What is Sidon's current administrative status and its population?

Sidon is the capital city of the South Governorate in Lebanon and is the third-largest city in the country. It has a population of approximately 80,000 within its city limits, with its metropolitan area exceeding a quarter-million inhabitants.

What are the proposed origins and meanings of the name Sidon?

The Phoenician name for Sidon, Sidon (Phoenician: 𐤑𐤃𐤍, romanized: Ṣīdūn), likely meant "fishery" or "fishing town." The name also appears in Biblical Hebrew as Ṣīḏōn (צִידוֹן) and in Syriac as Ṣidon (ܨܝܕܘܢ). It was later Hellenised to Sidon and Latinised to Sidon, entering English in this form.

How is Sidon mentioned in the Book of Genesis?

In the Book of Genesis, Sidon is identified as the first-born son of Canaan, who was a grandson of Noah. This lineage makes Sidon a great-grandson of Noah according to biblical accounts.

What historical empires and powers have conquered Sidon throughout its history?

Sidon has been conquered by numerous powers throughout its long history. These include the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Neo-Babylonian Empire, ancient Egyptians, Achaemenid Persians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, and Ottoman Turks.

What was Sidon's significance during the Persian period?

Under Persian rule, Sidon rose to become the paramount city in Phoenicia, surpassing Tyre in importance. Its navy also played a significant role in the Persian fleet during the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC.

How did Sidon fare under Roman rule?

Under Roman domination, Sidon continued to mint its own silver coins and was embellished by Herod the Great, who built a theatre there. The city was also established as a Roman colony, officially named Colonia Aurelia Pia Sidon, in honor of Emperor Elagabalus.

What is the significance of the Philogelos joke book in relation to Sidon?

The Philogelos, a Greek-language joke book compiled around the 4th century AD, features a series of jokes that stereotype Sidonians as unintelligent and literal-minded. This reflects a cultural perception of the city's inhabitants during that period.

What impact did the great earthquake of AD 551 have on Sidon?

Following the devastating earthquake of AD 551, which destroyed many cities in Phoenicia, the law school of Berytus (Beirut) relocated its operations to Sidon. The city continued to function, albeit quietly, for another century before the Muslim conquest.

What was Sidon's role during the Crusader-Ayyubid period?

Sidon was captured by Crusaders in 1110 and became the center of the Lordship of Sidon, a vassal state of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. It changed hands multiple times, being captured by Saladin, restored by German Crusaders, destroyed by the Ayyubids in 1249, and later by the Mongols in 1260.

What historical significance does Benjamin of Tudela mention regarding Sidon?

In the 12th century, Benjamin of Tudela noted the presence of approximately twenty Jewish families in Sidon, which he described as a "large city." His observations provide a glimpse into the city's Jewish community during that medieval period.

How did Sidon's status change under Ottoman rule?

After coming under Ottoman Turkish rule in the early 16th century, Sidon became the capital of the Sidon Eyalet (province). This administrative role helped it regain significant commercial importance, similar to its earlier prominence.

What role did the Hammud family play in Sidon during the 18th century?

During the 18th century, the Hammud family dominated Sidon, monopolizing cotton production and export in the region. They also constructed numerous palaces and public works, and served as government customs agents and tax collectors for Ottoman religious foundations.

What was the British involvement in Sidon during the Egyptian-Ottoman War?

During the Egyptian-Ottoman War, Sidon was occupied by Muhammad Ali of Egypt's forces. The British bombarded the city on September 26, 1840, leading to its capitulation, as part of their efforts to oppose Muhammad Ali's ambitions and support the Ottomans.

How did the Jewish community in Sidon evolve in the 19th century?

In the 19th century, Sidon's Jewish community grew with the migration of Maghrebi Jews starting around 1850, partly due to tensions in the Chouf Mountains. They introduced citrus cultivation and contributed to the construction of a new synagogue in 1860 to accommodate the expanding population.

What was Sidon's status at the turn of the 20th century?

At the beginning of the 20th century, Sidon was described as a small fishing town with a population of 10,000 inhabitants. Its ancient Royal Necropolis was also extensively excavated by the Ottomans during this period.

What was Sidon's political landscape like in the 20th century, particularly regarding influential families?

In the 20th century, Sidon's local politics were largely dominated by the El-Bizri and Saad families until the 1980s. The El-Bizri family was known for business connections and ties to national leaders, while the Saad family adopted a more populist stance, engaging in protests and aligning with Nasserism.

How did the Hariri family rise to prominence in Sidon?

The Hariri family began to gain significant political and financial influence in Sidon during the mid-1980s. By the mid-1990s, they became arguably the most influential family in Lebanon, establishing a major political party known as the Future Movement.

What does a 2013 UNDP report indicate about urban poverty in Sidon?

A 2013 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) report highlighted an increase in urban poverty, particularly in the suburbs of major Lebanese cities like Sidon (Saida). This poverty was evidenced by issues such as child labor, overcrowding, and deteriorated environmental conditions.

What was the 'Makab' near Sidon, and what environmental issues did it cause?

The 'Makab' was a large 'rubbish mountain' near Sidon's southern entrance, initially created from debris after Israeli air strikes in 1982, but later used as the city's main dump. It grew into an environmental hazard, with medical waste and plastics polluting nearby fishing grounds.

What efforts have been made to address the 'Makab' waste dump crisis in Sidon?

In 2004, a treatment plant was conceived by Engineer Hamzi Moghrabi and became operational in 2013, funded privately. Additionally, the Ministry of Environment planned a cleanup to transform the dump area into green space, aiming to revive the city's coasts and attract tourism.

How is the city of Sidon administered?

Sidon is administered by the Municipality of Sidon, which comprises a council of 21 members, including the Mayor and Deputy Mayor. While the municipality has administrative and financial independence, it operates under the supervision of the Ministry of Interior.

What is the religious composition of Sidon based on 2014 voter data?

According to 2014 voter data, Muslims constituted 92.99% of Sidon's registered voters, with Christians making up 6.49%. Specifically, 82.16% were Sunni Muslims and 10.83% were Shiite Muslims.

What historical changes occurred in Sidon's Jewish population?

In the 1930s, Sidon had the largest Jewish population in Lebanon. However, by the end of the 1990s, most of the Jewish population had emigrated, leaving their cemetery and other sites in a state of abandonment.

What are some of the main historical landmarks in Sidon?

Sidon features several significant landmarks, including the Sidon Sea Castle built by Crusaders, the Sidon Soap Museum, Khan al-Franj (a 16th-century caravanserai), Debbane Palace (an example of Arab-Ottoman architecture), the Castle of St. Louis, and the Eshmun Temple dedicated to the Phoenician god of healing.

What is the significance of the British War Cemetery in Sidon?

The British War Cemetery in Sidon was opened in 1943 and contains 176 Commonwealth burials from World War II, along with nine war graves of other nationalities. It is noted as one of the few elegantly kept gardens in modern Sidon.

What is the educational landscape of Sidon?

Sidon hosts numerous educational facilities, including public elementary schools and private universities. A 2006 study indicated the city had 29 schools serving over 18,000 students and 10 universities, with five of them being private.

What archaeological evidence points to Sidon's early inhabitation?

Archaeological sites like Sidon II show evidence of Acheulean assemblages, while Sidon III contains a Heavy Neolithic assemblage suggested to predate pottery. Sidon I also yielded flint tools dating between 3800 and 3200 BC.

What does the Sidon IV archaeological site reveal about the city's early history?

The Sidon IV site, located beneath the Saint Louis Castle, contains deposits from the Early Bronze Age I (circa 3200 BC) and shows an uninterrupted sequence up to the Early Bronze Age III. A modest settlement from the third millennium BC, including domestic installations and tombs, was also uncovered there.

What is known about Sidon's Middle Bronze Age (MBA) period?

Until recently, little was known about MBA Sidon. However, excavations at Tell el-Burak, a coastal site south of Sidon, have provided significant insights, indicating that Sidon was a major power center during this era, controlling substantial territory and likely forming a 'Kingdom of Sidon'.

What is the significance of the Sidon excavations conducted by Ernest Renan?

In 1860, Ernest Renan was entrusted with an archaeological mission in Lebanon that included searching for ancient Sidon. The Phoenician inscriptions he discovered and his field data were later published in his work, 'Mission de Phénicie'.

What role did Sidon play in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament?

In the Hebrew Bible, Sidon is mentioned as the namesake of Canaan's first-born son, as part of Zebulun's frontier, and as the mother city of Tyre. The Sidonians are noted for long oppressing Israel, and Solomon's alliance with them introduced idolatrous worship into the land.

How is Sidon referenced in the New Testament?

In the New Testament, Jesus visited the region of Tyre and Sidon, with many people coming from this area to hear him preach. The Gospels of Matthew and Mark mention an incident involving the exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter near Sidon. The Apostle Paul also sailed from Sidon on his final journey to Rome.

What ancient legend is associated with the origin of Sidon's name?

According to the Phoenician historian Sanchuniathon, Sidon was the daughter of Pontus, son of Nereus. The legend states that she was the first to invent musical song due to her beautiful voice.

What are the twin towns or sister cities of Sidon?

Sidon has international twin town relationships with Zugló (Hungary), Constanța (Romania), Sofia (Bulgaria), and Sochi (Russia).

Can you name some notable modern figures associated with Sidon?

Several prominent figures are associated with Sidon in the modern era, including politicians like Nazih El Bizri, Bahia Hariri, Rafic Hariri, Saad Hariri, Fouad Siniora, and Riad Solh. Fayza Ahmed, an Arab singer, and Afif al-Bizri, a former Chief of Staff of the Syrian armed forces, are also notable.

What is the historical significance of the Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II found in Sidon?

The sarcophagus of King Eshmunazar II, discovered in 1855, bears a Phoenician inscription detailing his titles and religious affiliations. It suggests he was a king of the Sidonians in the 5th century BC, and his mother was a priestess of the goddess 'Ashtart, the patron deity of the Sidonians.

What does the Phoenician inscription on Eshmunazar II's sarcophagus reveal about Sidon's deities?

The inscription mentions the gods Eshmun and Baal Sidon (Lord of Sidon) as chief deities of the Sidonians. It also refers to 'Ashtart with the title 'Ashtart-Shem-Baal, meaning 'Ashtart the name of the Lord', a title also found in Ugaritic texts.

What was the role of Sidon's navy during the Persian era?

Sidon's navy was a significant component of the Persian fleet, particularly noted for its participation in the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC against the Greeks. Warships began appearing prominently on the city's coinage from the mid-5th century BC onwards.

What specific industries were pivotal to Sidon's economy during the Phoenician era?

Sidon thrived during the Phoenician era primarily through two key industries: glass manufacturing and the production of Tyrian purple dye. The scale of glass production was extensive, while the purple dye industry was nearly as important, extracted from Murex trunculus shells.

What evidence points to the scale of Sidon's purple dye production?

The significant scale of Sidon's purple dye production is indicated by the discovery of a large mound of discarded Murex trunculus shells near the southern harbor. These shells were processed to extract the valuable pigment, which was historically associated with royalty.

What was the significance of the 'Makab' in Sidon's recent history?

The 'Makab' was a large waste dump near Sidon's southern entrance that became a significant environmental hazard. Its presence posed health risks to residents and polluted nearby areas, and efforts to resolve the crisis, including the establishment of a treatment plant, have been ongoing.

What is the significance of the Sidon District map shown in the article?

The Sidon District map provides a geographical overview of the administrative region, highlighting its towns and villages. It helps to contextualize Sidon's location within the broader South Governorate of Lebanon.

What ancient maritime history is associated with Sidon?

Sidon was a prominent Phoenician city with two harbors, playing a significant role in ancient maritime trade and exploration. Its history is intertwined with the development of seafaring, shipbuilding, and trade networks across the Mediterranean.

What archaeological evidence suggests Sidon's early inhabitation dating back to the Neolithic period?

The archaeological site of Sidon II has yielded a Heavy Neolithic assemblage, suggesting inhabitation prior to the widespread invention of pottery. This indicates a very early human presence in the area.

What is the significance of the Sidon Sea Castle?

The Sidon Sea Castle is a fortress constructed by the Crusaders in the early 13th century, located near the Port of Sidon. It stands as a significant historical landmark reflecting the medieval military architecture in the region.

What does the Sidon Soap Museum document?

The Sidon Soap Museum traces the history of soap-making in the region, detailing its various manufacturing steps. It offers insight into a traditional craft that was part of Sidon's local industry.

What is the historical context of Khan al-Franj in Sidon?

Khan al-Franj, meaning 'Caravanserai of the French', was built in the 16th century to accommodate French merchants and facilitate trade with Europe. It is a typical khan structure with a large courtyard, reflecting the city's historical role in international commerce.

What architectural style is represented by the Debbane Palace?

The Debbane Palace, a historical residence built in 1721, exemplifies Arab-Ottoman architecture. It showcases the distinct building styles and influences present in Sidon during that historical period.

What is the historical significance of the Castle of St. Louis in Sidon?

The Castle of St. Louis, also known as Qalaat Al Muizz, was built by the Crusaders in the 13th century atop the remains of a Fatimid fortress. Its strategic location and layered history make it a key site for understanding Sidon's medieval past.

Sidon Wiki: Sidon: Crossroads of Civilization

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Introduction

A Historic Port City

Sidon, also known by its Arabic name Saida, stands as the third-largest city in Lebanon. Strategically situated on the Mediterranean coast within the South Governorate, it has been a pivotal center of trade and culture for millennia. Founded in the 3rd millennium BC, Sidon's history is deeply intertwined with the rise and fall of empires, making it a vital hub in the ancient world.

Geographic Significance

Located approximately 40 kilometers (25 miles) south of Beirut and north of Tyre, Sidon boasts a prime coastal position. Its historical importance is underscored by its two natural harbors, which facilitated extensive maritime trade. The city's population is estimated at around 80,000 within its administrative limits, with its broader metropolitan area encompassing over a quarter of a million inhabitants.

Enduring Legacy

From its Phoenician origins to its role in classical antiquity and medieval periods, Sidon has witnessed the ebb and flow of civilizations. Its strategic location and rich cultural heritage have left an indelible mark on regional history, evident in its archaeological sites and architectural remnants.

Etymology

Naming Through Ages

The name "Sidon" originates from the Phoenician term \u1e62\u012bd\u0101n, which likely signifies "fishery" or "fishing town." This ancient name has evolved through various linguistic transformations across different cultures and eras.

Ancient records reveal its presence in Egyptian hieroglyphs as \u1e0fjdwn. In Biblical Hebrew, it is known as \u05e6\u05b4\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05b9\u05df (\u1e62\u012b\u1e0f\u014dn), and in Syriac as \u1e62idon (\u0728\u071d\u0715\u0718\u0722).

Classical and Modern Names

During the Hellenistic period, the name was Hellenized to Sid\u1e53n (\u03a3\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd), which was subsequently Latinized to Sidon. The city later bore the formal Roman name Colonia Aurelia Pia Sidon. In Arabic, it is known as \u1e62ayd\u0101 (\u0635\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0627), reflecting its continuous historical presence.

Historical Trajectory

Ancient Phoenician Powerhouse

Sidon emerged as a preeminent Phoenician city, renowned for its skilled artisans and extensive maritime trade networks. Its influence grew significantly, at times eclipsing even Tyre, as it established a vast commercial empire across the Mediterranean. Homer himself praised the city's craftsmanship in glass and purple dye production.

Empires and Conquests

Throughout antiquity, Sidon experienced rule by numerous empires, including the Neo-Assyrians, Neo-Babylonians, Egyptians, Achaemenid Persians, Greeks, and Romans. Each era left its architectural and cultural imprint on the city. Later, it fell under the dominion of the Arabs and the Ottoman Turks.

Medieval and Modern Eras

During the Crusades, Sidon (known as Sagittus) was a significant Crusader stronghold, changing hands multiple times. It suffered destruction and rebuilding across the Ayyubid and Ottoman periods. In modern times, it became part of the French Mandate of Lebanon, experienced WWII conflicts, and later became a major city in independent Lebanon, also serving as a site for Palestinian refugee camps.

Cultural and Economic Contributions

Masters of Craftsmanship

Sidon's prosperity was significantly driven by its mastery in two key industries: glass manufacturing and the production of Tyrian purple dye. The city's glassworks operated on an extensive scale, supplying goods across the Mediterranean. The coveted purple dye, extracted from murex shells, was so rare and valuable that it became synonymous with royalty and high status.

Mythological Roots

According to ancient accounts, Sidon was associated with mythology, with traditions linking her to the sea god Pontus and crediting her with the invention of musical song due to her vocal talents. These narratives reflect the city's deep cultural roots and its connection to the maritime world.

Biblical Significance

Sidon holds a notable place in biblical narratives. It is mentioned in the Book of Genesis as the first-born son of Canaan, a great-grandson of Noah. The city is referenced in the Hebrew Bible as part of the frontier of the Tribe of Zebulun and as a place where the Israelites faced oppression. In the New Testament, Jesus visited the coasts of Sidon, and the Apostle Paul set sail for Rome from its shores.

Archaeological Discoveries

Millennia of Habitation

Archaeological evidence indicates continuous habitation in Sidon from its earliest prehistoric periods, including Acheulean and Heavy Neolithic assemblages. The site of Sidon I reveals flint tools dating back to 3800-3200 BC, while Sidon IV, located beneath the St. Louis Castle, shows deposits from the Early Bronze Age I (c. 3200 BC) through the Roman period.

Bronze Age Kingdom and Finds

During the Middle Bronze Age (MBA), Sidon emerged as a significant power center, controlling surrounding territories and forming a "Kingdom of Sidon." Excavations at nearby Tell el-Burak have shed light on this period. The Hellenistic period yielded remarkable discoveries, including the famed Alexander Sarcophagus (likely belonging to King Abdalonymus) and the Sarcophagus of the Crying Women, now housed in Istanbul.

Excavation Legacy

The archaeological exploration of Sidon has a rich history, with notable expeditions led by figures such as Ernest Renan, Osman Hamdi Bey, and Georges Contenau in the 19th and 20th centuries. More recent work by the British Museum has focused on ceramic studies. Despite interruptions, ongoing efforts continue to uncover the city's layered past, with significant finds displayed in the National Museum of Beirut.

Key Landmarks

Sidon Sea Castle

A formidable fortress constructed by the Crusaders in the early 13th century, situated adjacent to the Port of Sidon. It stands as a testament to the city's strategic importance during the medieval period.

Khan al-Franj

Built in the 16th century, this historic caravanserai served as accommodation for French merchants, fostering trade relations with Europe. Its architecture features a large rectangular courtyard typical of traditional khans.

Debbane Palace

An exquisite example of Arab-Ottoman architecture from 1721, this historic residence showcases the region's rich architectural heritage and was once home to prominent families.

Eshmun Temple

Dedicated to the Phoenician god of healing, Eshmun, this ancient temple dates back to the 7th century BC. Located near the Awali River, it offers insights into the religious practices of the Phoenicians.

Notable Figures

Ancient & Classical Era

Sidon has been the birthplace or association for numerous influential individuals. In antiquity, figures like Eumaeus (a character in Homer's Odyssey, said to be kidnapped from Sidon), Antipater of Sidon (a poet), Zeno of Sidon (an Epicurean philosopher), and Boethus of Sidon (a Peripatetic philosopher) are notable.

Modern Influence

In more recent history, Sidon has been associated with prominent figures in politics, business, and arts. This includes politicians like Riad Solh, Fouad Siniora, and members of the influential El-Bizri and Hariri families, who have played significant roles in Lebanese national life.

International Connections

Sister Cities

Sidon maintains relationships with several international cities, fostering cultural exchange and cooperation:

Zugl\u00f3, Hungary
Constan\u021ba, Romania
Sofia, Bulgaria
Sochi, Russia

Biblical Mentions

Old Testament Narratives

The Hebrew Bible references Sidon extensively. It is named after Sidon, the firstborn son of Canaan. The city is noted as being on the frontier of the Tribe of Zebulun and later as a power that oppressed the Israelites. King Solomon's marriage alliance with Sidonian women led to the introduction of their idolatrous worship into the Land of Israel, and Jezebel, daughter of the King of Sidon, became a significant figure.

New Testament Accounts

In the New Testament, Jesus visited the regions of Tyre and Sidon, with many people from these areas coming to hear him preach. The Gospels contrast the faith of these regions with the unbelief of cities like Chorazin and Bethsaida. The Apostle Paul also visited Sidon on his journey to Rome.

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References

See lines 18â20 of the Eshmunazar II sarchophagus inscription.

Middle East International No 557, 29 August 1997; Michael Jansen, pp. 3-7. No 558. 12 September 1997.

Simon, Reeva S., Michael M. Laskier, and Sara Reguer, eds. 2003. The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times. New York: Columbia University Press, pg. 332

Gigues, P. E. (1937â1938), "LÃ©bÃ©'a, Kafer-Garra, QrayÃ©: nÃ©cropoles de la rÃ©gion sidonienne". BMB (Bulletin du MusÃ©e de Beyrouth), vol. 1, pp. 35â76, vol. 2, pp. 30â72, vol. 3, pp. 54â63.

Doumet-Serhal, C. 2006. "The Early Bronze Age in Sidon: 'College Site' Excavations (1998â2000â2001)". BibliothÃ¨que archeologique et historique 178. Beirut: Institut franÃ§ais du Proche-Orient

Doumet-Serhal, C. 2010. "Sidon during the Bronze Age: Burials, Rituals and Feasting Grounds at 'College Site'". Near Eastern Archaeology, 73:114â129.

Genesis 49:13

Judges 1:31

Judges 10:12

Isaiah 23:12

1 Kings 16:31

Mark 3:8; Luke 6:17

Matthew 11:21â23

Mark 7:31

Acts 27:3, 4

A full list of references for this article are available at the Sidon Wikipedia page

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Disclaimer

Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not historical or cultural advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional historical research, archaeological consultation, or expert interpretation. Always refer to primary sources and consult with qualified professionals for specific academic or research needs.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

Sidon: Crossroads of Civilization

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Introduction ℹ️

⚓ A Historic Port City

🌍 Geographic Significance

🏛️ Enduring Legacy

Etymology 📜

🗣️ Naming Through Ages

🏛️ Classical and Modern Names

Historical Trajectory ⏳

🏺 Ancient Phoenician Powerhouse

⚔️ Empires and Conquests

🏰 Medieval and Modern Eras

Cultural and Economic Contributions 💎

🎨 Masters of Craftsmanship

📖 Mythological Roots

📜 Biblical Significance

Archaeological Discoveries ⛏️

⏳ Millennia of Habitation

👑 Bronze Age Kingdom and Finds

🏛️ Excavation Legacy

Key Landmarks 📍

🏰 Sidon Sea Castle

🏺 Khan al-Franj

🏛️ Debbane Palace

🌿 Eshmun Temple

Notable Figures 👤

🏛️ Ancient & Classical Era

⭐ Modern Influence

International Connections 🤝

🌐 Sister Cities

Biblical Mentions 📖

📜 Old Testament Narratives

✝️ New Testament Accounts

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

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❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

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References

📜 References

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Introduction

A Historic Port City

Geographic Significance

Enduring Legacy

Etymology

Naming Through Ages

Classical and Modern Names

Historical Trajectory

Ancient Phoenician Powerhouse

Empires and Conquests

Medieval and Modern Eras

Cultural and Economic Contributions

Masters of Craftsmanship

Mythological Roots

Biblical Significance

Archaeological Discoveries

Millennia of Habitation

Bronze Age Kingdom and Finds

Excavation Legacy

Key Landmarks

Sidon Sea Castle

Khan al-Franj

Debbane Palace

Eshmun Temple

Notable Figures

Ancient & Classical Era

Modern Influence

International Connections

Sister Cities

Biblical Mentions

Old Testament Narratives

New Testament Accounts

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice