What is the Southern Hemisphere defined as in relation to Earth's equator?

The Southern Hemisphere is defined as the half of planet Earth that is located south of the equator. It is one of the two major divisions of the Earth, the other being the Northern Hemisphere.

Which continents are entirely or partially located within the Southern Hemisphere?

The Southern Hemisphere contains all or parts of five continents: Antarctica, Australia, South America, Africa, and Asia. Specifically, it includes the entirety of Antarctica and Australia, approximately 90% of South America, about one-third of Africa, and some islands off the mainland of Asia.

What oceans are significantly represented in the Southern Hemisphere?

The Southern Hemisphere includes four major oceans: the entire Southern Ocean, the majority of the Indian Ocean, the South Atlantic Ocean, and the South Pacific Ocean. It also encompasses New Zealand and most of the Pacific Islands within Oceania.

How does the water and land percentage of the Southern Hemisphere compare to the Northern Hemisphere?

The Southern Hemisphere's surface is 80.9% water, which is a higher proportion compared to the Northern Hemisphere's 60.7% water coverage. Consequently, the Southern Hemisphere contains 32.7% of Earth's landmass.

Due to Earth's axial tilt, when do summer and winter occur in the Southern Hemisphere?

Because of the tilt of Earth's rotation relative to the Sun and the ecliptic plane, summer in the Southern Hemisphere occurs from December to February, inclusive. Winter occurs during the months of June to August, inclusive.

What are the approximate dates for the vernal and autumnal equinoxes in the Southern Hemisphere?

The vernal equinox, marking the start of spring, typically falls on September 22 or 23 in the Southern Hemisphere. The autumnal equinox, signaling the start of autumn, occurs around March 20 or 21.

How do climates in the Southern Hemisphere generally compare to those at similar latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere?

Southern Hemisphere climates tend to be slightly milder than those at comparable latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, with the exception of the Antarctic region, which is colder than the Arctic. This difference is primarily attributed to the greater amount of ocean surface in the Southern Hemisphere, as water heats up and cools down more slowly than land.

What celestial bodies or features are prominently visible from the Southern Hemisphere?

The Southern Hemisphere offers excellent viewing of the night sky, including the Sagittarius constellation, which contains the galactic center, and both the Magellanic Clouds. These celestial features are more easily observed due to clearer skies in the region.

What unique flora is mentioned as being found in the Southern Hemisphere, particularly in Chile and Australia?

Unique flora found in the Southern Hemisphere includes species of beech, specifically *Nothofagus*, which are shared by Chile and Australia. New Zealand also hosts closely related genera, *Lophozonia* and *Fuscospora*. Additionally, the eucalyptus, native to Australia, is now planted in Southern Africa and Latin America.

What notable animal is found almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere?

The penguin is highlighted as one of the most notable animals found almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere. While one species is found near the equator on the Galápagos Islands, the majority of penguin populations reside in the Southern Hemisphere.

What is the approximate human population residing in the Southern Hemisphere?

Over 850 million people live in the Southern Hemisphere, which represents about 10% to 12% of the total global human population. This is a significantly smaller portion compared to the Northern Hemisphere, where the vast majority of the world's population resides.

Which countries have the largest populations within the Southern Hemisphere?

Brazil is the largest country by land area in the Southern Hemisphere and has over 203 million people. Indonesia is the most populous country entirely located within the Southern Hemisphere, with approximately 275 million people, though a portion of its population lives north of the equator. Tanzania is noted as the most populous country entirely within the Southern Hemisphere, with an estimated 67 million people as of 2024.

What are some of the major metropolitan areas located in the Southern Hemisphere?

Several large metropolitan areas are situated in the Southern Hemisphere, including Jakarta (33 million), São Paulo (22 million), Kinshasa-Brazzaville (19 million), Buenos Aires (16 million), Rio de Janeiro (12 million), Lima (11 million), Surabaya (10 million), Luanda and Bandung (9 million each), Dar es Salaam and Santiago (7 million each), Johannesburg, Semarang, and Belo Horizonte (6 million each), and Sydney, Melbourne, and Cape Town (5 million each).

Which cities serve as important financial and commercial centers in the Southern Hemisphere?

Key financial and commercial hubs in the Southern Hemisphere include São Paulo, home to the B3 stock exchange; Sydney, which hosts the Australian Securities Exchange; Jakarta, the location of the Indonesia Stock Exchange; Johannesburg, home to the Johannesburg Stock Exchange; and Buenos Aires, which houses the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange, the oldest in the Southern Hemisphere.

What are some popular tourist destinations mentioned in the Southern Hemisphere?

Popular tourist destinations in the Southern Hemisphere include Bali, Buenos Aires, Cape Town, Easter Island, Lima, Rio de Janeiro, Sydney, and Tahiti. Additionally, Antarctica, New Zealand, the Galápagos Islands, South Africa, and Peru are cited as popular 'bucket list' destinations for Australians.

Which cities are recognized as Antarctic gateway cities?

The five cities officially acknowledged as international Antarctic gateway cities, serving as primary entry points for travel to the Antarctic region, are Cape Town, Christchurch, Hobart, Punta Arenas, and Ushuaia, Argentina.

How do the economic development levels of Australia and New Zealand compare to countries like Mozambique and Burundi in the Southern Hemisphere?

Australia and New Zealand are among the most developed nations in the Southern Hemisphere, with high nominal GDP per capita and Human Development Index (HDI) scores. In contrast, countries like Mozambique and Burundi, located in Africa, are among the least developed, with significantly lower GDP per capita and HDI rankings.

What has been the historical global distribution of power concerning the Southern Hemisphere?

Historically, the Southern Hemisphere has held secondary importance in global demographic, economic, and political power due to its smaller landmass compared to the Northern Hemisphere. Before the Age of Discovery, it was largely isolated from the cultural constructs of the Western and Eastern worlds.

What are the most widespread religions found in the Southern Hemisphere?

The most prevalent religions in the modern Southern Hemisphere are Christianity, which is widespread across South America, Africa, and Oceania. Islam is significant in East Africa and Indonesia, while Hinduism is primarily concentrated on islands such as Bali, Mauritius, and Fiji.

What is considered the oldest continuously inhabited city in the Southern Hemisphere?

Bogor, located in western Java, Indonesia, is cited as the oldest continuously inhabited city in the Southern Hemisphere, founded in 669 CE. However, Zanzibar, an ancient port off the coast of Tanzania, is also mentioned as potentially being older, with a Greco-Roman text referencing it as a trading port between 1 and 100 CE.

Which ancient civilizations flourished in the Southern Hemisphere?

The oldest monumental civilizations in the Southern Hemisphere were the Norte Chico civilization and the Casma–Sechin culture, both located on the northern coast of Peru. These civilizations constructed cities, pyramids, and plazas, with some ruins dating back as far as 3600 BCE.

Which parts of Africa lie south of the Equator?

Approximately one-third of Africa is situated in the Southern Hemisphere. This region extends from south of Mogadishu in Somalia in the east to south of Libreville in Gabon in the west, covering latitudes from the Equator (0°) down to Cape Agulhas (34°50′S).

Which parts of Asia are located in the Southern Hemisphere?

The continental mainland of Asia is entirely in the Northern Hemisphere. However, the southern portion of Maritime Southeast Asia, including East Timor and most of Indonesia, along with the British Indian Ocean Territory and two atolls of the Maldives, are located in the Southern Hemisphere, extending down to Pamana Island, Indonesia (11°00'S).

Which parts of South America are located in the Southern Hemisphere?

Most of South America lies south of the Equator. This includes territory from south of the Amazon River mouth in Brazil in the east to north of Quito in Ecuador in the west. The southernmost extent reaches Águila Islet in Chile (56°32′16″S), or potentially the South Sandwich Islands (59°29′20″S) if considered part of South America.

What is Zealandia's relationship to the Southern Hemisphere?

Zealandia, a submerged continent, is entirely located within the Southern Hemisphere. This includes territories such as New Caledonia, New Zealand, and Norfolk Island, with its southernmost point reaching Jacquemart Island (52°37′S).

Which African mainland countries are entirely located in the Southern Hemisphere?

The African mainland countries entirely situated in the Southern Hemisphere include Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

Which Asian territories are located in the Southern Hemisphere?

In Asia, only the southern parts of Maritime Southeast Asia, such as East Timor and most of Indonesia, along with the British Indian Ocean Territory and two Maldivian atolls, are located in the Southern Hemisphere.

Which South American countries are entirely or mostly in the Southern Hemisphere?

South American countries entirely within the Southern Hemisphere are Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay. Brazil and Ecuador are mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, while Colombia is partly located there.

Which island nations or territories are located entirely within the Southern Hemisphere in the Atlantic Ocean?

In the Atlantic Ocean, island nations and territories entirely within the Southern Hemisphere include Annobón (Equatorial Guinea), Bouvet Island (Norway), the Falkland Islands (UK/Argentina claim), Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (UK), and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (UK/Argentina claim). Snake Island in Brazil is also listed.

Which island nations or territories are located entirely within the Southern Hemisphere in the Indian Ocean?

Entirely Southern Hemisphere island territories in the Indian Ocean include Ashmore and Cartier Islands (Australia), British Indian Ocean Territory (UK/Mauritius claim), Australian Indian Ocean Territories (Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands), Comoros, East Timor, French Southern Territories (France), Heard Island and McDonald Islands (Australia), Java and Lesser Sunda Islands (Indonesia), Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte (France), Prince Edward Islands (South Africa), Réunion (France), and Seychelles.

Which island nations or territories are located entirely within the Southern Hemisphere in the Pacific Ocean?

In the Pacific Ocean, island nations and territories entirely within the Southern Hemisphere include American Samoa (US), Cook Islands (NZ), Coral Sea Islands (Australia), Desventuradas Islands (Chile), Easter Island (Chile), Fiji (including Rotuma), French Polynesia (France, including Tahiti), Jarvis Island (US), Juan Fernández Islands (Chile), Nauru, New Caledonia (France), New Zealand, Niue (NZ), Norfolk Island (Australia), Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn Islands (UK), Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tasmania (Australia, including Macquarie Island), Tokelau (NZ), Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu. Wallis and Futuna (France) is also listed.

How does the Coriolis effect influence weather patterns in the Southern Hemisphere?

The Coriolis effect causes weather systems like cyclones and tropical storms to spin clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. This is in contrast to the anticlockwise rotation observed in the Northern Hemisphere, a phenomenon resulting from the Earth's rotation.

What is the significance of cities like Cape Town, Christchurch, Hobart, Punta Arenas, and Ushuaia in relation to Antarctica?

These five cities—Cape Town, Christchurch, Hobart, Punta Arenas, and Ushuaia—are officially recognized as Antarctic gateway cities. They serve as crucial starting points and primary entry points for expeditions and travel to the Antarctic continent.

What is the general trend regarding the distribution of demographic, economic, and political power between the Southern and Northern Hemispheres?

The Southern Hemisphere has historically held less global demographic, economic, and political power compared to the Northern Hemisphere, largely due to its smaller landmass. However, countries like Australia are increasingly making efforts to foster economic engagement with other nations within their hemisphere.

What was the state of the Southern Hemisphere's connection to global cultural constructs before the Age of Discovery?

Prior to the Age of Discovery, the Southern Hemisphere was largely disconnected from the major cultural frameworks of the Western and Eastern worlds. Some perspectives suggest that the very concepts of 'West' and 'East' are inherently Northern Hemisphere-centric.

Which are the oldest monumental civilizations identified in the Southern Hemisphere?

The Norte Chico civilization and the Casma–Sechin culture, both situated on the northern coast of Peru, are recognized as the oldest monumental civilizations in the Southern Hemisphere. Their ruins, including cities, pyramids, and plazas, date back as far as 3600 BCE.

What are some examples of islands or territories in the Southern Hemisphere that were uninhabited before the Age of Discovery?

Several islands and territories in the Southern Hemisphere remained uninhabited by humans before the Age of Discovery. These include Christmas Island and Mauritius in the Indian Ocean; the Galápagos Islands, Juan Fernández Islands, and Lord Howe Island in the South Pacific; the Falkland Islands and Tristan da Cunha in the South Atlantic; and the entire continent of Antarctica.

How does the Sun appear to move across the sky in the Southern Hemisphere?

In the Southern Hemisphere, the Sun generally moves from east to west across the northern part of the sky. North of the Tropic of Capricorn, the mean Sun can be directly overhead or due south at midday. The Sun's trajectory appears right-to-left, contrasting with the left-to-right motion observed in the Northern Hemisphere.

What is the orientation of sundials and shadow movement in the Southern Hemisphere?

In the Southern Hemisphere, sun-cast shadows move in an anticlockwise direction throughout the day. Consequently, sundials in this hemisphere have their hours marked in an anticlockwise sequence.

How are solar eclipses observed differently in the Southern Hemisphere compared to the Northern Hemisphere?

When viewed from a point south of the Tropic of Capricorn, the Moon appears to move from left to right across the disc of the Sun during a solar eclipse. This is the reverse of the observation made from the Northern Hemisphere, where the Moon moves from right to left.

What is the significance of the Southern Ocean's inclusion in the Southern Hemisphere?

The Southern Ocean is entirely located within the Southern Hemisphere. Its presence contributes significantly to the hemisphere's high percentage of water coverage (80.9%) and influences its climate patterns.

What is the definition of the Southern temperate zone?

The Southern temperate zone is a geographical region that forms a subsection of the Southern Hemisphere. It is characterized by being nearly entirely oceanic, distinguishing it from temperate zones in the Northern Hemisphere which have more extensive landmasses.

What is the significance of the Equator's position relative to major cities like Quito and Ushuaia?

Quito, Ecuador, is noted as the major city situated closest to the equatorial line on Earth. Ushuaia, Argentina, holds the distinction of being recognized as the world's southernmost city, highlighting the geographical extremes within the Southern Hemisphere.

What are the primary languages spoken in the Southern Hemisphere?

Portuguese is the most widely spoken language in the Southern Hemisphere, with over 230 million speakers across several countries, predominantly Brazil, but also Angola, Mozambique, East Timor, and parts of Equatorial Guinea and São Tomé and Príncipe that lie south of the Equator. Christianity is the most widespread religion.

What are the key differences in land and water distribution between the Southern and Northern Hemispheres?

The Southern Hemisphere is predominantly covered by water, with 80.9% of its surface being oceanic, compared to 60.7% in the Northern Hemisphere. This means the Southern Hemisphere contains only 32.7% of Earth's landmass, while the Northern Hemisphere holds the remaining 67.3%.

What specific parts of Africa are located in the Southern Hemisphere?

About one-third of Africa lies south of the Equator. This portion extends from south of Mogadishu in Somalia eastward to south of Libreville in Gabon westward, covering latitudes from the Equator (0°) down to Cape Agulhas (34°50′S).

Which island groups in the Pacific Ocean are entirely within the Southern Hemisphere?

Several island groups in the Pacific Ocean are entirely within the Southern Hemisphere, including American Samoa, the Cook Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Desventuradas Islands, Easter Island, Fiji, French Polynesia, Jarvis Island, Juan Fernández Islands, Nauru, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Island, Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn Islands, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tasmania, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu.

What is the significance of the Southern Hemisphere's landmass distribution for its climate?

The Southern Hemisphere's climate is influenced by its significantly larger proportion of ocean compared to land. Water's slower heating and cooling rates contribute to milder climates at similar latitudes compared to the Northern Hemisphere, except for the colder Antarctic region.

What are the primary religions found in the Southern Hemisphere?

Christianity is the most prevalent religion across much of the Southern Hemisphere, including South America, Africa, and Oceania. Islam is significant in East Africa and Indonesia, while Hinduism is notably concentrated on islands like Bali, Mauritius, and Fiji.

What unique botanical features distinguish forests in the Southern Hemisphere?

Forests in the Southern Hemisphere exhibit unique characteristics, such as the presence of *Nothofagus* (beech) species found in Chile and Australia, and related genera in New Zealand. The eucalyptus, native to Australia, is also a notable Southern Hemisphere plant now cultivated globally.

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Defining the Southern Hemisphere

Geographic Boundary

The Southern Hemisphere encompasses the half of Earth situated south of the Equator. It comprises all or portions of five continents—Antarctica, Australia, South America, Africa, and Asia—along with four major oceans and numerous islands.

Water vs. Land Distribution

A defining characteristic is its significant oceanic coverage: approximately 80.9% of its surface is water, contrasting with the Northern Hemisphere's 60.7%. This abundance of water influences its climate and weather patterns considerably. Landmass constitutes only 32.7% of the Southern Hemisphere's total area.

Seasonal Cycle

Due to Earth's axial tilt, the Southern Hemisphere experiences opposite seasons to the North. Summer occurs from December to February, while winter spans June to August. The equinoxes, marking the transition between seasons, fall around September 22/23 (vernal) and March 20/21 (autumnal).

Climate and Celestial Observations

Temperate Climates

Southern Hemisphere climates are generally considered slightly milder than those at equivalent latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. This is primarily attributed to the greater proportion of ocean surface, which moderates temperature fluctuations compared to landmasses. However, the Antarctic region is notably colder than the Arctic.

Astronomical Views

The Southern Hemisphere offers exceptional viewing of the night sky. It hosts the galactic center within the Sagittarius constellation and provides clear vistas of the Magellanic Clouds. The generally clearer skies and the prevalence of fewer light-polluted areas contribute to a more brilliant stellar display.

Coriolis Effect

The Coriolis effect, a consequence of Earth's rotation, influences weather systems. In the Southern Hemisphere, this effect causes cyclones and tropical storms to rotate clockwise, a phenomenon opposite to the anticlockwise rotation observed in the Northern Hemisphere.

Geographic Distribution

Continental Holdings

The Southern Hemisphere contains the entirety of Antarctica and Australia. Approximately 90% of South America, about one-third of Africa, and parts of Asia (specifically Maritime Southeast Asia, including East Timor and most of Indonesia) lie south of the Equator.

Oceanic Dominance

The hemisphere is dominated by water, encompassing the entire Southern Ocean. Significant portions of the Indian Ocean and the South Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans are also located within this hemisphere. This vast oceanic expanse plays a crucial role in global climate regulation.

Island Territories

Numerous island nations and territories are situated entirely or partially in the Southern Hemisphere. These span the Atlantic (e.g., Falkland Islands, Tristan da Cunha), Indian (e.g., Madagascar, Comoros, Mauritius), Pacific (e.g., Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, New Zealand), and Southern Oceans (e.g., Antarctic islands).

Notable island groups include:

Atlantic: Falkland Islands, Tristan da Cunha, Saint Helena.
Indian: Madagascar, Comoros, Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles.
Pacific: Fiji, French Polynesia (including Tahiti), New Zealand, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu, Cook Islands.
Southern: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands.

Demographics and Human Geography

Population Distribution

Approximately 10-12% of the global population, around 850 million people, reside in the Southern Hemisphere. Brazil and Indonesia are the most populous countries, with significant populations also in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, and Australia.

Major Urban Centers

The hemisphere hosts several megacities and major metropolitan areas, including Jakarta, São Paulo, Kinshasa-Brazzaville, Buenos Aires, Lima, Rio de Janeiro, and Sydney. These centers are vital hubs for commerce, culture, and governance.

Economic Landscape

Economic development varies significantly. Nations like Australia and New Zealand exhibit high Human Development Index (HDI) scores and robust economies. Conversely, countries in parts of Africa and Oceania face considerable developmental challenges, with lower GDP per capita and HDI rankings.

Linguistic and Religious Diversity

Portuguese is the most widely spoken language, primarily due to Brazil's large population. Christianity is the predominant religion across South America, Africa, and Oceania, while Islam is prevalent in parts of East Africa and Indonesia. Hinduism is concentrated in specific island communities like Bali and Mauritius.

Historical Significance

Early Civilizations and Settlements

The Southern Hemisphere holds ancient human settlements, including the Norte Chico civilization in Peru, dating back to 3600 BCE. Cities like Bogor in Java and Zanzibar have long histories of habitation and trade. Easter Island stands as a testament to Polynesian exploration and settlement in extreme isolation.

Age of Discovery and Beyond

Prior to the Age of Discovery, much of the Southern Hemisphere was geographically and culturally isolated from the Northern Hemisphere's dominant civilizations. Exploration expanded knowledge, leading to the establishment of key cities and trade routes, shaping the modern geopolitical landscape.

Further Exploration

Related Concepts

Understanding the Southern Hemisphere connects to broader geographical and astronomical concepts. Consider exploring related topics such as:

Antarctica
Australia (continent)
Geographical zones
Global North and Global South
Land and water hemispheres
Northern Hemisphere
South Pole
Zealandia

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References

Granite specific heat = 0.79 and water = 4.18 J/gâK see Heat capacity#Table of specific heat capacities.

Hemm, Robert & Mendez, Marcelo. (2003). Aerial Surveys of Isle De Pasqua: Easter Island and the New Birdmen. 10.1007/978-1-4615-0183-1_12

A full list of references for this article are available at the Southern Hemisphere Wikipedia page

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Southern Hemisphere

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Defining the Southern Hemisphere 🌍

📏 Geographic Boundary

🌊 Water vs. Land Distribution

☀️ Seasonal Cycle

Climate and Celestial Observations ☀️

🌡️ Temperate Climates

🌌 Astronomical Views

🌪️ Coriolis Effect

Geographic Distribution 🗺️

🌍 Continental Holdings

🌊 Oceanic Dominance

🏝️ Island Territories

Demographics and Human Geography 👥

👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Population Distribution

🏙️ Major Urban Centers

💰 Economic Landscape

🗣️ Linguistic and Religious Diversity

Historical Significance 🏛️

⏳ Early Civilizations and Settlements

🧭 Age of Discovery and Beyond

Further Exploration 🔗

📚 Related Concepts

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Defining the Southern Hemisphere

Geographic Boundary

Water vs. Land Distribution

Seasonal Cycle

Climate and Celestial Observations

Temperate Climates

Astronomical Views

Coriolis Effect

Geographic Distribution

Continental Holdings

Oceanic Dominance

Island Territories

Demographics and Human Geography

Population Distribution

Major Urban Centers

Economic Landscape

Linguistic and Religious Diversity

Historical Significance

Early Civilizations and Settlements

Age of Discovery and Beyond

Further Exploration

Related Concepts

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice