Pre-Columbian Foundations

👑 Colonial Era and Independence

🏛️ Republican Transformations

Elevated Existence: Quito's Geography ⛰️

🌍 Equatorial Altitude

📍 Strategic Location

🌋 Volcanic Proximity

Temperate Highlands: Quito's Climate ☁️

☀️ Equatorial Climate

🔆 Intense Solar Radiation

Economic Engine: Quito's Financial Landscape 💰

📈 National Economic Hub

🏭 Key Industries

Navigating the Capital: Quito's Transport Network 🚗

🚌 Integrated Public Transit

🚇 Modern Infrastructure

🛣️ Roadways and Connectivity

Cultural Crossroads: Quito's Heritage 🎨

⛪ Religious and Artistic Traditions

🎭 Vibrant Arts Scene

Centers of Learning: Quito's Educational Institutions 🎓

🏫 Higher Education Hub

Treasures of Quito: Museums and Galleries 🖼️

🏛️ Diverse Collections

🎨 Artistic and Historical Insights

Passion on the Pitch: Quito's Sporting Scene ⚽

🏆 Football Capital

🏟️ Iconic Venues

Navigating Safety: Crime in Quito 🛡️

⚠️ Tourist Safety Concerns

Notable Figures: Quito's Contributions 👤

🌟 Influential Personalities

Global Connections: Quito's Sister Cities 🤝

🌐 International Partnerships

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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📜 Disclaimer

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

A Tapestry of Time: Quito's History

Pre-Columbian Foundations

Colonial Era and Independence

Republican Transformations

Elevated Existence: Quito's Geography

Equatorial Altitude

Strategic Location

Volcanic Proximity

Temperate Highlands: Quito's Climate

Equatorial Climate

Intense Solar Radiation

Economic Engine: Quito's Financial Landscape

National Economic Hub

Key Industries

Navigating the Capital: Quito's Transport Network

Integrated Public Transit

Modern Infrastructure

Roadways and Connectivity

Cultural Crossroads: Quito's Heritage

Religious and Artistic Traditions

Vibrant Arts Scene

Centers of Learning: Quito's Educational Institutions

Higher Education Hub

Treasures of Quito: Museums and Galleries

Diverse Collections

Artistic and Historical Insights

Passion on the Pitch: Quito's Sporting Scene

Football Capital

Iconic Venues

Navigating Safety: Crime in Quito

Tourist Safety Concerns

Notable Figures: Quito's Contributions

Influential Personalities

Global Connections: Quito's Sister Cities

International Partnerships

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Important Considerations

Disclaimer