Who was Sitting Bull and what was his primary role in the late 19th century?

Sitting Bull, known in Lakota as Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake, was a Hunkpapa Lakota leader and holy man. He played a crucial role in leading his people during years of resistance against the policies of the United States government.

What significant vision did Sitting Bull reportedly have before the Battle of the Little Bighorn?

Before the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Sitting Bull had a vision where he saw many soldiers, described as being "as thick as grasshoppers," falling upside down into the Lakota camp. His people interpreted this as a prophecy of a major victory where many soldiers would be killed.

What was the outcome of the Battle of the Little Bighorn for Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer's command?

During the Battle of the Little Bighorn on June 25, 1876, the confederated Lakota and Northern Cheyenne tribes, inspired by Sitting Bull's leadership, defeated the 7th Cavalry under Custer. Custer's battalion was annihilated, fulfilling Sitting Bull's prophetic vision.

Following the Battle of the Little Bighorn, where did Sitting Bull lead his band, and for how long did they stay there?

In response to the U.S. government sending thousands more soldiers, Sitting Bull refused to surrender and led his band north to Wood Mountain in the North-West Territories (now Saskatchewan, Canada). They remained in exile there for four years.

What circumstances led to Sitting Bull's surrender in 1881?

After four years in Canada, Sitting Bull and his followers returned to U.S. territory and surrendered in July 1881. This decision was driven by hunger and desperation due to the depletion of buffalo herds in Canada.

What significant event occurred during Sitting Bull's surrender ceremony at Fort Buford?

Upon surrendering his Winchester rifle to Major David H. Brotherton at Fort Buford, Sitting Bull stated, "I wish it to be remembered that I was the last man of my tribe to surrender my rifle." This marked a poignant moment in his surrender.

Where was Sitting Bull transferred after his surrender, and for how long was he held?

After surrendering, Sitting Bull and his band were transferred to Fort Yates, adjacent to the Standing Rock Agency. Later, they were moved to Fort Randall and held as prisoners of war for 20 months before being allowed to return to the Standing Rock Agency in May 1883.

What role did James McLaughlin play in the events leading to Sitting Bull's death?

James McLaughlin, the U.S. Indian agent at Fort Yates, feared Sitting Bull's influence on the Ghost Dance movement. Believing Sitting Bull was about to flee the reservation with Ghost Dancers, McLaughlin ordered his arrest, which ultimately led to the confrontation and Sitting Bull's death.

How did Sitting Bull die, and who was involved in his death?

Sitting Bull was shot and killed on December 15, 1890, during an attempt by Indian agency police to arrest him. The police officers involved were Lieutenant Bull Head and Red Tomahawk. The shooting occurred after Sitting Bull's supporters resisted the arrest.

What was Sitting Bull's birth name and the meaning of his commonly known name?

Sitting Bull's birth name was Jumping Badger (Jumping Bull), and he was also nicknamed "Slow" due to his careful nature. His Lakota name, Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake, translates to "Buffalo Bull Who Sits Down," which is commonly referred to in English as Sitting Bull.

What significant event marked Sitting Bull's passage into manhood as a Lakota warrior?

When Sitting Bull was 14 years old, he bravely participated in a raid against Crow warriors, counting coup on one of them. In recognition of this bravery, his father conferred his own name, Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake, upon him and presented him with an eagle feather, a warrior's horse, and a buffalo hide shield.

What was Red Cloud's War, and what was Sitting Bull's involvement?

Red Cloud's War (1866-1868) was an uprising led by the Oglala Lakota leader Red Cloud against U.S. forces to retain control of the Powder River Country. Sitting Bull supported Red Cloud by leading numerous war parties against forts like Fort Berthold, Fort Stevenson, and Fort Buford.

Did Sitting Bull agree to the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868?

No, Sitting Bull did not agree to the Treaty of Fort Laramie signed in July 1868. He informed the Jesuit missionary Pierre Jean De Smet that he wished "all to know that I do not propose to sell any part of my country."

What discovery in the Black Hills in 1874 led to increased tensions with the Lakota?

In 1874, Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer led a military expedition into the Black Hills and announced the discovery of gold. This announcement triggered the Black Hills Gold Rush, leading to increased encroachment by European Americans and heightened tensions with the Lakota.

How did the U.S. government justify military action against Lakota bands after the Black Hills Gold Rush?

Failing to negotiate a purchase of the Black Hills, the U.S. government ordered all Sioux bands outside the Great Sioux Reservation to move onto it. By February 1, 1876, the Interior Department certified those who did not comply as "hostile," allowing the military to pursue them.

What was Sitting Bull's role during the Sun Dance ceremony a week before the Battle of the Little Bighorn?

A week prior to the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Sitting Bull performed the Sun Dance, a significant spiritual ceremony. During this ritual, he fasted and sacrificed over 100 pieces of flesh from his arms, acting as a spiritual leader for his people during the conflict.

What was Sitting Bull's relationship with James Morrow Walsh of the North-West Mounted Police?

While in exile in Canada, Sitting Bull met James Morrow Walsh, commander of the North-West Mounted Police. Walsh explained British law to Sitting Bull, and the two developed a friendship, with Walsh becoming an advocate for Sitting Bull.

What was Sitting Bull's impression of Annie Oakley, and what name did he give her?

Sitting Bull was highly impressed by Annie Oakley's sharpshooting skills, considering her "gifted" by supernatural means. He symbolically adopted her as a daughter and named her "Little Sure Shot," a name she used throughout her career.

What was Sitting Bull's contribution to Buffalo Bill Cody's Wild West show?

In 1885, Sitting Bull was permitted to join Buffalo Bill Cody's Wild West show. He was a popular attraction, earning about $50 per week for riding once around the arena. Historians suggest he gave speeches advocating for education and improved relations between Sioux and whites.

What did Sitting Bull reportedly say during his time with Buffalo Bill's Wild West show, according to some accounts?

While some historians, like Robert Utley, dispute it, Edward Lazarus and Michael Hiltzik report that Sitting Bull cursed his audiences in Lakota, stating "I hate all White people" and calling them "thieves and liars." However, his translator reportedly read a different, amicable speech.

What was the Ghost Dance movement, and how did Sitting Bull interact with it?

The Ghost Dance movement was a spiritual revival that preached the resurrection of Native peoples and the return of the buffalo, featuring dances and sacred shirts believed to ward off bullets. When the movement reached Standing Rock, Sitting Bull allowed the dancers to gather at his camp, viewing him as a key instigator.

What happened to Sitting Bull's cabin after his death?

Following Sitting Bull's death, his cabin located on the Grand River was transported to Chicago to be displayed as an exhibit at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition.

When and where was Sitting Bull's body exhumed and reburied?

In 1953, Lakota family members exhumed what they believed to be Sitting Bull's remains from Fort Yates, North Dakota. They transported and reinterred them near Mobridge, South Dakota, close to his birthplace.

What honor did Standing Rock College receive in Sitting Bull's name?

In recognition of his legacy, Standing Rock College was renamed Sitting Bull College on March 6, 1996. The college continues to serve as an institution of higher education on the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation.

In which popular culture media has Sitting Bull been depicted?

Sitting Bull has been featured in numerous Hollywood films and documentaries, including *Sitting Bull: The Hostile Sioux Indian Chief* (1914), *Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson* (1976), *Crazy Horse* (1995), and the miniseries *Into the West* (2005).

What was Sitting Bull's birth name and the approximate period of his birth?

Sitting Bull's birth name was Jumping Badger (Jumping Bull), and he was born sometime between 1831 and 1837. His great-grandson stated from oral tradition that he was born along the Yellowstone River.

What did Sitting Bull reportedly say to Jesuit missionary Pierre Jean De Smet regarding his land?

When asked by Pierre Jean De Smet about the Treaty of Fort Laramie, Sitting Bull stated, "I wish all to know that I do not propose to sell any part of my country." This demonstrated his firm stance against ceding Lakota territory.

What was the significance of the 1874 Black Hills Expedition led by Custer?

The 1874 Black Hills Expedition, led by Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer, explored the Black Hills for gold and a suitable fort location. Custer's announcement of gold discovery triggered the Black Hills Gold Rush, escalating tensions between the U.S. government and the Lakota.

What was the primary reason for Sitting Bull's band being designated as "hostiles" by the U.S. government in 1876?

Following the discovery of gold in the Black Hills and failed attempts to purchase the land, the U.S. government ordered all Sioux bands off the Great Sioux Reservation. Bands that did not comply, including Sitting Bull's, were certified as "hostile" by the Interior Department, enabling military pursuit.

What was Sitting Bull's role during the Battle of the Little Bighorn?

During the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Sitting Bull did not take a direct military role. Instead, he served as a spiritual leader for the Lakota and Cheyenne forces.

What did Sitting Bull say upon surrendering his rifle at Fort Buford?

Upon surrendering his rifle at Fort Buford, Sitting Bull addressed Major David H. Brotherton, stating, "I wish it to be remembered that I was the last man of my tribe to surrender my rifle."

What was the "Sitting Bull Connection" tour?

The "Sitting Bull Connection" was a tour in 1884 organized by promoter Alvaren Allen, which allowed Sitting Bull to travel parts of Canada and the northern United States. It was during this tour that he met Annie Oakley.

What did Sitting Bull's speeches during the Wild West show reportedly advocate for?

Historians have reported that during his time with Buffalo Bill's Wild West show, Sitting Bull gave speeches expressing his desire for education for the young and advocating for the reconciliation of relations between the Sioux people and white Americans.

What was the significance of Caroline Weldon's involvement with Sitting Bull?

Caroline Weldon, an Indian Rights Activist, reached out to Sitting Bull in 1889, acting as his voice, secretary, interpreter, and advocate. She joined him and his family at his compound on the Grand River.

What was the outcome of the struggle to arrest Sitting Bull on December 15, 1890?

The attempt to arrest Sitting Bull resulted in a violent confrontation. Sitting Bull was shot and killed, along with seven of his supporters, while the police force suffered casualties as well, including Lieutenant Bull Head.

What is the legacy of Sitting Bull College?

Standing Rock College was renamed Sitting Bull College in 1996 to honor the Lakota leader. It serves as a vital institution of higher education for the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe in North Dakota and South Dakota.

What did Eske Willerslev's research team confirm about Sitting Bull's descendants in 2021?

In October 2021, Eske Willerslev confirmed the claims of Lakota writer and activist Ernie LaPointe that he and his three sisters are Sitting Bull's biological great-grandchildren, based on DNA analysis of a hair sample.

What is the meaning of Sitting Bull's Lakota name, Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake?

The Lakota name Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake, commonly known as Sitting Bull, translates to "Buffalo Bull Who Sits Down." This name reflects his connection to the buffalo, a vital resource for his people.

What was the primary objective of Red Cloud's War?

Red Cloud's War was fought by the Oglala Lakota leader Red Cloud against U.S. forces from 1866 to 1868. Its main goal was to maintain Lakota control over the Powder River Country in present-day Montana.

What was the impact of the Panic of 1873 on railroad construction through Lakota territory?

The Panic of 1873 caused the bankruptcy of backers for the Northern Pacific Railway, such as Jay Cooke. This financial crisis halted the planned construction of the railroad through Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota territories.

What did Sitting Bull reportedly say about his country in relation to the Treaty of Fort Laramie?

Sitting Bull conveyed to Jesuit missionary Pierre Jean De Smet that he would not sell any part of his country, stating, "I wish all to know that I do not propose to sell any part of my country." This highlights his commitment to preserving Lakota lands.

What was the significance of the Sun Dance ceremony Sitting Bull performed before the Battle of the Little Bighorn?

The Sun Dance Sitting Bull performed a week before the Battle of the Little Bighorn involved fasting and self-sacrifice, including cutting pieces of flesh from his arms. This ritual was central to his role as a spiritual leader and was seen as a preparation for the coming conflict.

What was the nature of the relationship between Sitting Bull and James Morrow Walsh?

James Morrow Walsh, a commander of the North-West Mounted Police, developed a friendship with Sitting Bull during his exile in Canada. Walsh acted as an advocate for Sitting Bull and ensured he understood the laws of the land.

What did Annie Oakley state about Sitting Bull's perception of her?

Annie Oakley stated that Sitting Bull made a "great pet" of her. This reflects the mutual admiration and respect that developed between the Lakota leader and the sharpshooter.

What did Sitting Bull reportedly do with the money he earned from Buffalo Bill's Wild West show?

Although Sitting Bull earned money from his appearances and autographs during the Wild West show, he often gave the money away to the homeless and beggars, demonstrating his generosity.

What were the underlying causes of tension between Sitting Bull and Agent McLaughlin?

Tensions between Sitting Bull and Agent James McLaughlin at the Standing Rock Agency were fueled by issues such as the division and sale of parts of the Great Sioux Reservation, and McLaughlin's fear of Sitting Bull's influence on the Ghost Dance movement.

What was the stated reason for the arrest of Sitting Bull on December 15, 1890?

Agent James McLaughlin ordered the arrest of Sitting Bull because authorities feared he would flee the reservation and join the Ghost Dance movement. The arrest was intended to prevent him from supporting this religious revival.

What happened to Sitting Bull's cabin after his death?

Following Sitting Bull's death, his cabin was taken to Chicago to be exhibited at the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, serving as a historical artifact.

What honor did Sitting Bull College receive in his name?

In 1996, Standing Rock College was renamed Sitting Bull College in honor of the Lakota leader. This institution serves as a center for higher education on the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation.

What did Sitting Bull's ledger drawings represent?

Sitting Bull's ledger drawings, preserved by institutions like the Smithsonian, offer visual records of his life and experiences, providing insight into Lakota culture and history during a period of significant change.

What was the significance of the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) in relation to Sitting Bull's territory?

The Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) established the Great Sioux Reservation, which included the Black Hills. Sitting Bull refused to recognize this treaty as legitimate for selling Lakota land, continuing his resistance.

Sitting Bull Wiki: Tatanka Iyotake: The Enduring Legacy of Sitting Bull

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Sitting Bull: A Profile

Name & Titles

Known as Tatanka Iyotake (Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake), meaning "Buffalo Bull Who Sits Down". Widely recognized as a Hunkpapa Lakota holy man and leader.

Lifespan

Born circa 1831–1837 near the Grand River, Dakota Territory. Died December 15, 1890, on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation, South Dakota, aged 53–57, from a gunshot wound.

Known For

Leading his people during years of resistance against United States government policies, notably inspiring the Lakota at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

Family

Married multiple times, including Light Hair, Four-Robes-Woman, and Snow-on-Her. Fathered several children, including Crow Foot and William Sitting Bull (Runs-away-from-him).

Early Life and Rise

Birth and Naming

Born between 1831 and 1837, likely along the Yellowstone River. Initially named Jumping Badger, he earned the name Tatanka Iyotake ("Buffalo Bull Who Sits Down") after bravely counting coup on a Crow warrior, signifying his passage into manhood and warrior status.

Early Conflicts

Participated in raids and skirmishes from a young age. In 1864, he was wounded in the hip during a battle against General Alfred Sully's troops, an event that did not deter his continued resistance.

Red Cloud's War

From 1866 to 1868, Sitting Bull supported Red Cloud's War, leading numerous attacks against U.S. forts and survey parties in the Powder River Country. He notably refused to sign the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868), asserting his intent to protect Lakota lands.

The Great Sioux War

Gold Rush and Treaty Violations

The discovery of gold in the Black Hills in 1874, following Lt. Col. Custer's expedition, triggered a gold rush and intensified conflict. The U.S. government sought to circumvent the Treaty of Fort Laramie, pressuring the Lakota to move onto reservations, which Sitting Bull resisted.

Escalating Tensions

In early 1876, the government declared bands living off-reservation as "hostiles," authorizing military pursuit. This led to a convergence of Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho peoples at Sitting Bull's camp, creating a large, unified village estimated at over 10,000 people.

Spiritual Leadership

Prior to the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Sitting Bull performed a Sun Dance, involving fasting and self-sacrifice, demonstrating his spiritual leadership. He foresaw a Lakota victory where many soldiers would fall.

Battle of the Little Bighorn

Encounter at the Greasy Grass

On June 25, 1876, Custer's 7th Cavalry encountered Sitting Bull's large encampment along the Little Bighorn River (the Greasy Grass River to the Lakota).

Lakota Victory

While Sitting Bull acted primarily as a spiritual leader, his followers, led by Crazy Horse, counterattacked Custer's forces. The battle resulted in a decisive victory for the Lakota and Cheyenne, annihilating Custer's immediate command.

Aftermath

The victory, though significant, led to increased U.S. military pressure. Facing overwhelming force, Sitting Bull led his band into exile in Canada for four years, refusing offers of pardon until conditions forced his return.

Surrender and Captivity

Return to U.S. Territory

In July 1881, due to hardship and starvation, Sitting Bull and 186 followers surrendered at Fort Buford. He famously stated his desire to be remembered as the last to surrender his rifle.

Prisoner of War

Initially held separately at Fort Yates, then transferred to Fort Randall as prisoners of war for 20 months. They were allowed to return to Standing Rock Agency in May 1883, but remained under close scrutiny.

Wild West and Cultural Exchange

Buffalo Bill's Show

In 1885, Sitting Bull joined Buffalo Bill Cody's "Wild West" show, becoming a popular attraction. He earned money by selling autographs and photographs, often distributing the funds to those in need.

Mutual Respect

During this period, Sitting Bull developed a mutual respect with sharpshooter Annie Oakley, symbolically adopting her as a daughter and naming her "Little Sure Shot." He also reportedly delivered speeches advocating for education and improved relations.

The Ghost Dance Movement

Spiritual Revival

In 1889, a spiritual movement known as the Ghost Dance spread among the Sioux, preaching resurrection and the return of buffalo herds. Sitting Bull allowed the dancers to gather at his camp, viewing him as a central figure.

Growing Alarm

The movement, including the belief in "ghost shirts" offering protection, caused alarm among white settlers and authorities. This heightened suspicion contributed to the events leading to his death.

Tragic End

Attempted Arrest

Fearing Sitting Bull's influence over the Ghost Dance movement, Indian agent James McLaughlin ordered his arrest on December 15, 1890. The arrest attempt escalated into a confrontation.

Fatal Confrontation

During the struggle, Sitting Bull was shot by Lakota police officers Lieutenant Bull Head and Red Tomahawk. He died later that day, along with several others in the ensuing fight.

Burial and Reinterment

Initially buried at Fort Yates, his remains were reportedly exhumed in 1953 by family members and reburied near his birthplace in Mobridge, South Dakota.

Enduring Legacy

Cultural Icon

Sitting Bull's cabin was exhibited at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition. He has been honored with a U.S. postage stamp and had a college named after him, recognizing his significance.

Symbol of Resistance

He remains a powerful symbol of Native American resistance against oppression and a figure celebrated for his leadership and spiritual strength in the face of immense cultural change.

Ongoing Study

His life and legacy continue to be studied, including efforts to sequence his genome using historical samples, underscoring his lasting impact on history and culture.

Representation in Culture

Film and Media

Sitting Bull has been portrayed in numerous films, documentaries, and television series, reflecting evolving perspectives on his life and the history of the American West.

Films like Annie Get Your Gun (1950) and Buffalo Bill and the Indians (1976).
Miniseries such as Into the West (2005) and Woman Walks Ahead (2017).
Documentaries and historical dramas highlighting his role.

Modern Influence

His image and influence extend into modern culture, appearing in video games like Civilization IV and recognized in children's literature, such as President Obama's book, Of Thee I Sing.

Sources

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References

Bridger, Bobby. Buffalo Bill and Sitting Bull: Inventing the Wild West. University of Texas Press, 2002, pp. 270â88

Dempsey, H. A. (1972). Crowfoot, Chief of the Blackfeet (1st ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, P. 91

Reis, Ronald A. Legends of the Wild West: Sitting Bull Infobase Publishing, 2010, pp. 81â82

Pollack, Eileen. Woman Walking Ahead: In Search of Catherine Weldon and Sitting Bull. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002

Richardson, Heather Cox. Wounded Knee: Party Politics and the Road to an American Massacre. New York: Basic Books, 2010

Matteoni, Norman E. The Struggle between Sitting Bull and Indian Agent James McLaughlin. Guilford CT: 2015

Dippie, Brian W. The Vanishing American: White Attitudes and U.S. Indian Policy. Middleton, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1982.

Snider, G.L., A Maker of Shavings, the Life of Edward Forte, Formerly 1st Sergeant, Troop "D", 7th Cavalry, 1936

Sitting Bull: The Hostile Sioux Indian Chief at the TCM Movie Database

Annie Oakley at the TCM Movie Database

Annie Get Your Gun at the TCM Movie Database

Sitting Bull at the TCM Movie Database

Into the West at TV Guide

A full list of references for this article are available at the Sitting Bull Wikipedia page

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Disclaimer

Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

Historical Context Advisory: This content discusses historical events involving significant cultural conflict and violence. While presented factually based on the source, it is essential to approach this history with sensitivity and an understanding of the complex perspectives involved.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

Tatanka Iyotake

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Sitting Bull: A Profile ℹ️

👤 Name & Titles

📅 Lifespan

⚔️ Known For

👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Family

Early Life and Rise 📜

👶 Birth and Naming

🛡️ Early Conflicts

🤝 Red Cloud's War

The Great Sioux War ⚔️

💰 Gold Rush and Treaty Violations

🔥 Escalating Tensions

🕊️ Spiritual Leadership

Battle of the Little Bighorn 💥

📍 Encounter at the Greasy Grass

🏆 Lakota Victory

repercussions Aftermath

Surrender and Captivity 🤝

➡️ Return to U.S. Territory

⛓️ Prisoner of War

Wild West and Cultural Exchange 🎭

🎪 Buffalo Bill's Show

⭐ Mutual Respect

The Ghost Dance Movement 🕊️

🙏 Spiritual Revival

🚨 Growing Alarm

Tragic End 💀

👮 Attempted Arrest

🔫 Fatal Confrontation

⚰️ Burial and Reinterment

Enduring Legacy 🌟

🏛️ Cultural Icon

🌍 Symbol of Resistance

🔬 Ongoing Study

Representation in Culture 🎬

🎬 Film and Media

🎮 Modern Influence

Sources 📚

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Sitting Bull: A Profile

Name & Titles

Lifespan

Known For

Family

Early Life and Rise

Birth and Naming

Early Conflicts

Red Cloud's War

The Great Sioux War

Gold Rush and Treaty Violations

Escalating Tensions

Spiritual Leadership

Battle of the Little Bighorn

Encounter at the Greasy Grass

Lakota Victory

Aftermath

Surrender and Captivity

Return to U.S. Territory

Prisoner of War

Wild West and Cultural Exchange

Buffalo Bill's Show

Mutual Respect

The Ghost Dance Movement

Spiritual Revival

Growing Alarm

Tragic End

Attempted Arrest

Fatal Confrontation

Burial and Reinterment

Enduring Legacy

Cultural Icon

Symbol of Resistance

Ongoing Study

Representation in Culture

Film and Media

Modern Influence

Sources

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice