What were Robert Peel's primary political roles and the corresponding periods he served in office?

Robert Peel served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, first from 1834 to 1835 and again from 1841 to 1846. During his second term as Prime Minister, he also held the position of Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1834 to 1835. Additionally, he served as Home Secretary on two occasions: from 1822 to 1827 and again from 1828 to 1830.

What significant contribution is Robert Peel credited with regarding British policing?

Robert Peel is widely regarded as the father of modern British policing. This is due to his establishment of the Metropolitan Police Force in London while serving as Home Secretary, which led to the creation of a new type of officer known as 'bobbies' or 'peelers' in his honor.

What is Robert Peel's connection to the modern Conservative Party?

Robert Peel is recognized as one of the founders of the modern Conservative Party. His Tamworth Manifesto, issued in December 1834, laid down the principles that formed the basis of the party's platform.

Describe Robert Peel's background and early education.

Robert Peel was the son of a wealthy textile manufacturer and politician, Sir Robert Peel, 1st Baronet, and his wife Ellen Yates. He received his early education from a tutor and at a local school before attending Harrow School and Christ Church, Oxford, where he excelled academically, earning a double first in classics and mathematics.

When did Robert Peel first enter Parliament, and what was his maiden speech compared to?

Robert Peel entered the House of Commons in 1809 at the age of 21. His maiden speech at the start of the 1810 session, when he seconded the reply to the King's speech, was considered a sensation and was famously compared by the Speaker to the best first speech since that of William Pitt the Younger.

What significant legislation did Peel introduce during his first tenure as Home Secretary?

During his first period as Home Secretary (1822-1827), Peel introduced significant reforms to British criminal law. He reduced the number of crimes punishable by death and simplified the law by consolidating numerous criminal statutes into what became known as Peel's Acts.

What was Peel's stance on Catholic emancipation, and how did it evolve?

Initially, Robert Peel was a staunch opponent of Catholic emancipation, believing Catholics could not hold office as they refused to swear allegiance to the Crown. However, he later reversed his position, supporting the Roman Catholic Relief Act of 1829, arguing that while emancipation posed a danger, civil strife was a greater one.

What was the significance of the 1828 repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts?

The repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts in 1828, which Peel supported, removed requirements for public officials to be communicants of the Anglican Church, thereby ending penalties against nonconformists and Catholics. Peel's change of stance on this issue demonstrated his evolving political pragmatism.

What led to Peel's resignation as Home Secretary in 1827?

Peel resigned as Home Secretary in 1827 when Lord Liverpool, the Prime Minister, became incapacitated and was succeeded by George Canning. Canning's support for Catholic emancipation, a policy Peel had previously opposed, was a key factor in Peel's decision to step down.

What was the Tamworth Manifesto, and why was it significant?

The Tamworth Manifesto was Robert Peel's policy statement issued in December 1834 for the general election of 1835. It is considered significant because it laid down the principles upon which the modern Conservative Party was founded, advocating for modest reforms in economic and financial affairs, free trade, and workers' rights.

What was the outcome of Peel's first ministry, and what was its main achievement?

Peel's first ministry, formed in November 1834, was a minority government that relied on Whig support. It proved precarious and lasted only about four months, collapsing after a vote of no confidence related to the Church of Ireland. Its only significant achievement was the establishment of an ecclesiastical commission, a precursor to the Church Commissioners.

What was the Bedchamber Crisis, and how did it affect Peel's attempt to form a government in 1839?

The Bedchamber Crisis occurred in 1839 when Queen Victoria refused Peel's request to dismiss some ladies of her household who were associated with the Whig party. This refusal led Peel to decline forming a government, allowing the Whigs to remain in power, as he felt he lacked sufficient confidence from the Queen to govern effectively.

What economic reforms did Peel implement during his second ministry (1841-1846)?

During his second ministry, Peel reintroduced the income tax in 1842 to address a budget deficit and stimulate trade, which allowed him to reduce over 1,200 tariffs on imports. He also played a key role in establishing a modern banking system and promoting free trade.

What was the purpose of the Mines and Collieries Act 1842 and the Factory Act 1844?

The Mines and Collieries Act 1842 aimed to improve working conditions by prohibiting underground work for women and children under ten. The Factory Act 1844 further restricted the working hours for children and women in factories and introduced rudimentary safety standards for machinery.

What event led to the M'Naghten rules concerning criminal insanity?

The M'Naghten rules, which established a legal test for criminal insanity, originated from an assassination attempt in 1843. Daniel M'Naghten, suffering from mental illness, killed Peel's secretary, Edward Drummond, mistaking him for Peel.

What were the Corn Laws, and why did Peel move to repeal them?

The Corn Laws were enacted to support agricultural revenues by restricting grain imports, thereby keeping food prices high. Peel moved to repeal them, most notably due to the Great Irish Famine starting in 1845, believing that free trade in grain was necessary to alleviate the crisis, despite opposition from within his own party.

How did the repeal of the Corn Laws lead to Peel's resignation in 1846?

Peel's decision to repeal the Corn Laws, a policy that went against the traditional stance of the Conservative Party, caused a significant split within his party. Although the repeal passed with Whig and Radical support, Peel's Irish Coercion Bill was subsequently defeated by a combination of Whigs, Radicals, and Tory protectionists, leading to his resignation as prime minister.

What was Peel's approach to the Great Irish Famine, and how effective was it?

Peel's response to the Irish Famine included some measures to subsidize food purchases for the Irish population, though these attempts were limited in scope and effect. While he eventually repealed the Corn Laws, his initial reaction was slow, and his successor, Lord John Russell, faced even greater criticism for managing the crisis, which was exacerbated by laissez-faire economic policies of the era.

What happened to Peel's political supporters after his resignation in 1846?

After Peel resigned in 1846, his core supporters, known as Peelites, continued to be influential. Led by figures like Lord Aberdeen and William Gladstone, many of these Peelites eventually merged with the Whigs to form the Liberal Party.

How did Robert Peel die?

Robert Peel died on July 2, 1850, at the age of 62, three days after a riding accident. While riding on Constitution Hill in London, his horse stumbled, and he was thrown, sustaining a broken collarbone that ruptured his subclavian vessels.

Where is Robert Peel buried?

Sir Robert Peel is buried in the churchyard of St Peter Church in Drayton Bassett. A memorial tablet inside the church commemorates him, noting that his children erected it in the place where his body was buried.

What is the historical assessment of Robert Peel's political career?

Historians like A. J. P. Taylor have placed Peel in the first rank of 19th-century statesmen, crediting him with carrying Catholic Emancipation, repealing the Corn Laws, and modernizing the Conservative Party. Others, like Norman Gash, highlight his intelligence, integrity, administrative skill, and focus on the state's needs over party loyalty.

What was Robert Peel's relationship with Lord Byron at Harrow School?

Robert Peel and Lord Byron were contemporaries at Harrow School and were on good terms. Byron recalled that Peel was never in trouble, unlike himself, and they even acted together in a performance of Virgil's Aeneid, with Peel playing Turnus and Byron playing Latinus.

What was Peel's Bill of 1819?

Peel's Bill, also known as the Resumption of Cash Payments Act 1819, was introduced by Robert Peel as chairman of the Bullion Committee. It planned to return British currency to the gold standard, reversing the Bank Restriction Act of 1797, which had been enacted due to the Napoleonic Wars.

What nickname was Robert Peel given due to his stance on Catholic emancipation?

Due to his initial opposition to Catholic emancipation, Robert Peel earned the nickname 'Orange Peel'. The color orange is associated with the Protestant Orange Order.

What was the significance of the 1828 Clare by-election for Peel's political career?

The 1828 Clare by-election, which returned Daniel O'Connell, a Catholic nationalist, highlighted the growing pressure for Catholic emancipation. The resulting civil unrest and prospect of rebellion convinced Wellington and Peel that emancipation was necessary, despite Peel's previous opposition.

How did Peel lose his seat in Oxford University in 1829?

Peel lost his seat as the Member of Parliament for Oxford University in February 1829 because he had changed his stance on Catholic Emancipation. Many Oxford graduates, particularly Anglican clergymen, opposed this policy, leading to his defeat by the Ultra-Tory candidate, Robert Inglis.

What was the purpose of the satirical cartoon 'Burking Poor Old Mrs Constitution' in 1829?

The satirical cartoon 'Burking Poor Old Mrs Constitution' by William Heath depicted the Duke of Wellington and Peel as body-snatchers suffocating Mrs Constitution. This represented their perceived act of extinguishing the 141-year-old constitution by enacting Catholic emancipation.

What is the origin of the terms 'bobbies' and 'peelers' for police officers?

The terms 'bobbies' and 'peelers' for police officers originated from Robert Peel's establishment of the Metropolitan Police Force in 1829. These nicknames were derived from his name, honoring his role in creating the new police force.

What were the Peelian Principles, and who is credited with summarizing them?

The Peelian Principles are a set of nine principles emphasizing the importance of civilian nature and policing by consent, often associated with the Metropolitan Police. However, these principles were not written by Peel himself but were summarized by Charles Reith in his 1948 book, 'A Short History of the British Police'.

What was the 'Derby Dilly', and how did it affect Peel's opposition leadership?

The 'Derby Dilly' referred to a group of dissident Whigs, including former cabinet ministers like Lord Derby and Sir James Graham, who joined Peel's party. Their adherence bolstered Peel's opposition following the collapse of the Tory ministry in 1830.

What economic policies did Charles Read analyze regarding Peel's government?

Economic historian Charles Read analyzed Peel's economic policies as including fixing British currency to a gold standard, limiting banknote supply based on gold reserves, promoting free movement of bullion and lower import tariffs, and controlling interest rates to balance the budget and reduce national debt.

What was the impact of the repeal of the Corn Laws on different income groups, according to a 2021 study?

A 2021 study in The Economic Journal found that the repeal of the Corn Laws negatively affected the welfare of the top 10 percent of income earners in Britain. Conversely, the bottom 90 percent of income earners experienced gains from this policy change.

What was the Peel Club, and what did it become?

The Peel Club was a student association founded at the University of Glasgow in 1836 and named in honor of Robert Peel, who was a patron. It later evolved into the Glasgow University Conservative Association.

What notable artistic commissions did Robert Peel make?

Robert Peel was a significant art collector and commissioned works from contemporary British artists. His largest commissions were from Sir Thomas Lawrence, President of the Royal Academy, who painted fifteen portraits for Peel between 1820 and 1830, including a notable portrait of Peel's wife, Julia.

Where are statues of Sir Robert Peel located?

Statues of Sir Robert Peel can be found in various locations across Britain, including Parliament Square in London, Bury, Preston, Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, Bradford, and Glasgow. There is also a statue in Sandy Bay, Tasmania, Australia.

What public houses and hotels are named after Robert Peel?

Numerous public houses and hotels across the United Kingdom bear the name Sir Robert Peel or simply Peel, including establishments in Bury, Tamworth, Stockport, Heckmondwike, Leicester, London, Preston, Accrington, Rowley Regis, Southsea, Stoke-on-Trent, Kingston upon Thames, Bloxwich, and Montrose.

What other memorials or places are named after Robert Peel?

Beyond statues and pubs, Robert Peel is commemorated through Peel Park in Bradford and Salford, the Peel Monument in Ramsbottom, the Sir Robert Peel Hospital in Tamworth, Peel Streets in Melbourne, Adelaide, and Hong Kong, Peel Metro station in Montreal, the Peel River in Canada, Peel High School in Tamworth, Australia, and Peel Forest in New Zealand.

In what literary works is Robert Peel mentioned or featured?

Robert Peel is mentioned in Terry Pratchett's novel 'Dodger' as a secondary character and is depicted as an unseen adversary of Harry Flashman in George MacDonald Fraser's 'Flashman' novels, where Flashman's early encounters involved Peel's police force.

What is the motto on Robert Peel's coat of arms?

The motto on Robert Peel's coat of arms is 'INDUSTRIA', a Latin word meaning industry or diligence.

What was the primary purpose of the Corn Laws that Peel repealed?

The Corn Laws were designed to protect domestic agricultural producers by restricting the import of cheaper foreign grain, which in turn kept food prices higher for consumers.

What was the significance of Peel's appointment as Chief Secretary for Ireland in 1812?

As Chief Secretary for Ireland, Peel laid the groundwork for the Royal Irish Constabulary by introducing the Peace Preservation Act 1814, which authorized the appointment of special constables in disturbed counties. This initiative was a foundational step in establishing a structured police force in Ireland.

What was the 'Peel's Bill' of 1819 related to?

Peel's Bill of 1819, also known as the Resumption of Cash Payments Act, aimed to restore the convertibility of banknotes into gold, effectively returning Britain to the gold standard after the suspension of cash payments during the Napoleonic Wars.

What was the 'Orange Peel' nickname referring to?

The nickname 'Orange Peel' was given to Robert Peel due to his initial opposition to Catholic emancipation. The color orange is historically associated with the Protestant Orange Order, highlighting his perceived alignment with anti-Catholic sentiments at the time.

What was the immediate cause of Peel's downfall in his first ministry?

The immediate cause of Peel's downfall in his first ministry was a vote of no confidence in the House of Commons on April 7, 1835. This vote, concerning the administration of revenues within the Church of Ireland, signified the government's inability to secure sufficient parliamentary support.

How did the 'Bedchamber Crisis' impact Queen Victoria's relationship with Peel?

The Bedchamber Crisis strained the relationship between Queen Victoria and Robert Peel. Victoria's refusal to dismiss ladies of her household associated with the Whigs led Peel to withdraw his offer to form a government, reinforcing Victoria's reliance on her Whig advisors.

What was the economic situation when Peel became Prime Minister in 1841?

When Peel took office in 1841, the country was experiencing an economic recession, marked by a slump in world trade and a significant budget deficit of £7.5 million, largely due to the policies of the preceding Whig government. Confidence in banks and businesses was low.

What was the significance of Peel's 1842 budget?

Peel's 1842 budget was significant for reintroducing income tax, which had been abolished after the Napoleonic Wars. The revenue generated allowed for the reduction or removal of over 1,200 tariffs on imports, stimulating trade and marking a step towards free trade policies.

What role did Lord Shaftesbury play in relation to Peel's Factory Act?

Lord Shaftesbury, a British MP, collaborated with Robert Peel on factory reform. Shaftesbury was instrumental in advocating for improved working conditions, including the passage of the coal mines act, and worked alongside Peel on legislation like the Factory Act of 1844.

What is the historical significance of Peel's first photographed portrait while in office?

Robert Peel holds the distinction of being the first British Prime Minister to be photographed while in office. This marked a technological advancement in political representation and public image.

What is the significance of Peel Avenue at the Trafford Centre?

Peel Avenue, located within the Trafford Centre, is named in honor of Sir Robert Peel. This naming acknowledges his historical significance and contribution to British public life.

Robert Peel Wiki: Sir Robert Peel: Architect of Modern Governance

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Overview

Statesman and Reformer

Sir Robert Peel (1788–1850) was a pivotal British Conservative statesman who served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He is widely regarded as the architect of modern British policing, establishing the Metropolitan Police Force, and a key figure in the evolution of the Conservative Party. His political career spanned significant social and economic transformations in the 19th century.

Political Foundation

Born into a wealthy industrial family, Peel entered Parliament early and quickly rose through the ranks. His political philosophy, articulated in the Tamworth Manifesto, laid the groundwork for the modern Conservative Party, emphasizing pragmatic reform and responsible governance. He balanced traditional Tory principles with the evolving needs of an industrializing nation.

Enduring Impact

Peel's legislative achievements, including reforms to the criminal law, the establishment of the income tax, and the controversial repeal of the Corn Laws, profoundly shaped British society and economy. His emphasis on professional policing and evidence-based policy continues to influence governance today.

Early Career

Origins and Education

Robert Peel was born on February 5, 1788, in Bury, Lancashire, to a prosperous textile manufacturer and politician, Sir Robert Peel, 1st Baronet. Educated at Harrow School and Christ Church, Oxford, he excelled academically, earning a double first in classics and mathematics. This rigorous education provided a strong foundation for his future political and administrative career.

Entry into Parliament

Peel entered the House of Commons in 1809 at the age of 21, representing the Irish borough of Cashel. His maiden speech in 1810 was highly praised, drawing comparisons to William Pitt the Younger. He later served as Member of Parliament for Chippenham and, significantly, for Oxford University from 1817 to 1829, reflecting his intellectual standing.

Junior Ministerial Roles

His early career included significant roles such as Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies (1810–1812) and Chief Secretary for Ireland (1812–1818). In Ireland, he laid the groundwork for the Royal Irish Constabulary, demonstrating his early aptitude for administrative reform and law enforcement.

Foundations of Policing

Home Secretary Reforms

As Home Secretary (1822–1827 and 1828–1830), Peel enacted substantial reforms to British criminal law. He reduced the number of capital offenses and consolidated numerous statutes into the comprehensive "Peel's Acts." His reforms also humanized the prison system, as seen in the Gaols Act of 1823.

Metropolitan Police Act

Peel's most enduring legacy is the establishment of the Metropolitan Police Force in London in 1829. This professionalized, civilian police force, whose officers became known as "bobbies" or "peelers," significantly reduced crime and set a new standard for law enforcement across Britain. The principles guiding this force emphasized its civilian nature and policing by consent.

Peelian Principles

While the commonly cited "Peelian Principles" were codified later, Peel's initial instructions emphasized the importance of public approval, police impartiality, and the use of force only as a last resort. These foundational ideas underscore his commitment to effective, community-oriented policing.

Key Reforms and Policies

Catholic Emancipation

Initially opposing Catholic emancipation, Peel reversed his stance, recognizing the potential for civil strife. He championed the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, allowing Catholics to sit in Parliament, a move that alienated many traditional Tories but demonstrated his commitment to pragmatic solutions over rigid ideology.

Economic Measures

As Prime Minister (1841–1846), Peel addressed economic challenges by reintroducing the income tax in 1842 to fund tariff reductions, promoting free trade principles. He also modernized the banking system and oversaw legislation like the Mines and Collieries Act (1842) and the Factory Act (1844), improving conditions for workers and children.

Repeal of the Corn Laws

Facing the Great Irish Famine, Peel made the momentous decision to repeal the Corn Laws in 1846. This protectionist legislation had artificially inflated grain prices. Despite strong opposition from within his own party, Peel's action prioritized national welfare and cemented the shift towards free trade, though it ultimately led to his resignation.

Prime Ministerial Terms

First Ministry (1834–1835)

Peel's first term as Prime Minister was brief, lasting only about 100 days. He formed a minority government after the resignation of Lord Melbourne. His policy platform was outlined in the influential Tamworth Manifesto, which shaped the future direction of the Conservative Party. Despite gaining seats in the subsequent election, the government lacked a stable majority and resigned after losing a confidence vote.

Leader of the Opposition (1835–1841)

Following his resignation, Peel served as Leader of the Opposition. During this period, he reorganized and modernized the Conservative Party, solidifying its principles and preparing it for future electoral success. He navigated the political landscape, including the significant Bedchamber Crisis in 1839, which temporarily prevented his return to power.

Second Ministry (1841–1846)

Peel returned as Prime Minister with a substantial majority following the 1841 general election. His second ministry was marked by significant economic reforms, including the reintroduction of income tax and the repeal of the Corn Laws. Despite legislative successes, internal party divisions over the Corn Laws led to his downfall in 1846.

Party Leadership

From Tory to Conservative

Peel was a leading figure in the transition of the Tory Party into the modern Conservative Party. His Tamworth Manifesto (1834) articulated a vision of conservatism that embraced moderate reform, distinguishing it from the rigid traditionalism of earlier Toryism. He sought to adapt the party to the changing social and political landscape of the 19th century.

The Corn Law Schism

Peel's decision to repeal the Corn Laws, a policy strongly supported by the landed gentry who formed the traditional base of the Conservative Party, caused a major split. This act of political courage, prioritizing national interest over party loyalty, led to his resignation and the fragmentation of his followers into the "Peelite" faction, many of whom later merged with the Liberal Party.

Later Career and Death

Continued Influence

After resigning as Prime Minister, Peel remained an influential Member of Parliament and leader of the Peelite faction. He continued to advocate for free trade principles and played a role in shaping policy, including reforms related to the House of Commons Library. His influence extended beyond party lines, earning him considerable respect.

Tragic End

Sir Robert Peel died on July 2, 1850, at the age of 62. His death resulted from injuries sustained in a fall from his horse while riding on Constitution Hill in London. The accident, involving a broken collarbone rupturing blood vessels, led to a national outpouring of grief, reflecting his significant impact on British public life.

Historical Assessment

Historians often praise Peel for his intelligence, integrity, administrative skill, and dedication to public service. He is recognized for his ability to adapt to changing circumstances, his commitment to pragmatic solutions, and his role in modernizing British governance and political institutions.

Family Life

Marriage and Children

Peel married Julia Floyd in 1820, and they had seven children: Julia, Sir Robert (3rd Baronet), Frederick, William, John, Arthur (1st Viscount Peel), and Eliza. Lady Peel died in 1859. His descendants have continued to play roles in public life, including his son Arthur, who served as Speaker of the House of Commons.

Family Legacy

The Peel family originated from yeomanry in Lancashire, with Robert Peel Sr. establishing significant wealth through the textile industry. This industrial background distinguished Robert Peel from many contemporaries and influenced his political approach. The family's influence extended across generations and geographical locations, including descendants in South Africa, Australia, and North America.

Memorials and Recognition

Statues and Monuments

Numerous statues and monuments commemorate Sir Robert Peel across the United Kingdom and beyond. Notable examples include statues in Parliament Square (London), Bury (his birthplace), Manchester, Leeds, Glasgow, and Bradford. These public tributes reflect his lasting impact on British civic life.

Places Named After Peel

Many public houses, hotels, and streets bear Peel's name, particularly in towns associated with his life and career, such as Bury, Tamworth, and Preston. Institutions like the Peel Centre at Hendon Police College and Peel Park in Bradford further attest to his widespread recognition.

Cultural References

Peel's legacy extends into cultural references, including his appearance on the Beatles' *Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band* album cover. The terms "bobbies" and "peelers" for police officers remain enduring linguistic tributes to his foundational work in policing.

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References

Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832â1841, 490; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 4, 119.

Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832â1841, pp. 6â12; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, pp. 18â65, 376.

Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832â1841, 3, 9, 13; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 66, 68; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 65.

Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830â1850, 4, 96â97; Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832â1841, 26â28.

Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832â1841, pp. 28â30; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, pp. 103â104; Read, Peel and the Victorians, p. 18.

Gash, 1:460â65; Richard A. Gaunt, "Peel's Other Repeal: The Test and Corporation Acts, 1828," Parliamentary History (2014) 33#1 pp. 243â262.

Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832â1841, 35â40; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, pp. 46â47, 110, 376.

Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832â1841, pp. 37â39; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, pp. 114â121.

Susan Lentz and Robert H. Chaires, "The invention of Peel's principles: A study of policing 'textbook' history".

Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832â1841, 45â50; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 136â41.

Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832â1841, 51â62, 64â90, 129â43, 146â77, 193â201; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 179; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 66.

Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832â1841, 196â97, 199; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 66â67.

The Routledge Dictionary of Modern British History, John Plowright, Routledge, Abingdon, 2006, p. 235.

Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832â1841, 210â15; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 184; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 12; 69â72.

Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832â1841, 227; 229â35; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 185â87; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 71â73.

Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832â1841, 250â54, 257â61; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 188â92; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 74â76.

Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832â1841, 417â18; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 206.

Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832â1841, 416â17; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 206â07.

Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830â1850, 35â36; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 227; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 112.

Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830â1850, 37; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 235; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 113â14.

Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830â1850, 35â36; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 112â13.

Conservative social and industrial reform: A record of Conservative legislation between 1800 and 1974 by Charles E. Bellairs, p. 13.

Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830â1850, 40â42; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 302â05; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 125; 129.

Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830â1850, 66; Ramsay; Sir Robert Peel, 332â33.

Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830â1850, 68â69, 70, 72; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 347; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 230â31.

Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830â1850, 78â80; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 353â55.

Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830â1850, 78; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 377; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 257.

Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830â1850, 80; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 361â63; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 1; 266â70.

Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830â1850, 86â87; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 364.

Gash, Norman. Mr Secretary Peel: The Life of Sir Robert Peel to 1830. Faber & Faber, 2011. p.275-6

Gash, Norman. Mr Secretary Peel: The Life of Sir Robert Peel to 1830. Faber & Faber, 2011. p.277-79

The UK-based Peel Hotels group are named after their founders Robert and Charles Peel, not Sir Robert Peel.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Robert Peel Wikipedia page

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Sir Robert Peel: Architect of Modern Governance

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview ℹ️

🏛️ Statesman and Reformer

🇬🇧 Political Foundation

⚖️ Enduring Impact

Early Career 🚀

👶 Origins and Education

📜 Entry into Parliament

💼 Junior Ministerial Roles

Foundations of Policing 👮

🏙️ Home Secretary Reforms

⭐ Metropolitan Police Act

📜 Peelian Principles

Key Reforms and Policies ⚙️

🤝 Catholic Emancipation

💰 Economic Measures

🌾 Repeal of the Corn Laws

Prime Ministerial Terms 👑

🗓️ First Ministry (1834–1835)

⏳ Leader of the Opposition (1835–1841)

🏆 Second Ministry (1841–1846)

Party Leadership 🚩

➡️ From Tory to Conservative

💔 The Corn Law Schism

Later Career and Death ⏳

🗣️ Continued Influence

🐎 Tragic End

🌟 Historical Assessment

Family Life 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦

💍 Marriage and Children

🌳 Family Legacy

Memorials and Recognition 📍

🗿 Statues and Monuments

🍺 Places Named After Peel

📚 Cultural References

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

Gamer's Corner 🎮

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References

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Overview

Statesman and Reformer

Political Foundation

Enduring Impact

Early Career

Origins and Education

Entry into Parliament

Junior Ministerial Roles

Foundations of Policing

Home Secretary Reforms

Metropolitan Police Act

Peelian Principles

Key Reforms and Policies

Catholic Emancipation

Economic Measures

Repeal of the Corn Laws

Prime Ministerial Terms

First Ministry (1834–1835)

Leader of the Opposition (1835–1841)

Second Ministry (1841–1846)

Party Leadership

From Tory to Conservative

The Corn Law Schism

Later Career and Death

Continued Influence

Tragic End

Historical Assessment

Family Life

Marriage and Children

Family Legacy

Memorials and Recognition

Statues and Monuments

Places Named After Peel

Cultural References

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice