This is an academic overview derived from the Wikipedia article on St. Cloud, Minnesota. Read the full source article here. (opens in new tab)

St. Cloud: Minnesota's Granite City Unveiled

An Academic Exploration of a Midwestern Hub, examining its historical development, socio-economic fabric, and cultural contributions.

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Historical Trajectory

Indigenous and Early Encounters

The region now known as St. Cloud was historically inhabited by various indigenous peoples for millennia. Early European engagement, primarily through the North American fur trade, brought French voyageurs and coureurs des bois into contact with the Ojibwe and Dakota nations. The organization of the Minnesota Territory in 1849 and the subsequent Treaty of Traverse des Sioux in 1851 opened the area to homesteading by European-American settlers.

Founding and Settlement Dynamics

John L. Wilson, a settler of Yankee and Huguenot descent, established the settlement and named it St. Cloud, drawing inspiration from Saint-Cloud, France. The city's development from three distinct settlements—Upper, Middle, and Lower Town—was influenced by diverse immigrant groups. Middle Town attracted German Catholic immigrants, facilitated by missionary Father Francis Xavier Pierz, while Lower Town was settled by Protestant migrants from the northeastern United States, who held anti-slavery sentiments. Upper Town, founded by Sylvanus Lowry, a slaveholder from Kentucky, became a point of contention, notably involving abolitionist editor Jane Grey Swisshelm.

Growth and Industrialization

St. Cloud served as a crucial waystation on the Red River Trails, utilized by Métis traders for their extensive oxcart trains. The city's incorporation in 1856 marked a formal beginning, followed by its development as a hub for granite quarrying, which earned it the moniker "The Granite City." Early 20th-century ventures, such as Samuel Pandolfo's Pan Motor Company, aimed to establish St. Cloud as an industrial center, though these efforts faced challenges, including wartime resource diversion and business failure.

Geographic Context

Location and Topography

St. Cloud is strategically situated in central Minnesota, spanning across Stearns, Benton, and Sherburne counties. The city is bisected by the Mississippi River, with the Sauk River forming part of its northern boundary. Its geographical position places it approximately 65 miles northwest of the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area, accessible via major transportation corridors.

Geological and Hydrological Features

The city's bedrock, estimated to be 1.7 billion years old, was exposed through extensive erosion. St. Cloud is situated on modern Mississippi River sediment, surrounded by land shaped by multiple glacial advances during the Wisconsin Age. Notable features include Lake George, a small but ecologically significant urban lake that has benefited from city-led stormwater management initiatives, leading to improved water quality.

Climatic Profile

Köppen Classification and Seasonal Extremes

St. Cloud experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb), characterized by warm summers and cold, snowy winters. Mean monthly temperatures range significantly, from approximately 11.6 °F (−11.3 °C) in January to 70.3 °F (21.3 °C) in July. The region records substantial snowfall, with average annual accumulation around 47.9 inches (122 cm).

Climate data for St. Cloud Regional Airport, Minnesota (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1894–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 56
(13)
59
(15)
81
(27)
96
(36)
105
(41)
102
(39)
107
(42)
105
(41)
106
(41)
90
(32)
76
(24)
63
(17)
107
(42)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 41.9
(5.5)
45.1
(7.3)
61.0
(16.1)
78.1
(25.6)
88.3
(31.3)
92.4
(33.6)
92.6
(33.7)
90.8
(32.7)
87.2
(30.7)
79.3
(26.3)
59.9
(15.5)
44.4
(6.9)
95.1
(35.1)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 20.7
(−6.3)
25.7
(−3.5)
38.5
(3.6)
54.3
(12.4)
67.8
(19.9)
77.2
(25.1)
81.6
(27.6)
79.2
(26.2)
71.0
(21.7)
55.9
(13.3)
39.3
(4.1)
25.8
(−3.4)
53.1
(11.7)
Daily mean °F (°C) 11.8
(−11.2)
16.1
(−8.8)
29.2
(−1.6)
43.3
(6.3)
56.2
(13.4)
66.0
(18.9)
70.3
(21.3)
67.7
(19.8)
59.5
(15.3)
45.7
(7.6)
30.9
(−0.6)
17.8
(−7.9)
42.9
(6.1)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 2.9
(−16.2)
6.5
(−14.2)
19.8
(−6.8)
32.4
(0.2)
44.6
(7.0)
54.8
(12.7)
58.9
(14.9)
56.3
(13.5)
48.0
(8.9)
35.5
(1.9)
22.6
(−5.2)
9.8
(−12.3)
32.7
(0.4)
Record low °F (°C) −43
(−42)
−40
(−40)
−32
(−36)
−3
(−19)
18
(−8)
32
(0)
40
(4)
33
(1)
18
(−8)
5
(−15)
−23
(−31)
−41
(−41)
−43
(−42)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.67
(17)
0.76
(19)
1.57
(40)
2.61
(66)
3.66
(93)
3.75
(95)
3.60
(91)
4.00
(102)
3.01
(76)
2.61
(66)
1.37
(35)
0.88
(22)
28.49
(724)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 8.8
(22)
8.9
(23)
8.2
(21)
4.7
(12)
0.1
(0.25)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
1.0
(2.5)
6.9
(18)
9.3
(24)
47.9
(122)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 7.8 6.4 8.3 9.7 11.4 12.3 10.6 9.3 10.0 9.7 7.3 7.7 110.5
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 8.5 6.4 5.0 2.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 4.6 8.2 36.0
Average relative humidity (%) 70.0 66.1 67.3 65.8 62.0 67.3 67.7 69.5 73.5 68.3 73.3 75.2 68.8
Average dew point °F (°C) −0.9
(−18.3)
4.6
(−15.2)
17.4
(−8.1)
30.6
(−0.8)
40.5
(4.7)
52.0
(11.1)
59.2
(15.1)
56.7
(13.7)
48.4
(9.1)
36.1
(2.3)
23.0
(−5.0)
12.7
(−10.7)
31.7
(0.2)
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and dew point 1961–1990)

Demographic Landscape

Population Trends and Diversity

St. Cloud's population has shown consistent growth, reaching 68,881 residents by the 2020 census, making it Minnesota's 12th most populous city. The city's demographic profile has evolved significantly, particularly in the early 21st century, with a notable increase in its Black or African American population, largely attributed to immigration from Somalia. This demographic shift has reshaped the city's cultural and social dynamics.

Ethnic Composition and Immigration

Historically a destination for European immigrants, St. Cloud has more recently become a significant center for Somali Americans. While the White population constituted approximately 91.12% in 2000, it decreased to 67.71% by 2020. Concurrently, the Black or African American population surged from 2.33% to 19.13% during the same period. The Hispanic or Latino population also experienced substantial growth.

Demographic Composition of St. Cloud, MN
Race/ethnicity
2000 2010 2020
Number % Number % Number %
White alone 53,857 91.12% 54,854 83.31% 46,641 67.71%
Black alone 1,378 2.33% 5,101 7.75% 13,180 19.13%
Native American alone 402 0.68% 398 0.61% 337 0.49%
Asian alone 1,833 3.10% 2,393 3.64% 2,404 3.49%
Pacific Islander alone 31 0.05% 16 0.03% 51 0.07%
Other race alone 60 0.10% 54 0.08% 314 0.46%
Two or more races 762 1.29% 1,429 2.17% 2,116 3.07%
Hispanic or Latino 784 1.33% 1,597 2.43% 2,838 4.12%
Total 59,107 100.00% 65,842 100.00% 68,881 100.00%

Economic Foundation

Key Employers and Sectors

St. Cloud's economy is anchored by major institutions in healthcare, education, and government. CentraCare Health System, encompassing St. Cloud Hospital, is the largest employer. St. Cloud State University and the St. Cloud VA Health Care System are also significant contributors to local employment. The city's industrial base includes manufacturing, notably New Flyer of America Inc. (bus manufacturing), and Anderson Trucking, reflecting a diverse economic structure.

Retail and Commercial Activity

The city supports a robust retail sector, featuring major shopping complexes such as Midtown Square Mall and Crossroads Center, which collectively house a substantial number of businesses and services, catering to both local residents and regional visitors.

Cultural Contributions

Architectural and Artistic Heritage

St. Cloud boasts a rich cultural tapestry, evident in its significant landmarks and institutions. The Cathedral of Saint Mary, an example of Italian Romanesque architecture, serves as the ecclesiastical center for the Roman Catholic Diocese of St. Cloud. The St. Cloud Commercial Historic District is recognized on the National Register of Historic Places, preserving the city's architectural heritage. The Paramount Theatre and Visual Arts Center, a restored 1921 venue, is a focal point for performing arts.

Libraries and Museums

The Great River Regional Library system provides extensive resources across six counties, housing nearly a million items and offering numerous public programs. The Stearns History Museum, an accredited institution, features exhibits and research facilities within a natural park setting, contributing to the preservation and dissemination of regional history.

Athletic Pursuits

Collegiate and Junior Hockey

St. Cloud is a significant center for collegiate athletics, particularly through St. Cloud State University's NCAA Division I ice hockey programs. The men's team competes in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference, having achieved national recognition, including a championship game appearance. The women's team participates in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association. The city also hosts junior hockey teams, such as the St. Cloud Norsemen (Tier II) and the Granite City Lumberjacks (Tier III) in nearby Sauk Rapids.

Baseball, Soccer, and More

The St. Cloud Rox, a collegiate summer baseball team in the Northwoods League, play at Joe Faber Field. The city also supports minor league soccer through Granite City FC, competing in the UPSL. Additionally, the Saint Cloud River Runners club organizes the Lake Wobegon Trail Marathon, a Boston-qualifying event, and the Saint Cloud Area Roller Dolls contribute to the local sports scene with flat-track roller derby.

Recreational Spaces

Municipal Park System

The city of St. Cloud manages an extensive park system comprising 95 parks, covering over 1,400 acres. These spaces range from small neighborhood parks to larger recreational areas like Whitney Memorial Park, which features a senior recreation center, a dog park, and extensive athletic fields, underscoring the city's commitment to public recreation and green spaces.

Civic Administration

Governance and Infrastructure

St. Cloud is governed by a mayor and city council. The city operates the St. Cloud Metro Bus system, recognized for its efficiency and innovation. Significant public infrastructure includes the St. Cloud Regional Airport and the Minnesota Correctional Facility – St. Cloud, established in 1889. The city has also made substantial strides in sustainability, converting to 80% renewable energy through initiatives like solar gardens and biogas utilization, positioning itself as an energy-producing entity since 2020.

Political Representation

St. Cloud's congressional and state legislative districts have shifted over time due to redistricting. As of recent configurations, the city is largely represented within Minnesota's 6th congressional district and specific state senate and house districts, reflecting its role as a key population center within these electoral boundaries.

Political Affiliations

Electoral Trends

Presidential election results in St. Cloud indicate a closely contested political landscape, often mirroring or slightly diverging from statewide trends. Recent elections show shifts in party support, with both Democratic and Republican candidates securing majorities in different cycles, reflecting the city's dynamic political character.

Presidential Election Results in St. Cloud
Year Republican Democratic Third parties
2020 43.9% 14,209 52.9% 17,149 3.2% 1,036
2016 45.7% 14,401 44.0% 13,850 10.3% 3,254
2012 44.5% 14,295 52.3% 16,835 3.2% 1,032

Educational Institutions

Higher Education Hub

St. Cloud is a significant educational center, home to St. Cloud State University (SCSU), Minnesota's third-largest public university, offering a broad spectrum of undergraduate and graduate programs. Complementing SCSU are St. Cloud Technical and Community College (SCTCC) and Rasmussen College. The surrounding area further enhances educational opportunities with campuses from the College of St. Scholastica and the renowned College of St. Benedict and St. John's University.

K-12 School Systems

The St. Cloud Public School District serves the majority of the city and surrounding areas, operating multiple elementary schools, a K-8 school, and two comprehensive high schools: St. Cloud Technical High School and St. Cloud Apollo High School. Both public high schools are recognized for their strong performance in Advanced Placement programs. Cathedral High School provides a significant private educational option.

Media Landscape

Print and Broadcast

The primary local newspaper is the St. Cloud Times, a Gannett publication that has undergone significant downsizing in recent years, reducing local news coverage. While St. Cloud is part of the larger Twin Cities television market, local broadcast presence includes low-power stations and university-operated cable channels like UTVS from St. Cloud State University. The city's radio market is diverse, featuring numerous FM and AM stations offering a variety of formats, from news/talk and sports to contemporary Christian music and classic rock.

Transportation Network

Roadways and Public Transit

St. Cloud serves as a key transportation nexus, intersected by major highways including Interstate 94, U.S. Highway 10, and Minnesota State Highways 15 and 23. The St. Cloud Metro Bus provides essential public transit services within the city and to neighboring communities, recognized for its operational excellence. The city is also connected to the Twin Cities transit system via the Northstar Link Commuter Bus.

Rail and Air Connectivity

The city is a stop on Amtrak's Empire Builder passenger rail line, offering intercity travel. St. Cloud Regional Airport provides regional air connectivity, historically offering flights to Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport and more recently Allegiant Air service to Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport.

Notable Figures

Contributions Across Fields

St. Cloud has been the birthplace or home to numerous individuals who have made significant contributions across various domains. These include figures in civil rights activism (Mathew Ahmann), academia (George Annas), politics (David Durenberger, Stephen Miller), sports (Tom Burgmeier, Jim Eisenreich, Nate Schmidt, Alise Willoughby), arts and entertainment (June Marlowe, John McMartin, Stephen Sommers), and media (Jane Grey Swisshelm). The presence of multiple professional athletes and Olympians highlights the city's impact on national and international stages.

International Ties

Global Partnerships

St. Cloud maintains sister city relationships that foster international cultural exchange and understanding. These partnerships include Spalt, Bavaria, Germany; Akita, Japan; and Saint-Cloud, France, the city after which St. Cloud is named, reinforcing its historical and cultural connections across continents.

Cultural References

Depictions in Media

St. Cloud has served as a setting or inspiration for various works of popular culture. Scenes from the Disney film The Mighty Ducks were filmed in the vicinity, and the city is referenced in the film Juno as "East Jesus Nowhere." The drag-racing film Catch Me If You Can was both set and filmed in St. Cloud. Furthermore, the character Marshall Eriksen from the sitcom How I Met Your Mother hails from St. Cloud, providing a fictionalized portrayal of the city in popular media.

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References

References

  1.  U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: St. Cloud, Minnesota
  2.  National Weather Service, Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service, Mississippi River at St. Cloud
  3.  City of St. Cloud, Public Utilities,
  4.  Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR) "Operating Hydropower Sites In Minnesota"
  5.  William Bell Mitchell (1915), History of Stearns County; Volume I, H.R. Cooper & Co. Chicago. Pages 26-35.
  6.  William Bell Mitchell (1915), History of Stearns County; Volume I, H.R. Cooper & Co. Chicago. Pages 35-38.
  7.  William Bell Mitchell (1915), History of Stearns County; Volume I, H.R. Cooper & Co. Chicago. Pages 645-646.
  8.  "3 Towns Into 1 City, A Narrative Record of Significant Factors in The Story Of St. Cloud Minnesota."
  9.  The St Cloud Area Bicentennial Commission, "3 Towns Into 1 City, A Narrative Record of Significant Factors in THE STORY OF ST. CLOUD MINNESOTA", Compiled and Narrated by John J Dominik, Jr, Editor Ed L Stockinger, page 3.
  10.  St. Cloud City website Document Center
  11.  William Bell Mitchell (1915), History of Stearns County; Volume I, H.R. Cooper & Co. Chicago. Pages 628-635.
  12.  William Bell Mitchell (1915), History of Stearns County; Volume II, H.R. Cooper & Co. Chicago. Pages 1465-1467.
  13.  John J. Dominik Jr., "Three Towns Into One City", St. Cloud, Minnesota: St Cloud Area Bicentennial Commission, 1976, p. 13
  14.  LakeFinder, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.
  15.  Richard W. Ojakangas, Roadside Geology of Minnesota, 2009, glacial history of Minnesota, page 26, "Glacial geology of central Minnesota - modified from Hobbs and Goebel,1982, page 196, granite dating, page 204
  16.  Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  17.  U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2020 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates St. Cloud, MN
  18.  City of St. Cloud Economic Development Authority Employment Report https://www.developstcloud.com/workforce/major-employers/
  19.  Minnesota's congressional districts
  20.  [1]|"Looking for Census 2020 data? Here is what you need to know" Minnesota State Demographic Center
  21.  [2]|MN Secretary of State Election Administration
  22.  [3]|MN Secretary of State Legislative Maps Senate District 14 map
  23.  [4]|MN Secretary of State Legislative Maps Senate District 14A map
  24.  [5]|MN Secretary of State Legislative Maps Senate District 14B map
  25.  [6]|"Which St. Cloud suburb went for Democrat Joe Biden? And other election take-aways", Nora Hertel, Government Watchdog Report, St Cloud Times, 11/14/2020
  26.  See "Decline and Downsizing" section, St. Cloud Times
  27.  "Olympian Anne Schleper Retires", USA Hockey 2/15/17
  28.  Jim Maurice, This date in Central Minnesota History: Jan. 31st and Feb. 1st, 1992, WJON News, January 31, 2018.
  29.  Storytelling Tips From Juno (2007) Slap Happy Larry
A full list of references for this article are available at the St. Cloud, Minnesota Wikipedia page

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