What is social history, and what is its primary focus?

Social history is a field of history that concentrates on the lived experiences of people in the past. It aims to understand how societies function and change from the perspective of the individuals within them, often referred to as 'history from below'.

What alternative term is commonly used for social history?

Social history is often referred to as 'history from below,' emphasizing its focus on the experiences of ordinary people rather than solely elites or leaders.

When did social history gain significant prominence, and why?

Social history gained prominence in the 1960s, largely as a reaction against the traditional 'Great Man' view of history. Social historians argued that societal change originated from within society itself, rather than solely from the actions of powerful leaders.

What philosophical approach influenced the early development of social history?

The early development of social history was significantly influenced by the Marxist view of history, specifically historical materialism, which emphasizes the role of economic and social structures in shaping historical events.

How did the 'cultural turn' and 'linguistic turn' affect the field of social history?

These intellectual shifts led to an expansion of social history's sub-fields and the emergence of new analytical approaches. They encouraged historians to consider the influence of culture, language, beliefs, and discourse alongside social and economic factors.

What distinction exists between 'old' social history and 'new' social history?

'Old' social history refers to topics and approaches that predated the 1960s, often lacking a central thematic focus and existing outside mainstream historiography. 'New' social history, emerging in the 1960s, adopted a more systematic approach centered on the experiences of ordinary people and societal structures.

What criticism did E.P. Thompson level against 'Whiggish narratives' in labour history?

E.P. Thompson criticized 'Whiggish narratives,' such as the term 'labour movement,' for implying a constant, inevitable progression towards a perfect future. He felt this perspective misrepresented the complexities and struggles inherent in historical experience.

What was the popular view regarding the emergence of 'new' social history in the 1960s?

The popular view credits the emergence of 'new' social history to E.P. Thompson's influential book, *The Making of the English Working Class*, published in 1963, which championed the 'history from below' approach.

According to C.J. Coventry, what was the actual origin of the 'new' social history movement?

C.J. Coventry suggests that 'new' social history originated in the 1930s at the University of Cambridge within the Communist Party Historians Group, viewing it as a revival of historical materialism influenced by economist Maurice Dobb.

What foundational text is considered by some to be the origin of social history's approach?

Karl Marx's *The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte* (1852) is considered by some to be a foundational text for social history due to its comprehensive societal analysis and focus on the lives of ordinary people.

What did E.P. Thompson mean by the 'social nexus' in his definition of social history?

Thompson used the term 'social nexus' to describe the interconnected web of social relationships and structures through which broad-scale societal change occurs, which he aimed to reveal through his historical work.

What phrase did Georges Lefebvre first use to describe the approach of 'history from below'?

Georges Lefebvre first used the French phrase *'histoire vue d'en bas et non d'en haut'*, which translates to 'history seen from below and not from above'.

Which historian's 1966 essay is credited with bringing the phrase 'history from below' to prominence in historiography?

E.P. Thompson's 1966 essay, titled 'History From Below' in *The Times Literary Supplement*, is credited with popularizing the phrase and bringing it to the forefront of historical discourse.

How did social history in the United Kingdom differ from traditional history?

In the UK, social history often possessed a strong political impetus and consciously opposed traditional history's focus on elites and 'great men.' It championed 'History from below' and utilized a wider array of sources and methodologies.

What wider range of sources and methods did social historians utilize compared to traditional approaches?

Social historians employed a broader range of sources, including quantitative data and oral histories, and utilized methods beyond traditional source criticism to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the past, particularly the experiences of less powerful groups.

What is 'people's history' in the context of American historiography?

In the United States, 'history from below' is often referred to as 'history from the bottom-up' or 'people's history.' This approach is popularly associated with historian Howard Zinn and his work *A People's History of the United States*.

How did the Annales School in France influence social history?

The Annales School, dominant in French historiography since the 1920s, significantly influenced social history by synthesizing historical patterns from diverse fields like social, economic, and cultural history, statistics, and psychoanalysis.

What was the 'Bielefeld School' in Germany known for?

The Bielefeld School, associated with Hans-Ulrich Wehler, was known for applying modernization theories and social science methods to German history, aiming to create an integrated and comparative history of society that moved beyond traditional political narratives.

According to Jürgen Kocka, what are the two main meanings of 'social history'?

Kocka identified two meanings: first, as a specific subdivision of history focusing on social structures and processes; and second, as a broader approach encompassing the history of an entire society from a social-historical perspective, termed *Gesellschaftsgeschichte*.

How did social history develop in Hungary after World War II and the end of Communism?

Following WWII, Hungarian social history was largely confined to Marxist interpretations. After the end of Communism in 1989, Marxist historiography declined, allowing social history to flourish with a renewed focus on areas like urban history and everyday life.

What impact did the opening of Soviet archives have on social history after 1991?

The opening of Soviet archives after 1991 dramatically expanded the available source material for historians, enabling social history to flourish by providing access to a vast array of records from modern bureaucracies.

What are the key strengths of Canadian social history?

Canadian social history is noted for its strengths in the fields of demography, women's studies, labour studies, and urban studies, continuing to be a vibrant area of scholarship.

What historical period is central to the social history of Africa in the 20th century?

For most African countries, the 20th century's social history primarily refers to the colonial era, with notable exceptions like Ethiopia and Liberia, which were never colonized.

What major processes have shaped Africa's social history since the 20th century?

Key processes include resistance to colonial rule, independence movements, reconstruction efforts, the establishment of self-rule, and the formation of the African Union, alongside post-colonial developments related to stability and economic growth.

What characterized Australian social history, according to Ann Curthoys and Humphrey McQueen?

Ann Curthoys and Humphrey McQueen observed that Australian social history maintained a non-Marxist focus on the lives of previously neglected people and noted a relative lack of scholarly interest and a generally a-theoretical approach compared to other national historiographies.

What is historical demography, and what is its relationship with demography?

Historical demography is the study of population history and demographic processes, typically using statistical data. It functions as an important specialty within social history, maintaining strong connections with the broader field of demography.

What is the significance of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)?

Founded by Carter G. Woodson in 1915, ASALH is significant for publishing the *Journal of African American History* and for sponsoring Black History Month every February since 1926, promoting the study of African American history.

What are the typical approaches within ethnic history?

Typical approaches within ethnic history include critical ethnic studies, comparative ethnic studies, critical race studies, and specialized fields like Asian-American studies and Latino/a or Chicano/a studies.

What is the primary focus of labor history?

Labor history primarily deals with the study of labor unions and the social history of workers, examining their experiences, organizations, and contributions to society.

What did Neville Kirk's 2010 survey suggest about the state of labour historiography in Britain?

Kirk found that British labour history had been pragmatic, eclectic, and empirical, playing a vital role in historiographical debates. He rejected suggestions of decline, highlighting the field's innovation and renewal, while also noting a potential shift towards academicism.

When did women's history gain prominence, and what critique did feminist historians offer?

Women's history gained prominence in the 1970s. Feminist historians, such as Joan Kelly, critiqued early social history studies for being overly focused on the male experience.

What is the focus of gender history, and which scholar significantly influenced its conceptualization?

Gender history focuses on the evolution of categories, discourses, and experiences related to femininity and masculinity over time. Joan W. Scott's 1986 article, 'Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis,' significantly influenced its conceptualization.

What did Louise A. Tilly and Joan W. Scott's study *Women, Work, and Family* examine?

Their influential study examined the interplay between production (labor) and reproduction (caregiving) in shaping women's experiences in the economy and family, particularly in France and England during specific historical periods.

How did New Left scholars in the 1960s challenge traditional educational historiography in the US?

New Left scholars rejected celebratory accounts of education, arguing that the educational system itself was a cause of societal problems like racism and poverty, rather than a solution.

What is the focus of the 'new social history' of education that emerged in recent years?

This newer approach to the history of education concentrates on the social backgrounds and mobility of students, with a particular emphasis on minority and ethnic students in the United States.

What characterized the 'new urban history' that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s?

The 'new urban history' viewed the city as a dynamic process, often employing quantitative methods to study the experiences of ordinary urban populations, shifting focus away from elites and traditional narratives.

What was the significance of Stephan Thernstrom's *Poverty and Progress*?

Stephan Thernstrom's *Poverty and Progress* (1964) was a seminal work that utilized census records to study social mobility in 19th-century Newburyport, Massachusetts, significantly influencing the adoption of quantitative methods and 'bottom-up' approaches in urban history.

What is the distinction between agricultural history and rural history?

Agricultural history primarily addresses the economic and technological aspects of farming, whereas rural history focuses on the social dimensions of life in the countryside.

What shift has occurred in the historiography of religion in recent times?

While traditionally focused on theology and church organization, the study of the social history of religious behavior and belief has recently gained significant importance.

How did the impact of social historians change the focus of political history after 1960?

Following 1960, social historians shifted the focus of political history away from elites and institutions towards the politics of ordinary people, including voters and collective movements.

What complaint have some political historians voiced regarding social history?

Some political historians express concern that social historians may overemphasize factors like class, gender, and race, potentially reflecting a leftist agenda and prioritizing the study of marginalized groups over established decision-makers.

What theoretical tools have social historians recently used to engage with political history?

Social historians have recently employed theoretical tools such as cultural hegemony and governmentality to explore the connections between state formation, power dynamics, and everyday life in their analyses of political history.

Name three influential social historians mentioned in the text and their primary areas of focus.

Key figures include E.P. Thompson, known for his work on British labour history; Howard Zinn, associated with American 'people's history'; and Eric Hobsbawm, recognized for his contributions to labour history and the study of social movements and resistance.

What is the 'Annales School,' and what was its impact on French social history?

The Annales School, influential since the 1920s, significantly shaped French historiography by synthesizing historical patterns from diverse fields like social, economic, and cultural history, statistics, medical reports, and psychoanalysis.

What is *Gesellschaftsgeschichte* in the German context?

*Gesellschaftsgeschichte*, meaning 'history of society,' is a German approach that applies modernization theories and social science methods to analyze the entirety of society from a social-historical perspective.

What is the 'history of childhood' in relation to the history of the family?

The history of childhood is identified as a growing subfield that maintains close ties with the history of the family, often drawing on similar sources and research methodologies.

What was the 'crisis' in the history of education in the US during the 1960s?

The 'crisis' involved a challenge to traditional celebratory narratives of education by New Left scholars who began to view the educational system as a source of societal problems, rather than a solution.

What is the 'new urban history' known for?

The 'new urban history,' emerging in the mid-20th century, is characterized by its view of the city as a process and its use of quantitative methods to study the experiences of ordinary urban populations, moving beyond earlier focuses on elites.

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What is Social History?

History from Below

Social history, often termed "history from below," is a significant field within historical scholarship that focuses on the lived experiences of ordinary people in the past. It seeks to understand societal change not solely through the actions of prominent leaders or elites (the traditional "Great Man" view), but by examining the dynamics originating from within society itself.^[1] This approach aims to illuminate the broader societal structures and the collective agency of populations.^[5]

Scope and Influence

Emerging prominently in the 1960s, social history rapidly gained traction, influencing historical departments globally, particularly in the United Kingdom, France, Canada, Germany, and the United States. In the US, between 1975 and 1995, the proportion of history professors identifying with social history increased significantly, while political historians saw a decline.^[1] This field's expansion reflects a methodological shift towards incorporating diverse social strata and experiences into historical analysis.

Evolution of the Field

While rooted in Marxist concepts of historical materialism, social history has evolved, incorporating insights from the cultural turn and linguistic turn. This has led to a diversification of its sub-fields and approaches, including social liberal and critical theory perspectives, broadening its analytical framework beyond purely economic determinism.^[3]

Origins and Development

The "New" Social History

The popular conception of "new" social history often traces its origins to the 1960s, significantly influenced by scholars like E.P. Thompson. Thompson's seminal work, The Making of the English Working Class (1963), championed an approach he termed "history from below," critiquing the traditional focus on elites and advocating for the study of the masses.^[4] This movement drew inspiration from the French Annales School, which emphasized long-term social and economic structures over events and individuals.^[4]

Marxist Roots and Divergences

The intellectual lineage of social history is deeply connected to Marxist thought, particularly historical materialism. Early proponents, such as members of the Cambridge Communist Party Historians Group, consciously revived Marxist approaches. Karl Marx's The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852) is considered a foundational text for its societal-wide perspective and attention to everyday people.^[3] However, Thompson's later career and the broader intellectual shifts of the 1970s and 1980s, including the cultural and linguistic turns, led to a gradual departure from strict Marxist orthodoxy, incorporating a wider range of theoretical frameworks and focusing more on cultural and social experiences.^[3]

The Phrase "History from Below"

The phrase "history from below" gained prominence through E.P. Thompson's 1966 essay in The Times Literary Supplement, though it originated earlier in French scholarship with Georges Lefebvre. The term emphasizes the study of "the masses and not of starlets," seeking to capture the perspectives of those often excluded from traditional historical narratives.^[7] While initially associated with a Marxist agenda, the field's definition became more ambiguous as it moved away from historical materialism, sometimes focusing on more intimate aspects of life.^[13]

Key Subfields

Labor & Ethnic Histories

Labor history delves into the social history of workers and labor unions, often employing empirical and comparative methods. It has been a dynamic field, engaging with debates on class, gender, and populism.^[52] Ethnic history, particularly vital in North America, examines the experiences of various ethnic groups, often utilizing comparative approaches and critical race studies.^[41]

Women's & Gender History

Women's history emerged forcefully in the 1970s, focusing on the experiences of ordinary women and critiquing earlier social histories for their male-centric biases. Gender history, conceptualized by Joan W. Scott, analyzes the construction and evolution of femininity and masculinity, often integrating cultural analysis with everyday experiences.^[57]

Family & Education Histories

The history of the family, closely linked to anthropology and sociology, emerged as a distinct field in the 1970s, emphasizing demographic patterns and public policy. Studies like Tilly and Scott's Women, Work, and Family broke new ground.^[62] History of education has seen shifts from celebratory accounts to critical analyses of schooling's role in social structures and inequalities.^[69]

Urban & Rural Histories

The "new urban history," emerging in the mid-20th century, uses quantitative methods to study cities as processes, focusing on the experiences of urban populations rather than elites. Stephan Thernstrom's work on Newburyport is a landmark example.^[78] Rural history, distinct from agricultural history, focuses on the social dimensions of rural life, examining community structures and the impact of societal changes.^[83]

Methodology and Sources

Quantitative Approaches

The study of ordinary people was significantly advanced by the adoption of sophisticated quantitative and demographic methods in the 1960s. Social historians frequently utilize census data, local registers (births, marriages, deaths), tax records, and theoretical models from sociology, such as those concerning social mobility.^[39] This analytical rigor allows for the examination of large-scale societal trends and patterns.

Oral History and Diverse Sources

Beyond quantitative data, social history embraces a wider array of sources and methods than traditional historiography. Oral history is particularly crucial, providing direct access to the perspectives and experiences of individuals whose voices might otherwise be absent from archival records.^[9] This inclusive approach aims for a more comprehensive understanding of the past.

Connecting Structures and Experiences

Charles Tilly articulated key tasks for the social historian: documenting large structural changes, reconstructing the experiences of ordinary people within those changes, and establishing the connections between the two.^[16] This synthesis is central to social history's aim of providing a nuanced and multi-layered account of the past.

National Contexts

British and Irish Social History

In the UK, social history is strongly associated with E.P. Thompson and the "history from below" movement, often characterized by a political impetus and a conscious opposition to traditional elite-focused history.^[14] Journals like History Workshop Journal and Past & Present have been influential platforms.

American Social History

In the United States, "history from the bottom-up" is often termed "people's history," notably associated with Howard Zinn. The field emphasizes democratic inclusiveness and the systematic study of ordinary people's lives, often employing quantitative social science methods.^[17] The Social Science History Association plays a key role in fostering interdisciplinary scholarship.

French Social History

Social history has dominated French historiography since the 1920s, largely due to the influence of the Annales School. This tradition synthesizes historical patterns from social, economic, and cultural dimensions, utilizing diverse sources including medical reports and family studies.^[21]

German Social History

In post-WWII West Germany, social history, or Gesellschaftsgeschichte, emerged as a successor to discredited national history. Led by figures like Hans-Ulrich Wehler and the Bielefeld School, it applied modernization theories and social science methods to analyze German society, though later faced critiques for its structural focus.^[22]

Key Figures

British Pioneers

E.P. Thompson is central for his "history from below" approach. Eric Hobsbawm also made significant contributions to labor history and the theory of social history, co-founding influential journals.^[3]

American Scholars

Howard Zinn is renowned for his "people's history." Charles Tilly provided influential frameworks for social historians, emphasizing the connection between structural change and individual experience.^[16] Stephan Thernstrom pioneered quantitative urban history.

French Influences

The Annales School, with figures like Georges Lefebvre, laid crucial groundwork for social history's focus on broad societal structures and the lives of ordinary people.^[7]

German Thinkers

Hans-Ulrich Wehler and Jürgen Kocka were leading figures of the Bielefeld School, advocating for a "history of society" (Gesellschaftsgeschichte) integrating social science theories.^[22]

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References

See "History Online:Teachers of History" accessed 1/21/2014

E. P. Thompson, âHistory From Below,â The Times Literary Supplement, April 7, 1966.

Staughton Lynd, Doing History From the Bottom Up: On E. P. Thompson, Howard Zinn, and rebuilding the labor movement from below (Haymarket, eBook, 2014).

L. A. Clarkson, "The writing of Irish economic and social history since 1968." Economic History Review 33.1 (1980): 100-111. DOI: 10.2307/2595549 online

. See Journal of Social History

Lynn Hunt and Victoria Bonnell, eds., Beyond the Cultural Turn (1999).

JÃ¼rgen Kocka, Industrial Culture and Bourgeois Society: Business, Labor, and Bureaucracy in Modern Germany, 1800-1918 (New York: Berghahn Books, 1999), pp 275-97, at p. 276

Michael S. Cross, "Social History," Canadian Encyclopedia (2008) online

Michael S. Cross and Gregory S. Kealey, eds. Readings in Canadian Social History (5 vol., 1983), articles by scholars

Michael Horn and Sabourin, Ronald, eds. Studies in Canadian Social History (1974). 480 pp. articles by scholars

Stephan Thernstrom, ed. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (1980) excerpt and text search

Paul R. Magocsi, ed. Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples (1999) excerpt and text search

See Immigration and Ethnic History Society

See American Italian Historical Association

See American Jewish Historical Society and journal

See PAHA website

see H-ETHNIC website

Neville Kirk, "Challenge, Crisis, and Renewal? Themes in the Labour History of Britain, 1960â2010," Labour History Review, Aug 2010, Vol. 75 Issue 2, pp 162-180

Katrina Navickas, "What happened to class? New histories of labour and collective action in Britain," Social History, May 2011, Vol. 36 Issue 2, pp 192-204

Richard Price, "Histories of Labour and Labour History," Labour History Review, Dec 2010, Vol. 75 Issue 3, pp 263-270

See American Women's History: A Research Guide

Tamara K. Hareven, "The history of the family and the complexity of social change," American Historical Review, Feb 1991, Vol. 96 Issue 1, pp. 95-124

Cynthia Comacchio, "'The History of Us': Social Science, History, and the Relations of Family in Canada," Labour / Le Travail, Fall 2000, Vol. 46, pp. 167-220, with very thorough coverage.

see Journal of Family History, quarterly since 1976

Thomas Dublin, "Women, Work, and Family: The View from the United States," Journal of Women's History, Autumn 99, Vol. 11 Issue 3, pp 17-21

D'Ann Campbell, Women at War with America: Private Lives in a Patriotic Era (1984) online

Mary Jo Maynes and Ann Beth Waltner, The Family: A World History (Oxford University Press, 2012) online review

Joseph M. Hawes and N. Ray Hiner, "Hidden in Plain View: The History of Children (and Childhood) in the Twenty-First Century," Journal of the History of Childhood & Youth, Jan 2008, Vol. 1 Issue 1, pp 43-49

For a counterattack see Diane Ravitch, The Revisionists Revised: A Critique of the Radical Attack on the Schools (1978)

John Hardin Best, ed. Historical inquiry in education: A research agenda (American Educational Research Association, 1983); The most comprehensive overview of the historiography of American education, with essays by 13 scholars.

Deirdre Raftery, Jane McDermid, and Gareth Elwyn Jones, "Social Change and Education in Ireland, Scotland and Wales: Historiography on Nineteenth-century Schooling," History of Education, July/Sept 2007, Vol. 36 Issue 4/5, pp 447-463

David A. Reeder, Schooling in the City: Educational History and the Urban Variable," Urban History, May 1992, Vol. 19 Issue 1, pp 23-38

Juergen Herbst, "The History of Education: State of the Art at the Turn of the Century in Europe and North America," Paedagogica Historica 35, no. 3 (1999)

Michael Sanderson, "Educational and Economic History: The Good Neighbours," History of Education, July /Sept 2007, Vol. 36 Issue 4/5, pp 429-445

Stephan Thernstrom and Richard Sennett, eds. Nineteenth-century Cities: Essays in the New Urban History (1970)

Michael Frisch, "Poverty and Progress: A Paradoxical Legacy," Social Science History, Spring 1986, Vol. 10 Issue 1, pp 15-22

see excerpt and text search

They are reviewed in Wolfgang Reinhard, "New Contributions to Comparative Urban History," Journal of Early Modern History (1997) 1#2 pp 176-181.

Margaret Marsh and Lizabeth Cohen. "Old Forms, New Visions: New Directions in United States Urban History," Pennsylvania History, Winter 1992, Vol. 59 Issue 1, pp 21-28

Lionel Frost, and Seamus O'Hanlon, "Urban History and the Future of Australian Cities," Australian Economic History Review March 2009, Vol. 49 Issue 1, pp 1-18

Alun Howkins, The Death Rural England (2003) excerpt and text search

Hal S. Barron, "Rediscovering the Majority: The New Rural History of the Nineteenth-Century North," Historical Methods, Fall 1986, Vol. 19 Issue 4, pp 141-152

Jeffrey L. Pasley, Andrew W. Robertson, and David Waldstreicher, eds. Beyond the Founders: New Approaches to the Political History of the Early American Republic (2004)

Romain Huret, "All in the Family Again? Political Historians and the Challenge of Social History," Journal of Policy History, July 2009, Vol. 21 Issue 3, pp 239-263

A full list of references for this article are available at the Social history Wikipedia page

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Echoes from Below

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

What is Social History? 🏛️

👥 History from Below

🌍 Scope and Influence

📜 Evolution of the Field

Origins and Development 🌱

💡 The "New" Social History

✊ Marxist Roots and Divergences

🗣️ The Phrase "History from Below"

Key Subfields 🧩

💼 Labor & Ethnic Histories

♀️ Women's & Gender History

👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Family & Education Histories

🏙️ Urban & Rural Histories

Methodology and Sources 🛠️

📊 Quantitative Approaches

🗣️ Oral History and Diverse Sources

⚖️ Connecting Structures and Experiences

National Contexts 🌐

🇬🇧 British and Irish Social History

🇺🇸 American Social History

🇫🇷 French Social History

🇩🇪 German Social History

Key Figures 👤

🇬🇧 British Pioneers

🇺🇸 American Scholars

🇫🇷 French Influences

🇩🇪 German Thinkers

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

What is Social History?

History from Below

Scope and Influence

Evolution of the Field

Origins and Development

The "New" Social History

Marxist Roots and Divergences

The Phrase "History from Below"

Key Subfields

Labor & Ethnic Histories

Women's & Gender History

Family & Education Histories

Urban & Rural Histories

Methodology and Sources

Quantitative Approaches

Oral History and Diverse Sources

Connecting Structures and Experiences

National Contexts

British and Irish Social History

American Social History

French Social History

German Social History

Key Figures

British Pioneers

American Scholars

French Influences

German Thinkers

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Academic Disclaimer

Important Notice for Learners