What is Samawah, and where is it geographically situated?

Samawah, also known as As-Samawah, is a city located in Iraq. It is situated 280 kilometers (174 miles) southeast of Baghdad, straddling both sides of the Euphrates River.

What is the administrative role of Samawah within Iraq?

Samawah serves as the modern capital city of the Al Muthanna Governorate in Iraq. It is positioned at the northern edge of this governorate, midway between Baghdad and Basra.

When was the Al Muthanna Governorate established, and what were its previous administrative configurations?

The Al Muthanna Governorate was established in 1975. Prior to this, it was part of a unified province that also included Qadissiya (Diwaniya) and Najaf governorates.

What is the historical origin of the settlement of Samawah?

The city of Samawah was settled by the Arab tribe of Banu Quda'a. This settlement dates back to approximately the 3rd century AD.

How is the city of Samawah structured in relation to the Euphrates River?

Samawah is built on both banks of the Euphrates River, with four bridges connecting the two sides in the city center. This division influences the city's layout and commercial activity.

What are the key features of the west bank of Samawah?

The west bank of Samawah is considered the commercial heart of the city. It encompasses the old town and the historic Jewish quarter, known as 'agd al yahood, as well as the Suq Al Masgoof.

What is the historical significance of the Suq Al Masgoof?

The Suq Al Masgoof, located on the west bank, is a covered market that dates back to the Ottoman period. The area surrounding it forms the old city, characterized by a maze of crowded markets and streets.

What ancient Sumerian city is a significant attraction near Samawah?

The ruins of the ancient Sumerian city of Uruk, which dates back to 4000 BC, are a major attraction near Samawah. Uruk was historically significant as the largest city in Sumer and the site where the first written script was discovered.

What is the historical importance of Uruk regarding early civilization and writing?

Uruk was the largest urban center of the world's first urban civilization. It is also recognized as the place where the earliest known written script was discovered, with the oldest examples dating back to 3300 BC.

How do the palm groves surrounding Samawah contribute to the city's environment?

Samawah is surrounded by hundreds of palm groves, particularly in its southern and northern suburbs. These groves provide a tropical ambiance and offer a cool respite from the intense heat of Mesopotamia, even inspiring the famous Iraqi folk song 'The Palm of Samawah'.

What is Sawa Lake, and where is it located?

Sawa Lake is a large salt lake situated approximately 25 kilometers (15 miles) north of Samawah's city center. It was once home to a tourist village, though it has since fallen into disrepair.

What are the unique characteristics of Sawa Lake's water and its surrounding levees?

The water of Sawa Lake is extremely salty due to high evaporation rates. Uniquely, the lake is surrounded by natural levees, and its high salt content causes these levees to self-heal if breached, preventing the water from flowing to ground level. The salt also increases buoyancy.

What distinguishes the eastern side of Samawah from the west bank?

The eastern side of Samawah, including the area known as 'Qushla', presents a more modern appearance. It features apartment blocks built in the 1970s and 1980s, As Samawah Stadium, technical colleges, and the historic 'Ottoman Barracks' called Al Qushla.

What is the historical significance of Al Qushla in Samawah?

Al Qushla, located on the eastern bank of Samawah, served as the historic seat of authority and authoritarianism. It dates back to the Ottoman rule and has been a focal point for local revolts and uprisings.

What notable event occurred at the Saray in Samawah in 1991?

In 1991, the people of Samawah freed hundreds of prisoners, including women and children, as well as Kuwaiti hostages who had been kidnapped by Iraqi occupation forces in 1990. This event took place at the Saray, the historical seat of authority on the east bank.

How have Samawah's medical facilities been enhanced in recent years?

Samawah's medical facilities have seen significant improvements since 2003, particularly with the renovation of the central hospital funded by Japanese development aid. This has led to better medical provisions, including the addition of new equipment like an MRI scanner.

What efforts have been made to beautify Samawah's urban landscape?

Residents of Samawah have employed simple, low-cost methods like wall paintings to brighten the grey concrete walls surrounding official buildings and schools. This initiative, which began in the early 1970s, was interrupted during Saddam Hussein's rule and resumed after 2003, depicting themes of new life.

How has Samawah been described in terms of its relationship with Coalition forces post-2003?

Since the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Samawah has experienced minimal issues with Coalition forces, with virtually no insurgent activity reported.

Which military units were involved in the Battle of Samawah in 2003, and who took over security afterward?

Elements of the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division and 1-41 Infantry, 1st Armored Division, engaged in the Battle of Samawah against Baathist forces. Following the initial combat phase, U.S. Marines from RCT-5, 1st Marine Division, took over security, followed by Dutch forces in August 2003.

What was the timeline of international troop presence in Samawah after 2003?

After U.S. forces, control was handed to Dutch forces in August 2003, then to British forces (1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards) in October 2004, followed by another British unit (The Light Dragoons) in April 2005, and the 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment in October 2005. Japan Self-Defense Forces were stationed there from January 2004 until 2006.

What significant event occurred in Samawah on December 24, 2006?

On December 24, 2006, Samawah experienced political violence between Shiite militias, resulting in the deaths of nine people, including four police officers. Local Mahdi Army members reportedly attempted to seize the city but clashed with police, who were supported by the Badr Organization.

What was the nature of the attacks in Samawah on May 1, 2016?

On May 1, 2016, Samawah was targeted by a double car bombing that struck a government office and a bus station. The Islamic State claimed responsibility for the attack, which resulted in at least 32 deaths and 85 injuries.

Describe the climate of Samawah.

Samawah experiences a hot desert climate (BWh according to the Köppen-Geiger classification). The majority of rainfall occurs during the winter months. The average annual temperature is 23.8°C (74.8°F), with approximately 106 mm (4.17 inches) of precipitation annually.

What happened to the Jewish minority in Samawah during the 1940s and 1950s?

During the 1940s and 1950s, the Jewish minority in Samawah faced terrorization by Arab nationalists, which led to the exile of most of the community.

What is the current status of the Torat Synagogue in Samawah?

The Torat Synagogue, located in the 'qushla' quarter on the east bank of Samawah, still exists but has been abandoned since the departure of the Jewish population.

What was the purpose of the ethnic cleansing campaign conducted by the Baathist regime in 1979-1981?

Between 1979 and 1981, the Baathist regime under Saddam Hussein conducted an ethnic cleansing campaign to deport Shia Iraqis who were deemed to be of Persian origin.

What is the current religious demographic of Samawah regarding Sunnis?

Today, there is still a small population of Sunnis residing in Samawah.

What is the general economic situation regarding employment in Samawah?

The unemployment rate in Samawah is generally high.

What was the historical significance of Samawah's cement factories in the 1970s?

In the 1970s, Samawah housed the largest cement factories in the Middle East, with a combined production capacity of 2.85 million tonnes per year.

What is the current state of Samawah's cement factories and their production?

Many of the historical cement factories have fallen into disrepair, contributing to unemployment. While the southern cement factory reopened in 2005, the five existing plants were producing only 0.8 million tonnes annually as of 2007 due to electricity shortages. However, five new factories are under construction to increase capacity and provide employment.

When was the oil refinery in Samawah reopened, and what are its current capacities?

A small oil refinery in Samawah was reopened in 2005 after being idle for 15 years. Its capacity was doubled to 20,000 barrels per day in 2006 and was planned to increase to 30,000 barrels per day by 2007. It is linked to the Kifl oil field.

What is the strategic advantage of Samawah's oil refinery?

The refinery is designed to process heavy crude oil, which allows the lighter crude oil extracted from the Kifl field to be exported.

What historical trade route passed through Samawah?

The historical route connecting Mesopotamia and Saudi Arabia traversed through Samawah, making it a significant thoroughfare for Iraqi produce destined for Saudi Arabia.

What role does Samawah play in Iraq's railway network?

Samawah hosts a rail yard dedicated to overhauling and maintaining rolling stock and locomotives along the crucial Baghdad-Basra rail routes. The city's railway station is conveniently located midway between these two major cities.

What agricultural products are cultivated in Samawah?

Samawah cultivates staple Mesopotamian produce, including dates, wheat, barley, citrus fruits, and tomatoes. Additionally, the region is known for the rare trade in wild truffles found in the desert areas of Muthanna province.

What is the significance of the Bahr al Milh (Salt Sea) near Samawah?

The Bahr al Milh, located about 20 kilometers southwest of Samawah, is Iraq's primary source of industrial salts. Extensive salt mining and processing facilities are situated there to utilize this resource.

Describe the traditional brick manufacturing industry in Samawah.

On the outskirts of Samawah, there is a thriving industry in traditional sun-baked brick manufacturing, primarily employing women. Villagers construct large, temporary kilns, some reaching up to 30 meters high, using methods that have remained consistent since the Sumerian and Akkadian periods.

What is Muthanna TV, and what is its significance?

Muthanna TV is a local television station in Samawah that broadcasts terrestrial transmissions focusing on local news and issues. It gained notoriety in 2006 for broadcasting the World Cup without a license, earning it the nickname 'Robin Hood of Television'.

What are the advantages for carpet makers in Samawah?

Carpet making is a cottage industry in Samawah, primarily employing women. The local carpet makers benefit from the availability of cheap raw materials, such as wool from the Bedu tribes who use Samawah as a trading post, and the availability of affordable labor in the city.

How can one travel to Samawah by road and rail?

Samawah is accessible via a highway connecting it to Baghdad and Basra. The city also has a railway station offering passenger services from both Baghdad and Basra, which is noted as the cheapest mode of transport. The station is located about 4 kilometers west of the city center.

Besides road and rail, what other means of transport can be used to reach Samawah?

Samawah is also accessible via the Euphrates River.

What types of artists and personalities originate from Samawah?

Samawah is the origin of various prominent artists, including poets, painters, and sculptors. Historically, many communists and Shia thinkers, such as Sheikh Mahdi Al-Samawi, faced persecution or exile under the Baathist regime.

What is the climate classification of Samawah according to the Köppen-Geiger system?

Samawah has a hot desert climate, classified as BWh under the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system.

When does most of the rainfall occur in Samawah?

The majority of rainfall in Samawah typically occurs during the winter months.

What is the average annual temperature and precipitation in Samawah?

The average annual temperature in Samawah is 23.8°C (74.8°F), and the city receives approximately 106 mm (4.17 inches) of precipitation annually.

What historical prison is located in the Al-Salman town south of Samawah?

The notorious desert prison known as Nigret Al Salman is located in Al-Salman, approximately 200 kilometers south of Samawah. This fortress-style prison has been in use since the monarchy (1921-1958) and has housed prisoners from events like the Dujail Massacre and the Anfal campaign.

What was the 'Battle of Samawah' in 2003?

The Battle of Samawah in 2003 was a fierce running engagement between elements of the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division and 1-41 Infantry against emplaced Baathist forces in the days following the initial invasion of Iraq.

What is the significance of Samawah province being declared a 'green province'?

Samawah's province was the first in Iraq to be declared a 'green province,' signifying that it was fully independent and responsible for its own security after British and Australian troops departed.

What led to the flight of most of the Jewish population from Samawah?

The terrorization of the Jewish minority by Arab nationalists in the 1940s and 1950s prompted most of them to leave Samawah and go into exile.

What is the economic situation regarding natural resources and investment in Samawah?

Samawah faces challenges due to a lack of high-value natural resources like oil and gas, as well as limited central government investment.

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Introduction

City on the Euphrates

Samawah, also known as As-Samawah, is a significant city located in Iraq, approximately 280 kilometers (174 miles) southeast of the capital, Baghdad. Situated midway between Baghdad and Basra, it marks the northern edge of the Al Muthanna Governorate, serving as its modern capital. The city is strategically built on both sides of the historic Euphrates River, connected by several bridges.

Governorate Capital

As the capital of the Al Muthanna Governorate, Samawah serves as the administrative and economic hub for the region. The governorate itself was established in 1975, previously being part of a unified province with Diwaniya and Najaf. This central role underscores Samawah's importance in the southern Iraqi landscape.

Oasis Amidst the Desert

Surrounded by hundreds of palm groves, Samawah possesses a unique, almost tropical ambiance that contrasts with the arid Mesopotamian environment. These groves not only offer a respite from the heat but also contribute to the city's distinct character and have inspired local folklore, including a famous Iraqi folk song.

A Tapestry of Time

Ancient Roots and Early Settlement

The city's origins trace back to around the 3rd century AD when it was settled by the Arab tribe of Banu Quda'a. The area holds profound historical significance, being near the ruins of the ancient Sumerian city of Uruk, which dates back to 4000 BC. Uruk was a cradle of civilization, notable as the largest city in Sumer and the site where the earliest known written script was discovered around 3300 BC.

Ottoman Era and Old Town

The west bank of Samawah remains the commercial heart, featuring the old town and the historic Jewish quarter, known as agd al yahood. The covered market, Suq Al Masgoof, which dates back to the Ottoman period, is a testament to the city's long history as a trading center. The surrounding area retains the maze-like charm of its ancient markets and streets.

Modern History and Conflict

The eastern side of Samawah presents a more modern face, with apartment blocks built in the 1970s and 1980s, alongside the Samawah Stadium and technical colleges. Historically, the Saray on the east bank, dating from Ottoman rule, has been a focal point for revolts. The region also contains the notorious desert prison, Nigret Al Salman, used since the monarchy and infamous for housing political prisoners. The city experienced significant events during and after the 2003 invasion of Iraq, including battles and subsequent peacekeeping operations involving international forces.

Post-Conflict Reconstruction

Since 2003, Samawah has seen improvements in its infrastructure and services. The renovation of the central hospital, supported by Japanese development funds, has enhanced medical provisions, including the addition of an MRI scanner. Efforts to beautify the city have also been undertaken, with wall paintings brightening public spaces, symbolizing a new era of life and hope.

Landscapes and Climate

Hot Desert Climate

Samawah experiences a hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh). Summers are intensely hot, with average daily maximum temperatures soaring above 40°C (104°F) from June to August. Winters are mild, with average daily minimum temperatures around 5°C (41°F) in January. Rainfall is scarce, primarily occurring during the winter months, with an average annual precipitation of about 106 mm (4.17 inches).

Sawa Lake: A Saline Wonder

North of the city lies the unique Sawa Lake, a large, highly saline body of water with no obvious river source. Its extreme saltiness, due to high evaporation rates, prevents marine life but supports migratory birds. A distinctive feature is its natural levees, which self-heal due to the salt content, preventing the water from flowing to lower ground. Once home to a tourist village, the lake remains a natural curiosity.

Economic Landscape

Industrial Foundations

Historically, Samawah was known for its large cement factories, once among the largest in the Middle East. Although many fell into disrepair, some have reopened, and new plants are under construction, aiming to boost production and employment. The city also hosts a small oil refinery, processing heavy crude oil and contributing to the local economy.

Agriculture and Resources

Traditional Mesopotamian crops like dates, wheat, barley, citrus fruits, and tomatoes are cultivated in the fertile areas surrounding Samawah. The region is also known for the rare trade in wild desert truffles. Furthermore, the nearby Bahr al Milh (Salt Sea) is a primary source of industrial salts in Iraq, with processing facilities exploiting this resource.

Traditional Crafts and Trade

A thriving industry in traditional sun-baked brick manufacturing exists on the outskirts, utilizing ancient methods. Samawah also supports a cottage industry of carpet makers, primarily employing women, who benefit from the availability of local wool and affordable labor. The city remains a key trading post for the Bedu tribes of the desert.

Heritage and Community

Religious Demographics

The population of Samawah is primarily Shiite Muslim. Historically, the city also had a significant Jewish quarter, though most of the Jewish population went into exile. Today, a small population of Sunnis also resides in the city.

Artistic Expressions

Samawah is the birthplace of several prominent artists, including poets, painters, and sculptors. Despite facing political repression under the Baathist regime, which led many to exile or death, their contributions enrich the city's cultural heritage. The city's visual landscape is also enhanced by wall paintings that have reappeared since 2003, adding color to its concrete structures.

Echoes of the Past

The historical Jewish quarter, agd al yahood, and the abandoned Torat Synagogue in the qushla quarter serve as reminders of the diverse communities that once inhabited Samawah. These remnants contribute to the city's layered history.

Reaching Samawah

Road and Rail Access

Samawah is accessible via a major highway connecting it to Baghdad and Basra. The city is also served by a railway station, offering a cost-effective travel option between the two major cities. The station is located approximately 4 kilometers west of the city center.

River Navigation

As a city situated on the Euphrates River, Samawah is also accessible via river navigation, adding another dimension to its historical role as a transport and trade thoroughfare.

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References

New Samawa mayor appointed

As SamÄwah

The largest cities in Iraq, ranked by population

MOFA: Grassroots Human Security Grant Aid to Samawah, Iraq

DefenseLink News Article: Coalition Troops to Leave Muthanna Province in Iraq

2 dead in Baghdad minibus bombing â Los Angeles Times

A full list of references for this article are available at the Samawah Wikipedia page

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Samawah: Echoes of the Euphrates

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Introduction 📍

🌊 City on the Euphrates

🏛️ Governorate Capital

🌳 Oasis Amidst the Desert

A Tapestry of Time 📜

🏺 Ancient Roots and Early Settlement

🕌 Ottoman Era and Old Town

⚔️ Modern History and Conflict

🕊️ Post-Conflict Reconstruction

Landscapes and Climate 🏜️

☀️ Hot Desert Climate

💧 Sawa Lake: A Saline Wonder

Economic Landscape 🏭

🏗️ Industrial Foundations

🌾 Agriculture and Resources

🏺 Traditional Crafts and Trade

Heritage and Community ☪️

🕌 Religious Demographics

🎨 Artistic Expressions

✡️ Echoes of the Past

Reaching Samawah 🚆

🛣️ Road and Rail Access

🚢 River Navigation

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Introduction

City on the Euphrates

Governorate Capital

Oasis Amidst the Desert

A Tapestry of Time

Ancient Roots and Early Settlement

Ottoman Era and Old Town

Modern History and Conflict

Post-Conflict Reconstruction

Landscapes and Climate

Hot Desert Climate

Sawa Lake: A Saline Wonder

Economic Landscape

Industrial Foundations

Agriculture and Resources

Traditional Crafts and Trade

Heritage and Community

Religious Demographics

Artistic Expressions

Echoes of the Past

Reaching Samawah

Road and Rail Access

River Navigation

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice