What is the full name and abbreviation of the political party known as SPD in Germany?

The full name of the political party known as SPD is the Social Democratic Party of Germany, which in German is *Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands*. Its common abbreviation is SPD.

What is the primary ideology of the Social Democratic Party of Germany?

The primary ideology of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) is social democracy, a political, social, and economic ideology that supports economic and social interventions to promote social justice within a liberal democratic polity and a capitalist economy.

What is the political position of the SPD within the German political spectrum?

The SPD occupies a centre-left political position within the German political spectrum, indicating its alignment with policies that balance social welfare with economic liberalism.

When was the Social Democratic Party of Germany founded, and from which parties did it emerge?

The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) was founded on 27 May 1875. It resulted from a merger of two smaller socialist parties: the General German Workers' Association (ADAV) and the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (SDAP).

Who are the current co-leaders of the Social Democratic Party of Germany as of 2025?

As of 2025, the co-leaders of the Social Democratic Party of Germany are Bärbel Bas and Lars Klingbeil. They share the leadership responsibilities for the party.

What is the current membership count of the SPD as of 2024?

As of 2024, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) has a membership of 365,190, which represents a decrease from previous years.

Where is the headquarters of the Social Democratic Party of Germany located?

The headquarters of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) is located at Willy-Brandt-Haus in D-10911 Berlin, Germany.

What is the official newspaper of the SPD?

The official newspaper of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) is *Vorwärts*, which translates to 'Forward' in English.

Which think tank is affiliated with the Social Democratic Party of Germany?

The Friedrich Ebert Foundation is the think tank affiliated with the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). Political foundations in Germany are often closely linked to political parties and engage in political education and research.

What are some of the specialized wings or affiliated organizations within the SPD?

The SPD has several specialized wings and affiliated organizations, including the Juso-Hochschulgruppen (student wing), Young Socialists in the SPD (youth wing), Association of Social Democratic Women (women's wing), and SPDqueer (LGBT+ wing).

Did the SPD have a paramilitary wing, and if so, what was its name and period of operation?

Yes, the SPD had a paramilitary wing called *Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold*, which operated from 1924 to 1933. Paramilitary organizations were common among political parties in Germany during the Weimar Republic era.

What is the SPD's affiliation with European political parties and parliamentary groups?

The SPD holds pro-European stances and is affiliated with the Party of European Socialists (PES). Within the European Parliament, it sits with the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) group, where it is the third-largest party with 14 MEPs.

What was the SPD's relationship with the Socialist International, and what international alliance did it subsequently form?

The SPD was a founding member of the Socialist International but left in 2013 due to criticisms regarding its acceptance of parties perceived to be violating human rights. Following this, the SPD subsequently founded the Progressive Alliance, which was joined by numerous other parties worldwide.

How did the SPD's influence and size change after the lifting of Germany's Anti-Socialist Laws in 1890?

After the lifting of Germany's repressive Anti-Socialist Laws in 1890, the SPD grew rapidly, becoming the largest socialist party in Western Europe until 1933. It consistently became the most popular party in German federal elections from 1890 onward, although the electoral system often prevented it from winning the most seats in the Reichstag.

What was the significance of the Erfurt Program adopted by the SPD in 1891?

The Erfurt Program, adopted by the SPD in 1891, was Marxist-influenced in principle. However, in practice, the party remained moderate and focused on building working-class organizations, indicating a pragmatic approach to achieving its goals.

What was the SPD's electoral performance in the 1912 federal election, and what was its governmental status?

In the 1912 federal election, the SPD won 34.8 percent of the votes and secured 110 seats, making it the largest party in the Reichstag. Despite its electoral success, the party was still excluded from government at that time.

How did the SPD respond to the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, and what policy did it adopt?

After the start of the First World War in 1914, the SPD supported the German war effort. It adopted a policy known as *Burgfriedenspolitik*, which involved refraining from calling strikes or criticizing the government, in a show of national unity.

What internal division occurred within the SPD during World War I?

During World War I, internal opposition to the SPD's pro-war policy grew, leading to a split. Anti-war members were expelled in 1916 and 1917, which resulted in the formation of the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD). Some members of the USPD later formed the Communist Party of Germany (KPD).

What significant role did the SPD play in the German Revolution of 1918–1919?

The SPD played a leading role in the German Revolution of 1918–1919. On 9 November 1918, leading SPD member Friedrich Ebert was designated chancellor, and fellow Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann unilaterally proclaimed Germany a republic.

What reforms did the SPD government introduce following the German Revolution?

In the months following the German Revolution, the SPD government introduced a large number of reforms, including various civil liberties and labor rights, aiming to improve the conditions for the populace.

How did the SPD's actions during the German Revolution lead to a permanent split with other socialist groups?

The SPD government used military force against communist and socialist revolutionary groups during the German Revolution. This action led to a permanent split between the SPD and the Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD), as well as the Spartacist League, which went on to form the Communist Party of Germany (KPD).

What was the SPD's position in the Weimar Republic after the 1919 federal election?

The SPD was the largest party during the first 13 years of the new Weimar Republic. It decisively won the 1919 federal election with 37.9 percent of votes, and Friedrich Ebert became the first president of Germany in February 1919.

When did the SPD lose the chancellery during the Weimar Republic, and who succeeded Friedrich Ebert as president?

The SPD lost a substantial portion of its support in the 1920 federal election, falling to 22 percent of votes, and subsequently yielded the chancellery to other parties, though it remained part of the government until 1924. Friedrich Ebert died in 1925 and was succeeded by the conservative Paul von Hindenburg.

What was the SPD's stance on the Enabling Act of 1933, and what were the consequences for the party?

The SPD was the only party present in the Reichstag that voted against the Enabling Act of 1933, a law that effectively granted Adolf Hitler dictatorial powers. Most communist deputies had already been arrested before the vote. The SPD was subsequently banned in June 1933, and many of its members were imprisoned or killed, while others fled the country, operating in exile as the Sopade.

How was the SPD re-established after World War II in the different occupation zones?

After World War II, the re-establishment of the SPD was permitted in the Western occupation zones in 1945. However, in the Soviet occupation zone, the SPD was forcibly merged with the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) in 1946 to form the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), which became the ruling party of East Germany until 1989.

What was the significance of the Godesberg Program of 1959 for the SPD?

In its 1959 Godesberg Program, the SPD dropped its commitment to Marxism, marking a major ideological shift. This move aimed to broaden the party's voter base and position it as a 'big tent' party of the centre-left, appealing to middle-class voters rather than solely the working class.

Who were the SPD chancellors of West Germany from 1969 to 1982?

The SPD led the federal government of West Germany from 1969 to 1982 under two chancellors: Willy Brandt (1969-1974) and Helmut Schmidt (1974-1982).

What was 'Ostpolitik,' and which SPD chancellor was associated with it?

Ostpolitik was a foreign policy initiated by SPD Chancellor Willy Brandt, who served from 1969 to 1974. This policy aimed to normalize relations with East Germany and the broader Eastern Bloc, seeking to ease Cold War tensions through diplomacy and engagement.

What was the SPD's best-ever electoral result in the Bundestag, and when did it occur?

The SPD achieved its best-ever electoral result in the Bundestag in 1972, winning 45.8 percent of the votes. This was one of only three occasions in which it formed the largest Bundestag faction.

How did the SPD return to government in 1998, and who became chancellor?

The SPD returned to government in 1998 after the federal election, forming a coalition with The Greens. Gerhard Schröder became the new chancellor, leading the federal government.

What was the outcome for the SPD in the 2021 German federal election, and who became chancellor?

In the September 2021 German federal election, the SPD narrowly won against the CDU/CSU, becoming the biggest party in the federal parliament (Bundestag). Social Democrat Olaf Scholz subsequently became the new chancellor in December 2021, forming a coalition government with the Green Party and the Free Democrats.

What was the result for the SPD in the 2025 German federal election?

In the 2025 German federal election, the SPD achieved its worst result in post-war history, securing just 120 seats. The party placed third behind Alternative for Germany (AfD) and became a junior coalition partner in a CDU/CSU-led government.

What is the SPD's vision of democratic socialism as described in its Hamburg Programme of 2007?

The SPD's Hamburg Programme, adopted in 2007, describes democratic socialism as 'the vision of a free and fair society in solidarity.' It emphasizes that this vision requires 'a structure in economy, state and society guaranteeing civil, political, social and economic basic rights for all people living a life without exploitation, suppression and violence, hence in social and human security,' with its realization being a 'permanent task.' Social democracy serves as the 'principle of our actions.'

What are the core principles that form the basis of social democracy according to the SPD's party platform?

According to the SPD's party platform, political freedom, justice, and social solidarity form the fundamental basis of social democracy, aiming to create a society where these values are paramount.

What are the SPD's key economic and fiscal policy stances?

The SPD advocates for strengthening the coordinated social market economy to ensure the affluence of the entire population, with its output distributed fairly. In fiscal policy, it supports austerity, opposing state-run deficits and favoring debt reduction. It also supports economic regulations to limit potential losses for banks and individuals, and a common European economic and financial policy to prevent speculative bubbles and foster environmentally sustainable growth.

What is the SPD's position on social policy and foreign policy?

In social policy, the SPD champions civil and political rights within an open society. In foreign policy, the party aims to ensure global peace by balancing global interests through democratic means, with European integration being a main priority. Under Olaf Scholz's chancellorship, the party has also outlined principles for a new German defense policy in the 'Zeitenwende speech.'

How has the SPD responded to the Gaza war under Olaf Scholz's chancellorship?

During the Gaza war, the SPD, under Olaf Scholz's chancellorship, authorized substantial German military and medical aid to Israel. The party has also denounced the actions of Hamas and other Palestinian militant groups.

What are the two main internal wings or factions within the SPD?

The SPD is primarily composed of members belonging to two main internal wings: the Keynesian social democrats and the Third Way moderate social democrats, who are largely associated with the Seeheimer Kreis.

What is the main difference in policy views between the Keynesian social democrats and the Seeheimer Kreis within the SPD?

The more moderate Seeheimer Kreis generally supports the Agenda 2010 programs introduced by former Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, which involved economic liberal stances. In contrast, the classical Keynesian social democrats continue to defend traditional left-wing policies and the welfare state, often criticizing reforms like Agenda 2010 and Hartz IV for curtailing the welfare state.

What was the 'Agenda 2010,' and how did it lead to a dissident movement within the SPD?

The 'Agenda 2010' refers to a series of economic and social reforms introduced by Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, which were seen by some as economically liberal. In reaction to these programs, an inner-party dissident movement developed, leading to the foundation of a new party, Labour and Social Justice – The Electoral Alternative (WASG), in 2005. This party later merged into The Left (*Die Linke*) in 2007.

What is the 'Parlamentarische Linke' within the SPD?

The 'Parlamentarische Linke' is a group comprising left-wing Members of the German Bundestag who belong to the SPD, representing a specific ideological current within the party's parliamentary group.

What was the SPD's traditional electorate prior to World War II?

Prior to World War II, the SPD, as the main non-revolutionary left-wing party, fared best among non-Catholic workers. It also attracted intellectuals who favored social progressive causes and increased economic equality.

How did the SPD's electoral strategy and appeal change after Kurt Schumacher's death in post-WWII West Germany?

After Kurt Schumacher's death, the SPD, which had initially fiercely opposed both the social market economy and Konrad Adenauer's drive towards Western integration, accepted these policies. This shift was a strategic move to appeal to a broader range of voters beyond its traditional base, becoming a 'big tent' party.

What is the current geographic distribution of SPD support in Germany?

Much of the SPD's current-day support comes from large cities, particularly in northern and western Germany, including Berlin. As of 2019, SPD mayors lead 10 of the country's 15 biggest cities. Historically, the Ruhr Area, known for coal mining and steel production, has been a significant base. The city of Bremen has been continuously governed by the SPD since 1949.

Where does the SPD typically garner less support in Germany?

The SPD typically garners less support in southern Germany, with the exception of its largest cities. It is weakest in the south-eastern states of Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia, where its percentage of votes dropped to single-digit figures in the 2018 and 2019 elections.

Where does the SPD find support in small towns and rural areas?

In small towns and rural areas, the SPD finds support particularly in traditionally Protestant areas of northern Germany and Brandenburg. An example is East Frisia, a Reformed Protestant region with a strong historical streak of anti-Catholicism, which is one of the SPD's strongest constituencies.

Who was the first federal leader of the SPD after World War II, and for what period did he serve?

The first federal leader of the SPD after World War II was Kurt Schumacher, who served from 1946 to 1952.

Which SPD politician served as the first President of Germany in the Weimar Republic?

Friedrich Ebert, an SPD politician, served as the first President of Germany from 1919 to 1925 during the Weimar Republic.

Who were the SPD members who served as Federal Presidents of Germany in the Federal Republic era?

In the Federal Republic era, three SPD members have served as Federal Presidents of Germany: Gustav Heinemann (1969–1974), Johannes Rau (1999–2004), and Frank-Walter Steinmeier (2017–present). Jens Böhrnsen also served as acting President.

Who was the SPD's lead candidate in the 2025 German federal election?

Olaf Scholz was the SPD's lead candidate in the 2025 German federal election.

What was the SPD's electoral performance in the 1890 German federal election?

In the 1890 German federal election, the SPD received 1,427,323 votes, accounting for 19.7% of the total, making it the largest party by vote share. It secured 35 out of 397 seats in the Reichstag and remained in opposition.

Social Democratic Party Of Germany Wiki: The SPD: Forging Modern Germany from Marx to the Market

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Party Overview

Core Identity

The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) is a major centre-left, social democratic political party. As one of Germany's two principal political forces, it has profoundly shaped the nation's trajectory. Currently co-led by Lars Klingbeil and Bärbel Bas, the SPD is a member of 12 of the 16 state governments. Following the 2025 federal election, the party serves as the junior coalition partner in the government.

Historical Significance

Founded in 1875, the SPD is Germany's oldest extant political party. It grew from a Marxist-influenced workers' party into Europe's largest socialist organization before 1933. The party was instrumental in founding the Weimar Republic, with its member Friedrich Ebert serving as the first German president. It holds the distinction of being the only party in the Reichstag to vote unanimously against the Nazi Enabling Act of 1933, leading to its subsequent ban and persecution.

Post-War Evolution

Re-established in West Germany after World War II, the SPD underwent a pivotal ideological transformation with its 1959 Godesberg Program, formally abandoning Marxism to become a big-tent, centre-left party. This shift paved the way for its leadership of the federal government under chancellors Willy Brandt, Helmut Schmidt, Gerhard Schröder, and Olaf Scholz, defining key eras of German domestic and foreign policy.

A Chronicle of the SPD

Origins & German Empire (1863–1918)

The SPD's lineage traces back to the 1863 General German Workers' Association and the 1869 Social Democratic Workers' Party, which merged in 1875. Despite being banned under the Anti-Socialist Laws (1878–1890), the party's support grew, becoming the largest party by vote share in the 1912 federal election. Though radical in its Marxist principles, its practical approach was moderate. The immense pressures of World War I caused a schism, splitting the party into a pro-war majority and an anti-war faction.

Weimar Republic & Nazi Era (1918–1945)

The SPD was a central force in the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the establishment of the Weimar Republic. Its leaders, Friedrich Ebert and Philipp Scheidemann, became the first President and Chancellor, respectively. Throughout the turbulent Weimar years, the SPD remained a bulwark of democracy. In a defining moment of courage, it was the sole party to vote against the Enabling Act of 1933, which cemented Adolf Hitler's dictatorship. Subsequently banned, its members were persecuted, with many fleeing into exile to form the Sopade.

Post-War & Cold War (1945–1990)

After WWII, the SPD was re-established in West Germany, becoming a major political force opposite the CDU/CSU. In the Soviet-occupied East, it was forcibly merged with the Communist Party to form the ruling SED. The 1959 Godesberg Program marked a crucial ideological pivot, abandoning Marxism for a broader centre-left platform. This enabled the party to enter government, most notably under Chancellor Willy Brandt, whose Ostpolitik sought to normalize relations with the Eastern Bloc, and his successor Helmut Schmidt.

Reunification & Modern Era (1990–Present)

Following the fall of the Berlin Wall, the SPD merged with its newly re-founded East German counterpart. Under Gerhard Schröder, it led a "Red-Green" coalition from 1998 to 2005, implementing significant labor market reforms. For much of the next 16 years, it served as a junior partner in "Grand Coalitions" with the CDU/CSU under Angela Merkel. The party returned to the chancellery with Olaf Scholz after the 2021 election, forming a "traffic light coalition" with the Greens and FDP, which ended in 2024.

Ideology and Platform

Core Principles

The modern SPD is grounded in the principles of social democracy. Its platform espouses the goal of democratic socialism, defined as a society where freedom, social justice, and solidarity are paramount. The party views these values as the indispensable foundation for a society free from exploitation and suppression, ensuring social and human security for all citizens as a "permanent task."

Economic & Social Policy

The SPD advocates for a coordinated social market economy, emphasizing that its output must be distributed fairly to ensure the affluence of the entire population. A strong welfare state is a cornerstone of its policy. In social matters, the party champions civil and political rights within an open society. It supports robust economic regulations to protect consumers and prevent speculative bubbles, while promoting environmentally sustainable growth.

Foreign Policy

A key priority for the SPD is ensuring global peace through democratic means and balanced global interests. European integration is central to its foreign policy vision. Under Chancellor Scholz, the party initiated a significant shift in German defense policy, known as the Zeitenwende ("turning point"). During the Gaza war, the party authorized substantial military and medical aid to Israel, denouncing the actions of Hamas.

The SPD is broadly composed of two main wings:

Keynesian Social Democrats: Often referred to as the party's classical left wing, this faction defends traditional left-wing policies, emphasizing a strong welfare state. They have been critical of reforms like Agenda 2010, which they argue curtailed social protections.
Third Way Moderates (Seeheimer Kreis): This more centrist and economically liberal wing generally supports the pragmatic, reform-oriented policies introduced by Chancellor Gerhard Schröder. They focus on balancing social goals with economic competitiveness.

Tensions between these factions, particularly over the Agenda 2010 reforms, led to a significant number of members leaving to form a new party that eventually merged into The Left (Die Linke).

The Electorate

Social Base

Historically, the SPD's base consisted of non-Catholic industrial workers and intellectuals committed to social progress. After World War II, and especially following the Godesberg Program, the party broadened its appeal to include middle-class voters. Today, it maintains strong ties to trade unions and working-class voters, though its electorate has diversified significantly.

Geographic Distribution

The SPD's strongholds are concentrated in the large cities of northern and western Germany, as well as Berlin. The industrial Ruhr Area has long been a bastion of support. The party has governed the city-state of Bremen continuously since 1949. Support is traditionally weaker in the rural, more conservative southern states of Bavaria and Saxony, though the party has seen a resurgence in parts of the former East Germany in recent elections.

Leadership and Structure

Chancellors & Presidents

The SPD has produced some of Germany's most influential post-war leaders, shaping the nation's identity and its role in the world.

Federal Chancellors

Chancellor	Time in Office
Willy Brandt	1969–1974
Helmut Schmidt	1974–1982
Gerhard Schröder	1998–2005
Olaf Scholz	2021–2025

Federal Presidents

President	Time in Office
Gustav Heinemann	1969–1974
Johannes Rau	1999–2004
Frank-Walter Steinmeier	2017–present

Post-War Party Chairs

The leadership of the SPD has guided the party through opposition, coalition governments, and fundamental ideological shifts.

Leader	Year
Kurt Schumacher	1946–1952
Erich Ollenhauer	1952–1963
Willy Brandt	1964–1987
Hans-Jochen Vogel	1987–1991
Björn Engholm	1991–1993
Rudolf Scharping	1993–1995
Oskar Lafontaine	1995–1999
Gerhard Schröder	1999–2004
Franz Müntefering	2004–2005 & 2008–2009
Matthias Platzeck	2005–2006
Kurt Beck	2006–2008
Sigmar Gabriel	2009–2017
Martin Schulz	2017–2018
Andrea Nahles	2018–2019
Saskia Esken & Norbert Walter-Borjans	2019–2021
Saskia Esken & Lars Klingbeil	2021–2025
Bärbel Bas & Lars Klingbeil	2025–present

Election Results

Federal Parliament (Bundestag)

The SPD's performance in federal elections reflects the shifting political landscape of post-war Germany, from its role as the main opposition to its periods of chancellorship.

European Parliament

As a staunchly pro-European party, the SPD's results in European Parliament elections are a key indicator of its standing on the continental stage.

State Parliaments (Länder)

The SPD's strength in Germany's federal system is demonstrated by its consistent presence in state governments across the country.

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References

The eastern sections of the SPD were forcibly merged into the SED prior to the 1946 elections in the eastern zone.

Christopher R. Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 â March 1942 (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press and Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2004), p. 7.

In, for example, the International Socialist Congress, Stuttgart 1907.

Dieter Groh, "The 'Unpatriotic Socialists' and the State." Journal of Contemporary History 1.4 (1966): 151â77. online.

Kitson, Alison. Germany, 1858â1990: Hope, Terror, and Revival, pp. 153â54 (Oxford U. Press 2001).

William Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (Touchstone Edition) (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990)

Hofmann, Arne. The emergence of dÃ©tente in Europe: Brandt, Kennedy and the formation of Ostpolitik. (Routledge, 2007).

Wolfgang Grof: "In der frischen Tradition des Herbstes 1989". Die SDP/SPD in der DDR: Von der GrÃ¼ndung Ã¼ber die Volkskammerarbeit zur deutschen Einheit

Brustein, William (1996). Logic of Evil: The Social Origins of the Nazi Party 1925â1933. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 131.

Cooper, Alice Holmes. Paradoxes of Peace: German Peace Movements since 1945. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 85.

Nils Schnelle (2007). Die WASG â Von der GrÃ¼ndung bis zur geplanten Fusion mit der Linkspartei. Munich.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Social Democratic Party of Germany Wikipedia page

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This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not political advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional political analysis or academic research. The content herein should not be used as a basis for political, electoral, or policy decisions. Always consult multiple primary sources and qualified experts for comprehensive understanding.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

The SPD: Forging Modern Germany

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Party Overview ℹ️

🏛️ Core Identity

📜 Historical Significance

🔄 Post-War Evolution

A Chronicle of the SPD 🏛️

⚙️ Origins & German Empire (1863–1918)

⚖️ Weimar Republic & Nazi Era (1918–1945)

🇩🇪 Post-War & Cold War (1945–1990)

🇪🇺 Reunification & Modern Era (1990–Present)

Ideology and Platform 📜

🎯 Core Principles

📈 Economic & Social Policy

🌍 Foreign Policy

The Electorate 🗳️

👥 Social Base

🗺️ Geographic Distribution

Leadership and Structure 👥

🏛️ Chancellors & Presidents

Federal Chancellors

Federal Presidents

📋 Post-War Party Chairs

Election Results 📊

🇩🇪 Federal Parliament (Bundestag)

🇪🇺 European Parliament

📍 State Parliaments (Länder)

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Party Overview

Core Identity

Historical Significance

Post-War Evolution

A Chronicle of the SPD

Origins & German Empire (1863–1918)

Weimar Republic & Nazi Era (1918–1945)

Post-War & Cold War (1945–1990)

Reunification & Modern Era (1990–Present)

Ideology and Platform

Core Principles

Economic & Social Policy

Foreign Policy

The Electorate

Social Base

Geographic Distribution

Leadership and Structure

Chancellors & Presidents

Post-War Party Chairs

Election Results

Federal Parliament (Bundestag)

European Parliament

State Parliaments (Länder)

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice