What is Salmonidae, and what does its name literally mean?

Salmonidae is a family of ray-finned fish, and it is the only extant member of the suborder Salmonoidei. The name Salmonidae literally translates to 'salmon-like', indicating the characteristic appearance of these fish.

What is the temporal range of the Salmonidae family?

The temporal range for the Salmonidae family extends from the Late Cretaceous period, specifically the Campanian stage, up to the present day. This indicates a long evolutionary history for these fish.

How many extant genera and species are included in the Salmonidae family?

The Salmonidae family consists of 11 extant genera and over 200 species, which are collectively known as salmonids or salmonoids. These numbers reflect the current diversity recognized within the family.

What are some of the common fish types found within the Salmonidae family?

The Salmonidae family includes a variety of well-known fish such as Atlantic and Pacific salmon, ocean-going and landlocked trout, char, graylings, freshwater whitefishes, taimens, and lenoks. These are all coldwater predatory fish.

What kind of habitat do salmonids typically inhabit?

Salmonids are coldwater mid-level predatory fish that inhabit the subarctic and cool temperate waters of the Northern Hemisphere. Their preference for cooler temperatures dictates their geographical distribution.

Which species is considered the eponym of the Salmonidae family and order names?

The Atlantic salmon, scientifically known as Salmo salar, is the eponym of the family and order names. Its Latin name, Salmo, also became the name of its genus.

What are the distinctive physical characteristics of salmonids?

Salmonids have a relatively primitive appearance among teleost fish. Their pelvic fins are positioned far back on their bodies, and they possess an adipose fin towards the rear of their back. They also feature slender bodies with rounded scales, forked tail fins, and mouths containing a single row of sharp teeth.

What is the typical size range for adult salmonid species?

While the smallest salmonid species can be as short as 13 cm (5.1 inches) for adults, most salmonids are considerably larger, with the largest individuals capable of reaching up to 2 meters (6 feet 7 inches) in length.

Describe the migratory behavior and life cycle of all salmonids.

All salmonids are migratory fish that begin their lives by spawning in the shallow gravel beds of freshwater headstreams. They spend their juvenile years in rivers, creeks, small lakes, and wetlands, then migrate downstream upon reaching maturity to spend most of their adult lives in much larger water bodies.

What is an anadromous life cycle, as observed in many salmonid species?

An anadromous life cycle describes salmonid species that are euryhaline, meaning they can tolerate a wide range of salinities. These fish migrate to the sea or brackish estuaries as adults and return to the upper freshwater streams specifically for reproduction.

What is a potamodromous life cycle in the context of salmonids?

Potamodromous refers to freshwater salmonids that migrate exclusively between lakes and rivers for different stages of their life cycle, without venturing into saltwater environments. This is a type of migration confined entirely to freshwater.

What is the diet of salmonids, and where do they fit in the food chain?

Salmonids are carnivorous predators that occupy the middle of the food chain. Their diet consists of smaller fish, crustaceans, aquatic insects and larvae, tadpoles, and sometimes even the eggs of other fish, including their own kind.

Why are many salmonid species considered keystone organisms?

Many salmonid species are considered keystone organisms because they play a crucial role in both freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. Their mass migration from oceanic to inland water bodies facilitates a significant transfer of biomass, which supports a wide range of other species.

What are the three main clades, taxonomically treated as subfamilies, that comprise current salmonids?

Current salmonids are composed of three main clades, which are taxonomically recognized as subfamilies: Coregoninae (freshwater whitefishes), Thymallinae (graylings), and Salmoninae (trout, salmon, char, taimens, and lenoks).

What evidence suggests that the three salmonid lineages form a monophyletic group?

All three salmonid lineages are accepted to share a suite of derived traits, which are characteristics that evolved in their common ancestor and are unique to the group. These traits indicate that they form a monophyletic group, meaning they all descended from a single common ancestor.

When did the order Salmoniformes, which includes Salmonidae, first appear?

The order Salmoniformes, which contains the suborder Salmonoidei and thus the family Salmonidae, first appeared during the Santonian and Campanian stages of the Late Cretaceous period.

What are the two extant clades within the order Salmoniformes?

The two extant clades within the order Salmoniformes are the Salmonoidei, which contains only Salmonidae, and the Esocoidei, which includes pikes and mudminnows.

When is it thought that salmon and pike diverged from one another?

It is thought that salmon and pike diverged from one another during the Cretaceous period, a time of significant evolutionary change.

What was the earliest known fossil salmonid described in 2025, and where was it found?

The earliest known fossil salmonid, Sivulliusalmo alaskensis, was described in 2025 from the early Maastrichtian-aged Prince Creek Formation in Alaska. Indeterminate remains of this genus were also identified from the older Campanian-aged Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta.

Prior to 2025, what was considered the earliest record of salmonids, and where was it found?

Prior to the description of Sivulliusalmo in 2025, the earliest record of salmonids was the Early Eocene-aged Eosalmo driftwoodensis, a stem-salmonine, first described from fossils found at Driftwood Creek in central British Columbia.

Why is Eosalmo driftwoodensis considered an important stage in salmonid evolution?

Eosalmo driftwoodensis is considered an archaic salmonid and represents an important stage in salmonid evolution because it shares traits found in all three modern subfamily lineages. This suggests it is a common ancestor or a close relative to the divergence of these groups.

When do trout-like fossils, specifically of the Oncorhynchus genus, appear in the salmonine fossil record after Eosalmo driftwoodensis?

After Eosalmo driftwoodensis, a gap in the salmonine fossil record exists until about 7 million years ago (mya), in the Late Miocene, when trout-like fossils, including several species of Oncorhynchus, appear in the Clarkia Lake beds in Idaho.

What do the Oncorhynchus fossils in Idaho indicate about the divergence of Pacific salmon and trout lineages?

The presence of Oncorhynchus species so far inland in Idaho established that this genus was present in the Pacific drainages before the beginning of the Pliocene (approximately 5–6 mya). It also indicates that rainbow and cutthroat trout, and Pacific salmon lineages, had already diverged before the Pliocene began.

When is the split between the Oncorhynchus and Salmo genera estimated to have occurred?

The split between Oncorhynchus (Pacific salmon and trout) and Salmo (Atlantic salmon and European trout) must have occurred well before the Pliocene, with suggestions placing this divergence as far back as the Early Miocene, around 20 million years ago.

When did salmonids diverge from other teleost fish, and what genetic event marked this divergence?

Salmonids diverged from the rest of teleost fish no later than 88 million years ago, during the late Cretaceous period. This divergence was marked by a whole-genome duplication event in the ancestral salmonid, where the diploid ancestor became tetraploid.

How many whole-genome duplication events have occurred in the evolutionary lineage of salmonids?

The whole-genome duplication event in the ancestral salmonid is the fourth of its kind in their evolutionary lineage. Two of these duplications occurred commonly to all bony vertebrates, and another specifically in teleost fishes, preceding the salmonid-specific event.

What evidence of partial tetraploidy is observed in extant salmonids, such as the rainbow trout?

Extant salmonids, including the rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss), show evidence of partial tetraploidy. Studies indicate that while about half of the duplicated protein-coding genes have been deleted, all apparent miRNA sequences still show full duplication, suggesting a genome that is still partially tetraploid and capable of influencing gene regulation.

Why could polyploidy not be confirmed in the fossil Eosalmo driftwoodensis?

Polyploidy could not be confirmed in the fossil Eosalmo driftwoodensis because its genome cannot be sequenced. Genomic data is typically only extractable from extant species, making it impossible to verify the genetic state of ancient fossils.

What allowed for a more precise dating of the salmonid whole-genome duplication event?

Historically, the dating of the salmonid whole-genome duplication event had a broad categorization. However, new advances in calibrated relaxed molecular clock analyses have allowed for a more precise dating, placing the latest possible date for the event at 88 million years ago.

What do current molecular clock analyses suggest about the primary driver of speciation within the Salmonidae group?

While the whole-genome duplication event was historically thought to be the reason for variation within Salmonidae, current molecular clock analyses reveal that much of the group's speciation occurred during periods of intense climate change associated with the last ice ages. Particularly high speciation rates were observed in salmonids that developed an anadromous (sea-run) lifestyle.

How many subfamilies, genera, and species are recognized within the extant Salmonidae family?

The only extant family within Salmoniformes, Salmonidae, is divided into three subfamilies and approximately 10 genera, containing about 220 species. The exact number of species can vary among researchers and authorities.

What are the extant genera and their species counts within the Coregoninae subfamily?

The Coregoninae subfamily includes Coregonus (whitefishes) with 78 species, Prosopium (round whitefishes) with 6 species, and Stenodus (beloribitsa and nelma) with 2 species.

What fossil genera are listed under the Coregoninae subfamily?

The fossil genera listed under the Coregoninae subfamily are Beckius, with 1 species from the Oligocene, and Parastenodus, with 1 species from the Eocene.

What is the extant genus and its species count within the Thymallinae subfamily?

The Thymallinae subfamily contains the genus Thymallus (graylings), which includes 14 species.

What fossil genera are listed under the Salmoninae subfamily?

The fossil genera listed under the Salmoninae subfamily are Eosalmo, with 1 species from the Eocene, and Paleolox, with 1 species from the Late Miocene.

What genera are included in the Salmonini tribe, and how many species do they contain?

The Salmonini tribe includes Salmo (Atlantic salmon and trout) with 47 species, Salvelinus (char and trout like brook trout and lake trout) with 51 species, and Salvethymus (Long-finned char) with 1 species.

What genera are included in the Oncorhynchini tribe, and how many species do they contain?

The Oncorhynchini tribe includes Brachymystax (lenoks) with 4 species, Hucho (taimens) with 4 species, Oncorhynchus (Pacific salmon and trout) with 12 species, and Parahucho (Sakhalin taimen) with 1 species.

What does the symbol 'O' indicate in the hybrid crossbreeding table for Salmonidae?

In the hybrid crossbreeding table for Salmonidae, the symbol 'O' indicates survivability, meaning that the hybrid crossbreeding combination resulted in offspring that survived.

What does the symbol 'X' indicate in the hybrid crossbreeding table for Salmonidae?

In the hybrid crossbreeding table for Salmonidae, the symbol 'X' indicates fatality, meaning that the hybrid crossbreeding combination resulted in offspring that did not survive.

What is the outcome of crossbreeding a female Salvelinus leucomaenis (white-spotted char) with a male Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout)?

When a female Salvelinus leucomaenis (white-spotted char) is crossbred with a male Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), the outcome is fatality, indicated by 'X' in the crossbreeding table.

What is the outcome of crossbreeding a female Salvelinus fontinalis (brook trout) with a male Salmo trutta (brown trout)?

Crossbreeding a female Salvelinus fontinalis (brook trout) with a male Salmo trutta (brown trout) results in fatality, as shown by 'X' in the hybrid crossbreeding table.

Can a female Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) successfully crossbreed with a male Salmo salar (Atlantic Salmon)?

No, a female Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) cannot successfully crossbreed with a male Salmo salar (Atlantic Salmon), as the table indicates a fatality ('X') for this combination.

What is the result of crossbreeding a female Oncorhynchus nerka (Sockeye salmon) with a male Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (pink salmon)?

Crossbreeding a female Oncorhynchus nerka (Sockeye salmon) with a male Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (pink salmon) results in survivability, indicated by 'O' in the hybrid crossbreeding table.

Is it possible for a female Salmo salar (Atlantic Salmon) to successfully crossbreed with a male Salvelinus fontinalis (Brook trout)?

Yes, it is possible for a female Salmo salar (Atlantic Salmon) to successfully crossbreed with a male Salvelinus fontinalis (Brook trout), as the hybrid crossbreeding table indicates survivability ('O') for this combination.

What is the outcome when a female Oncorhynchus keta (chum salmon) is crossbred with a male Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (chinook salmon)?

When a female Oncorhynchus keta (chum salmon) is crossbred with a male Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (chinook salmon), the result is fatality, as indicated by 'X' in the crossbreeding table.

What is the result of crossbreeding a female Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (chinook salmon) with a male Oncorhynchus kisutsh (coho salmon)?

Crossbreeding a female Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (chinook salmon) with a male Oncorhynchus kisutsh (coho salmon) results in survivability, indicated by 'O' in the hybrid crossbreeding table.

What is the outcome when a female Salmo trutta (brown trout) is crossbred with a male Salvelinus leucomaenis (white-spotted char)?

When a female Salmo trutta (brown trout) is crossbred with a male Salvelinus leucomaenis (white-spotted char), the outcome is survivability, as indicated by 'O' in the crossbreeding table.

Salmonidae Wiki: Piscine Dynasties: An Ichthyological Exploration of Salmonidae

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Overview

Masters of Cold Waters

The Salmonidae family represents the sole extant member of the suborder Salmonoidei, encompassing 11 genera and over 200 species. These remarkable ray-finned fish, collectively known as salmonids or salmonoids, are predominantly coldwater, mid-level predatory fish. They thrive in the subarctic and cool temperate waters across the Northern Hemisphere, a testament to their specialized adaptations.

Distinctive Morphology

Salmonids exhibit a relatively primitive morphology among teleost fish. Key anatomical features include pelvic fins positioned far posteriorly and an adipose fin located towards the rear of the dorsal side. Their bodies are typically slender, covered with rounded scales, and terminate in a characteristic forked tail fin. The oral cavity is equipped with a single row of sharp teeth, reflecting their predatory nature. While some adult species can be as small as 13 cm (5.1 in), the majority are considerably larger, with the most imposing individuals reaching up to 2 meters (6 ft 7 in) in length.

Complex Life Cycles

A defining characteristic of all salmonids is their migratory behavior. They initiate their life cycle by spawning in the shallow gravel beds of freshwater headstreams. The juvenile years are spent in rivers, creeks, small lakes, and wetlands. Upon reaching maturity, they undertake downstream migrations to larger water bodies for most of their adult lives. Many species are euryhaline, capable of tolerating a wide range of salinities, and migrate to the sea or brackish estuaries, a life cycle termed anadromous. Other freshwater species exhibit potamodromous migration, moving exclusively between lakes and rivers. As carnivorous predators, they occupy a crucial position in the food chain, consuming smaller fish, crustaceans, aquatic insects, larvae, tadpoles, and even the eggs of their own kind.

Ecological Keystone

Beyond their biological uniqueness, many salmonid species are recognized as keystone organisms, playing a vital role in both freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. Their mass migrations from oceanic to inland water bodies facilitate a significant transfer of biomass, enriching diverse habitats and supporting a wide array of other species. The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), whose Latin name is eponymous for its genus, family, and order, stands as a prime example of this ecological significance.

Evolutionary Trajectory

Ancient Origins

The evolutionary history of salmonids traces back to the Late Cretaceous period, specifically the Santonian and Campanian stages, when the suborder Salmonoidei first emerged. This lineage represents one of two extant clades within the order Salmoniformes, the other being the Esocoidei, which includes pikes and mudminnows. While Salmoniformes was once considered monotypic, recent phylogenetic studies have reaffirmed the close relationship between Salmonoidei and Esocoidei, re-establishing the latter as a suborder within Salmoniformes.

Fossil Discoveries

For a long time, fossil evidence for Cretaceous salmonids was scarce. However, a significant discovery in 2025 unveiled Sivulliusalmo alaskensis from the early Maastrichtian-aged Prince Creek Formation in Alaska, with additional indeterminate remains found in the older Campanian-aged Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta. This finding suggests that the salmonid preference for cool, high-latitude waters is an ancient, conserved trait. Prior to this, the earliest known salmonid fossil was Eosalmo driftwoodensis, an Early Eocene stem-salmonine found in British Columbia, which displayed traits common to all three modern salmonid subfamilies, marking it as a crucial archaic form.

Late Cretaceous (Santonian/Campanian): Emergence of the Salmonoidei suborder.
Cretaceous: Divergence of salmon and pike lineages.
Early Maastrichtian (2025 Discovery): Earliest definitive fossil salmonid, Sivulliusalmo alaskensis, found in Alaska.
Early Eocene: Appearance of Eosalmo driftwoodensis, an archaic salmonid displaying traits of all modern subfamilies.
Late Eocene/Early Oligocene: Fossil scales of coregonines found in California.
Late Miocene (~7 mya): Trout-like fossils, including early Oncorhynchus species, appear in Idaho, indicating divergence of Pacific salmon and trout lineages.
Early Miocene (~20 mya): Estimated period for the split between Oncorhynchus (Pacific) and Salmo (Atlantic/European) lineages.

Environmental Influence

The diversification of salmonid species is closely linked to periods of intense climate change, particularly during the last ice ages. Molecular clock analyses indicate that high speciation rates were observed in salmonids that adopted an anadromous lifestyle, suggesting that environmental pressures and the exploitation of new ecological niches played a significant role in shaping their diversity. This highlights the dynamic interplay between genetic potential and environmental forces in driving evolutionary radiation.

Genomic Insights

Whole-Genome Duplication

A pivotal event in salmonid evolution was a whole-genome duplication (WGD) that occurred in their ancestral lineage no later than 88 million years ago during the late Cretaceous. This event transformed a diploid ancestor into a tetraploid, effectively doubling its entire genetic material. This WGD is the fourth such event in the salmonid evolutionary lineage, following two common to all bony vertebrates and another specific to teleost fishes, underscoring a history of significant genomic restructuring.

Partial Tetraploidy in Extant Species

Modern salmonids provide compelling evidence of this ancient WGD through their state of partial tetraploidy. Studies, particularly on the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), reveal that while approximately half of the duplicated protein-coding genes have been deleted over evolutionary time, all apparent microRNA (miRNA) sequences retain full duplication. This suggests a complex process of genome evolution where certain genetic elements are selectively retained or lost, potentially influencing the intricate regulation of the rainbow trout's genome. This pattern is believed to be characteristic of all extant salmonids.

Precision in Dating

Historically, the timing of the salmonid WGD was broadly estimated, spanning a range of 25 to 100 million years. However, advancements in calibrated relaxed molecular clock analyses have enabled a more precise dating, placing the latest possible date for this monumental event at 88 million years ago. This refined timeline allows for a deeper understanding of how this genetic duplication correlates with subsequent speciation and adaptation within the Salmonidae family.

Taxonomic Structure

Phylogenetic Placement

The Salmonidae family is situated within the order Salmoniformes, which itself belongs to the superorder Protacanthopterygii. This superorder also includes the closely related orders Esociformes (pikes and mudminnows), Osmeriformes (true smelts), and Argentiniformes (marine smelts and barreleyes). The family Salmonidae is further subdivided into three distinct subfamilies, encompassing approximately 10 genera and around 220 recognized species. The precise number of species can vary depending on the taxonomic authority.

Subfamilies and Genera

The three subfamilies of Salmonidae, each with their characteristic genera, are:

Coregoninae (Freshwater Whitefishes)
- Coregonus (78 species)
- Prosopium (6 species)
- Stenodus (2 species)
- †Beckius (1 species, Oligocene)
- †Parastenodus (1 species, Eocene)
Thymallinae (Graylings)
- Thymallus (14 species)
Salmoninae (Trout, Salmon, Char, Taimens, Lenoks)
- †Eosalmo (1 species, Eocene)
- †Paleolox (1 species, Late Miocene)
- Tribe Salmonini
  - Salmo (47 species)
  - Salvelinus (incl. Salvethymus) (51 species)
- Tribe Oncorhynchini
  - Brachymystax (4 species)
  - Hucho (4 species)
  - Oncorhynchus (12 species)
  - Parahucho (1 species)

(† indicates an extinct genus)

Salmonid Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships within Salmonidae illustrate the branching evolutionary paths of its diverse members. This diagram, based on molecular and morphological data, provides a visual representation of how the subfamilies and key genera are related.

Phylogeny of Salmonidae
Coregoninae	Prosopium Stenodus Coregonus
Thymallinae	Thymallus
Salmoninae	Salmo Salvelinus (incl. Salvethymus) Oncorhynchus Brachymystax Parahucho Hucho

Hybridization Dynamics

Crossbreeding Outcomes

Hybridization, the interbreeding of two distinct species, can occur naturally or through artificial means within the Salmonidae family. The viability and survivability of hybrid offspring vary significantly depending on the specific parental species involved. This phenomenon provides valuable insights into genetic compatibility and evolutionary divergence within the family.

Crossbreeding			Male
			Salvelinus		Oncorhynchus								Salmo
			leucomaenis (white-spotted char)	fontinalis (Brook trout)	mykiss (Rainbow trout)	masou masou (masu salmon)	masou ishikawae (Amago Salmon)	gorbuscha (pink salmon)	nerka (Sockeye salmon)	keta (chum salmon)	kisutsh (coho salmon)	tshawytscha (chinook salmon)	trutta (Brown trout)	salar (Atlantic Salmon)
			Female
(Salvelinus)	leucomaenis (white-spotted char)	-		O	X	O	O		X	X			O
(Salvelinus)	fontinalis (Brook trout)	O		-	X	O	O		X	X	O		X	X
(Oncorhynchus)	mykiss (Rainbow trout)	O		O	-	O	O	O	X	X	X		X	X
	masou masou (masu salmon)	O		X	X	-	O		X	X	O	O	X
	masou ishikawae (Amago Salmon)	O		O	X	O	-		X				O
	gorbuscha (pink salmon)	X						-	O	O		O
	nerka (Sockeye salmon)	X		X	X	X	X	O	-	O	O	O	X
	keta (chum salmon)	X		X	X	X		O	O	-	O	X		X
	kisutsh (coho salmon)			X	X			O	O	X	-	O	X	X
	tshawytscha (chinook salmon)					O		O	O	X	O	-
Salmo	trutta (Brown trout)	O		O	X	O	O		X		X		-	O
Salmo	salar (Atlantic Salmon)			O	X					X	X		O	-
Note: '-' indicates the identical kind (no crossbreeding needed), 'O' indicates survivability, 'X' indicates fatality.

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Piscine Dynasties

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview ℹ️

🌊 Masters of Cold Waters

📏 Distinctive Morphology

🔄 Complex Life Cycles

🌍 Ecological Keystone

Evolutionary Trajectory 📈

🕰️ Ancient Origins

🦴 Fossil Discoveries

🌿 Environmental Influence

Genomic Insights 🧬

🔬 Whole-Genome Duplication

🧩 Partial Tetraploidy in Extant Species

⏰ Precision in Dating

Taxonomic Structure 📊

🌳 Phylogenetic Placement

📋 Subfamilies and Genera

🧬 Salmonid Phylogeny

Hybridization Dynamics ↔️

🧪 Crossbreeding Outcomes

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

Masters of Cold Waters

Distinctive Morphology

Complex Life Cycles

Ecological Keystone

Evolutionary Trajectory

Ancient Origins

Fossil Discoveries

Environmental Influence

Genomic Insights

Whole-Genome Duplication

Partial Tetraploidy in Extant Species

Precision in Dating

Taxonomic Structure

Phylogenetic Placement

Subfamilies and Genera

Salmonid Phylogeny

Hybridization Dynamics

Crossbreeding Outcomes

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice