What is David Hume's monumental work on English history, and what time period does it cover?

David Hume's monumental work is titled "The History of England." It comprehensively covers the history of England, including Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, spanning from the invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution of 1688. This extensive historical narrative was published in six volumes between 1754 and 1762.

What was the initial reception of David Hume's "The History of England"?

Upon its initial publication, Hume's "History of England" was met with widespread outrage from all political factions. Despite this negative reception, the work became a best-seller, ultimately providing Hume with the financial independence he had long desired.

How was "The History of England" published in terms of its volumes and chronological order?

David Hume's "The History of England" was published in installments, and the volumes did not appear in chronological order of the historical periods they covered. The work was completed in six volumes, with the fifth volume being the first published in 1754, and the first two volumes published last in 1762. The complete work is arranged chronologically, covering periods from 55 BC to AD 1688.

What were the specific time periods covered by each of the six volumes of Hume's "The History of England"?

The six volumes of "The History of England" cover the following periods: Volumes 1-2 cover from the invasion of Julius Caesar to the accession of Henry VII (55 BC – AD 1485). Volumes 3-4 cover the House of Tudor (AD 1485–1601). Volume 5 covers the reigns of James I and Charles I (AD 1601–1649). Volume 6 covers the Commonwealth and the reigns of Charles II and James II (AD 1649–1688).

Why might Hume's "The History of England" be mistakenly referred to as "History of Great Britain"?

The work is sometimes mistakenly called "History of Great Britain" due to the titles of the later volumes. Specifically, Volume 5 is titled "The history of Great Britain, containing the reigns of James I and Charles I," and Volume 6 is titled "The history of Great Britain, containing the Commonwealth, and the reigns of Charles II and James II." These titles encompass periods relevant to both England and Scotland within the unified monarchy.

What recent historical event significantly influenced Hume's approach to writing about the Revolution of 1688?

The recent memory of the 1745 Jacobite uprising, which nearly led to a war of British succession, profoundly shocked Hume. This event motivated his primary concern in writing about the Revolution of 1688: to legitimize it and prevent future insurrections by appealing to both Whigs and former Jacobites.

What was Hume's objective regarding political factions when writing his history?

Hume aimed to create a philosophy of government that would appeal to both the Whig party and former Jacobites. His goal was to foster a sense of unity and stability by presenting a historical narrative that could bridge the divide between these political groups, thereby forestalling future unrest.

How did Hume address anti-Scottish prejudice prevalent in England during his time?

Hume, being Scottish himself, employed a technique known as "internalised Scoticism." This involved mastering and subtly using the prevailing anti-Scottish sentiments and stereotypes within his writing, which is considered a classic example of this phenomenon. This approach helped him navigate the prejudiced environment and likely contributed to the work's success despite his origins.

What was Hume's interpretation of the 1688 Revolution's impact on the English Constitution?

Hume stated that the Revolution of 1688 significantly advanced principles of liberty and established a precedent for deposing a king and establishing a new ruling family. He believed this event solidified popular principles, making the nature of the English Constitution beyond dispute and setting a new standard for its governance.

What is the 'antinomian interpretation of British freedom' as mentioned in relation to Hume's work?

The 'antinomian interpretation of British freedom' refers to a perspective, influenced by Hume's account, that views British liberty as emerging from revolutionary acts rather than a purely evolutionary process. It suggests that fundamental questions of liberty were decided by the revolution, aligning with the idea that certain actions, like deposing a monarch, were justified outside established legal norms.

Who invited William of Orange to invade England, and what political fiction was used regarding King James II?

A coalition of English Whigs and Tories invited William of Orange to invade England. To appease the Tories' principle that the throne was never vacant, the political fiction was adopted that King James II had abdicated, rather than being formally deposed.

What did the Scottish Parliamentary Convention declare regarding King James's title to the crown?

The Scottish Parliamentary Convention, meeting after the English convention, made a decisive vote declaring that King James, through his maladministration and abuse of power, had forfeited all title to the crown. This declaration was a significant step in establishing the legitimacy of the new constitutional arrangement.

What was Hume's view on the historical continuity of the British Constitution?

Hume did not view the British Constitution as a seamless evolution stretching back to ancient documents like Magna Carta or the laws of King Alfred. Instead, he saw the Revolution of 1688 as a pivotal event that fundamentally altered and defined the constitution, establishing a new framework for governance.

What were the two key declarations of right that emerged from the 1688 period, and for which nations?

The period of the 1688 Revolution produced two significant declarations of right. The Bill of Rights served as the basic law for England, while the Claim of Right was established for Scotland. Both documents aimed to define and limit the powers of the monarchy.

Who were the key intellectual influences behind the English Bill of Rights and the Scottish Claim of Right?

The English Bill of Rights was notably inspired by the philosopher John Locke. The Scottish Claim of Right, on the other hand, is seen as reflecting the guiding hand of James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount of Stair, a prominent Scottish legal figure.

What was Hume's proposed model for a new constitution, as outlined in his essay "Idea of a Perfect Commonwealth"?

Hume's "Idea of a Perfect Commonwealth" proposed a highly devolved scheme designed to capture the advantages of both large and small states. This model, which was a reworking of James Harrington's "The Commonwealth of Oceana," suggested a system that resembled Presbyterian church government in its structure and decentralization.

How does Hume's narrative begin for "The History of Great Britain Part 1"?

Hume's narrative for "The History of Great Britain Part 1" begins auspiciously with James VI of Scotland peacefully assuming the title of the first King of Great Britain. It then details his attempts, alongside Francis Bacon, to promote a union between the two kingdoms, though these efforts ultimately failed due to opposition, particularly in the English Parliament.

What events led to the collapse of Charles I's attempt to rule without Parliament?

Charles I's attempt to rule without Parliament, following the Petition of Right in 1628, collapsed after he provoked the revolution of the National Covenant in Scotland in 1638. This internal conflict, coupled with the Irish rebellion in 1641, ultimately led to the outbreak of the English Civil War.

What was the public reaction to Hume's portrayal of Charles I and the Earl of Strafford in the first volume of his history?

Hume reported that the first volume of his history was met with "one cry of reproach, disapprobation, and even detestation." This outrage stemmed from his expression of sympathy for Charles I and the Earl of Strafford, figures who were deeply unpopular with many political factions at the time.

What key events does Hume cover in "The History of Great Britain Part 2"?

In "The History of Great Britain Part 2," Hume recounts the period following the death of Charles I. This includes the Leveller movement, the proclamation of Charles II in Scotland, Cromwell's suppression of the Irish revolt, Cromwell's military victories, his annexation of Scotland, the death of Cromwell, the inability of his son Richard to maintain control, and the eventual Restoration of the monarchy facilitated by General Monck.

How did Hume describe the execution of the regicides after the Restoration?

Hume described the execution of the regicides, who were hanged, drawn, and quartered, with a tone that acknowledged the severity of their punishment. He noted that even though they were criminals, they faced death with a confidence akin to martyrs, highlighting the intense convictions of the period.

What was the reception of the second volume of Hume's history, covering the period after Charles I's death?

Hume noted that the second volume of his history, published in 1756, was better received than the first. He stated that it "happened to give less displeasure to the Whigs" and that its success helped to improve the reception of the earlier, more controversial volume.

How does Hume's "History of the House of Tudor" begin, and what key monarchs does it cover?

Hume's "History of the House of Tudor" begins with the overthrow of the Plantagenet dynasty by Henry Tudor. It then proceeds to cover the reigns of Henry VIII, detailing his break with Rome and the English Reformation; his son Edward VI, during whose reign the Reformation continued; and his daughter Mary I, who attempted a counter-reformation.

What controversy arose regarding Hume's account of Mary, Queen of Scots?

Hume's portrayal of Elizabeth I and, more significantly, his findings concerning Mary, Queen of Scots, generated considerable outrage. Alongside Dr. William Robertson, Hume concluded that Mary was complicit in the murder of her husband, Lord Darnley, a finding that contradicted the Scottish Parliament's justification for deposing her and led to numerous attempts to refute their conclusions.

What period does Volume 2 of "The Early History of England" cover, and what does Hume describe as the 'reinvention' of the English Nation?

Volume 2 of "The Early History of England" covers the period from the establishment of Magna Carta up to the Wars of the Roses. Hume describes this era as the time when the English Nation was reinvented, following centuries of subjugation after the Norman Conquest.

What does Volume 1 of "The Early History of England" cover?

Volume 1 of "The Early History of England" traces the history back to the foundation of the first English kingdoms, known as the Heptarchy (Kent, Northumberland, East Anglia, Mercia, Essex, Sussex, and Wessex). It also covers the Romano-Welsh imperium that these Anglo-Saxon kingdoms eventually supplanted.

What types of appendices and discursions did Hume include in his history, and what periods did they cover?

Hume included several appendices and discursions that explored specific themes and periods in more detail. These covered topics such as the Shakespearean era, the period up to the Restoration, the period ending with the Revolution, the Tudor era, the Anglo-Saxon period, the era leading up to Magna Carta, the time of Edward III, and the period concluding with the overthrow of Richard Plantagenet.

What anti-Jacobite argument did Hume seek to refute regarding absolute monarchy?

Hume aimed to refute the common anti-Jacobite belief that absolute monarchy was an innovation introduced to England by James I. He argued that James I inherited existing authoritarian institutions like the Court of High Commission and the Court of the Star Chamber from the Tudors and that his rule, along with Charles I's, was actually milder than Elizabeth I's.

When did Hume date the origin of the divine right, or patriarchal, system of government?

Hume dated the origin of the divine right, or patriarchal, system of government to the time of the first two Tudor monarchs, Henry VII and Henry VIII. He contrasted this with the preceding period, which he described as having a "kind of Polish Aristocracy."

How did Hume compare the English political system before the Tudors to the Polish aristocracy?

Hume suggested that before the Tudors, England had a "kind of Polish Aristocracy" where kings were limited, but the people were not yet free. He contrasted this with the later Tudor and Stuart periods, where the "almost absolute" authority of the sovereigns was necessary to dismantle "disorderly and licentious tyrants" and establish the rule of law that eventually enabled liberty.

What did Hume identify as the 'dawn of civility and sciences' in England?

Hume identified the period of the Tudors and Stuarts as the "dawn of civility and sciences." This era also coincided with the terminal decline of serfdom, as free men became increasingly valuable commercially.

According to Hume, when did the convention that kings could not raise taxes without parliamentary consent originate?

Hume dated the convention that kings required parliamentary consent to raise taxes to the time of the usurpers of the House of Lancaster. He suggested that these rulers, needing to bolster their weak claims to the throne, relied on warlord support, which led to the Commons' reluctance to fund the executive.

What fundamental theorem regarding labor and passions did Hume propose?

Hume's fundamental theorem, as quoted by Adamson, is that "everything in the world is purchased by labour, and our passions are the only causes of labour." This economic principle highlights the role of human desires and motivations in driving economic activity.

How did Hume view the Crusades in the context of Western civilization?

Hume considered the Crusades to be "the most signal and most durable monument of human folly, that has yet appeared in any age or nation." He saw the period of the 11th century, around the time of William the Conqueror, as the lowest point of ignorance and disorder in Christendom, with the Crusades representing a peak of irrationality and barbarity.

What did Hume observe about the Saracens during the Crusades compared to the European Crusaders?

Hume noted that during the Crusades, the advantage of science, moderation, and humanity lay entirely with the Saracens. He contrasted the generosity displayed by figures like Saladin with the more "barbarian" character and acts of ferocity attributed to European Crusaders like Richard Coeur de Lion.

How did Hume describe Saladin's character and actions?

Hume portrayed Saladin as a "gallant emperor" who displayed remarkable spirit and generosity, even earning admiration from his enemies. After his death, Saladin's humility was demonstrated when his winding-sheet was carried as a standard with a crier proclaiming it was all that remained of him, and he left his wealth to charity regardless of religious affiliation.

What event in the 12th century did Hume identify as a significant improvement for Europe?

Hume identified the "accidental finding of a copy of Justinian's Pandects" around the year 1130 in Amalfi, Italy, as an event that greatly contributed to the improvement of the age. This discovery provided Europe with a complete and sophisticated system of law.

How did the rediscovery of Justinian's Pandects influence English law, according to Hume?

Although Roman jurisprudence did not become the official municipal law of England due to its association with canon law by the laity, Hume noted that a significant portion of it was "secretly transferred into the practice of the courts of justice." This gradual absorption helped raise English common law from its "rudeness and imperfection."

Which British scientists and philosophers did Hume praise, and for what contributions?

Hume praised Isaac Newton as "the greatest and rarest genius" for his work in natural philosophy. He also acknowledged advances made by Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke in the mechanical philosophy. He applauded John Napier of Merchiston for inventing logarithms and Francis Bacon as "the greatest glory of literature" during James I's reign.

What was Hume's critique of Francis Bacon's approach to scientific discovery?

While praising Francis Bacon as a literary giant, Hume criticized him for treating Nicolaus Copernicus's discovery of the Solar System with disdain. This contrasted with earlier figures like Kepler, suggesting Bacon was not as open to groundbreaking astronomical ideas as he was to other forms of knowledge.

How did Hume evaluate the literary contributions of figures like Shakespeare and Milton?

Hume found Shakespeare's work to possess "barbarism" but considered Spenser, Shakespeare, Bacon, and Jonson superior to their French contemporaries. He rated Milton, Waller, Denham, Cowley, and Harvey as at least equal to their French counterparts, though he felt the licentiousness of the Charles II era retarded polite literature more than the Puritanism of the preceding period.

What was Hume's view on the reign of Charles II concerning the arts and literature?

Hume believed that the reign of Charles II, often mistakenly called England's "Augustan age," actually hindered the progress of polite literature. He argued that the "immeasurable licentiousness" prevalent at court was more destructive to refined arts than the "cant, nonsense, and enthusiasm" of the preceding Puritan period.

What criticism has "The History of England" faced since its publication regarding its political stance?

Since its publication, Hume's "History" has been accused of historical revisionism, with critics suggesting it was intended to promote Toryism. This perspective led figures like Thomas Jefferson to condemn the work as "poison" and detrimental to the free principles of the English government.

What was Thomas Jefferson's strong opinion of Hume's "History of England"?

Thomas Jefferson considered Hume's "History of England" to be "poison" and a work that "has undermined the free principles of the English government." He was so critical that he had it removed from the University of Virginia library, believing it had done more damage to the English Constitution than a large standing army.

What historical concept did Hume believe was being promoted by Whigs like Jefferson, and what was his counter-argument?

Hume believed he was combating the "atavism" of Whigs who sought to portray historical events, such as the regicide of Charles I, as heroic acts rooted in ancient freedoms. Hume countered that government by consent was based on public opinion and the specific circumstances of the time, not on a primeval contract, and that the Revolution of 1688 was a result of lawful forfeiture, not merely a beheading.

What was Hume's stance on American independence and his connection to Alexander Hamilton?

Hume eventually came to support independence for the American colonies and was a friend of Benjamin Franklin. The American founding father whose thinking was closest to Hume's was Alexander Hamilton, who, like Hume, faced prejudice due to his Scottish ancestry.

How did Hume's historical work coincide with the revival of the British Tory Party?

The publication of Hume's "Histories" coincided with the resurgence of the British Tory Party, which had been tainted by its association with Jacobitism for decades. This historical timing suggests Hume's work may have contributed to rehabilitating the party's image by offering a reinterpretation of English history that favored Tory perspectives.

What was Hume's approach to examining the heroes of the 1688 Revolution?

Hume lived in a post-revolutionary era and sought to avoid further upheaval. His approach to the heroes of the 1688 Revolution was not to demonize or glorify them, but rather to examine them critically, encouraging a balanced and analytical perspective on their actions and their impact.

The History Of England Hume Wiki: Hume's Chronicle: Unveiling the History of England

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Overview

The Monumental Work

David Hume's The History of England is a multi-volume historical narrative that spans from the Roman invasion of Britain to the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Written and published in installments between 1754 and 1762, it was Hume's most ambitious literary undertaking.

Author and Context

Authored by the renowned Scottish philosopher David Hume, the work was composed during his tenure as librarian for the Faculty of Advocates in Edinburgh. It reflects his deep engagement with political philosophy, constitutional theory, and the intellectual currents of the Enlightenment.

Reception and Impact

Upon its initial release, Hume's History was met with significant controversy and outrage from various political factions. Despite this, it achieved remarkable commercial success, becoming a best-seller and establishing itself as the standard history of England for its era, providing Hume with long-sought financial independence.

Scope and Structure

The complete work covers the period from Julius Caesar's invasion (55 BC) to the Revolution of 1688. It is arranged chronologically, though published in volumes that did not strictly follow this order. The narrative encompasses England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland.

Publication History

A Phased Release

Hume initially intended to focus on the reigns of the Stuart monarchs. The publication unfolded over several years, with the final volumes appearing last:

1754: Volume V, covering the reigns of James I and Charles I (published first).
1757: Volume VI, covering the Commonwealth and the reigns of Charles II and James II.
1759: Volumes III and IV, detailing the House of Tudor.
1762: Volumes I and II, covering the period from Julius Caesar to Henry VII (published last).

Due to the titles of the later volumes, the entire work is sometimes referred to as History of Great Britain.

Circumstances of Composition

Legitimizing the Revolution

Hume's primary concern, particularly in his early writings on the Stuarts, was to contextualize and legitimize the Revolution of 1688. He sought to demonstrate that the revolution principles were not inherently radical but rather a necessary response to monarchical overreach, aiming to appeal across political divides.

Navigating Anti-Scottish Sentiment

Writing in an era of significant anti-Scottish prejudice in England, Hume, a Scot himself, employed a sophisticated style to navigate these sensitivities. His work can be seen as a masterclass in addressing national identity and historical interpretation within a complex political landscape.

The Revolution of 1688

Liberty and Precedent

Hume viewed the 1688 Revolution as a pivotal moment that decisively settled key questions in favor of liberty and established the precedent of deposing a monarch, thereby solidifying popular principles within the English Constitution. He argued against the notion of an entirely seamless constitutional evolution, emphasizing the revolutionary break.

Declarations of Right

Hume highlighted the differences between the English Bill of Rights and the Scottish Claim of Right. While the Bill of Rights, influenced by John Locke, focused on parliamentary consent for laws, the Claim of Right, potentially shaped by Viscount Stair, asserted that abuses of power led to forfeiture of the crown. Hume's analysis suggests a nuanced understanding of the constitutional settlement, acknowledging influences beyond pure evolutionary theory.

The House of Tudor

Henry VII to Elizabeth I

This section of Hume's history covers the establishment of the Tudor dynasty by Henry VII, the tumultuous reign of Henry VIII and the English Reformation, the brief Protestant reign of Edward VI, the counter-reformation under Mary I, and concludes with the long reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Hume's portrayal of Elizabeth was controversial, and his examination of the papers concerning Mary, Queen of Scots, led to significant debate.

History of Great Britain

The Stuart Era

Hume's narrative details the reigns of James I and Charles I, exploring attempts at union between Scotland and England, the growing tensions leading to the English Civil War, the Scottish National Covenant, and the Irish rebellion. The work continues through the Commonwealth period, the Restoration under Charles II, and the reign of James II, culminating in the Revolution of 1688.

James I's attempts at union and his relatively peaceful reign.
Charles I's conflict with Parliament, leading to the Petition of Right and rule without Parliament.
The National Covenant in Scotland and the Irish Rebellion of 1641.
The English Civil War, the execution of Charles I, and the republican experiment.
Cromwell's rule, the Restoration, and the execution of regicides.
The reigns of Charles II and James II, culminating in the Glorious Revolution.

The Early History

Anglo-Saxon and Norman Eras

Hume traces the history back to the formation of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (the Heptarchy) and the Romano-Welsh period they supplanted. He then covers the era following Magna Carta through the Wars of the Roses, describing it as a time when the English nation was reinvented after Norman subjugation. Hume critiques appeals to an idealized ancient constitution, viewing them as potentially masking ambition.

Constitutional History

Monarchy, Parliament, and Law

Hume's work includes extensive appendices and discursions on constitutional matters. He challenges the notion that absolute monarchy was solely a Stuart innovation, arguing that the Tudors wielded significant power and that the rule of the early Stuarts was milder than Elizabeth's. He traces the convention of parliamentary consent for taxation back to the Lancastrian period and discusses the gradual implementation of Magna Carta.

Divine Right: Hume dates the origin of the divine right or patriarchal system to the early Tudors, contrasting it with an earlier "Polish Aristocracy" where kings were elected.
Parliamentary Consent: The convention that kings could not raise taxes without parliamentary consent is linked to the Lancastrians' need for support.
Magna Carta: Its gradual implementation led to a period resembling Polish aristocracy, before the Tudors established a more centralized authority.
Anglo-Saxon Governance: Hume notes the early Saxons' democratic elements but cautions against romanticizing antiquity, highlighting the lack of freedom for Ancient Britons.
Rule of Law: Hume suggests that the Tudors and Stuarts, despite absolutist tendencies, laid groundwork for civility and the eventual establishment of a more equitable system of liberty.

Political Economy

Labor, Passions, and Markets

Hume's historical analysis incorporates insights into political economy. He posits that "everything in the world is purchased by labour, and our passions are the only causes of labour," a view closely aligned with Adam Smith. The work includes discussions on the fluctuations in commodity prices, such as corn, across different historical periods.

The Crusades: A Nadir

Folly and Barbarity

Hume viewed the Crusades, beginning in the reign of William Rufus, as a "most signal and most durable monument of human folly." He detailed the violence, such as the massacre of Muslims and Jews after the storming of Jerusalem, while also noting the complex interplay of religious fervor, courage, and barbarity. He contrasted figures like Saladin, whom he admired for his generosity, with Richard Coeur de Lion, whom he characterized as more barbaric.

Hume saw the 11th century as the lowest point of Western civilization due to ignorance and disorder.
He described the First Crusade's violence and the participants' subsequent contradictory displays of piety.
He contrasted the chivalry of Saladin with the "barbarian character" of Richard I, citing Richard's massacre of prisoners.
Hume noted Saladin's magnanimity, including his distribution of wealth to charity regardless of religion.
This perspective influenced later historians like Edward Gibbon.

Justinian's Pandects

Influence on Law

Hume identified the accidental rediscovery of Justinian's Pandects around 1130 in Amalfi, Italy, as a significant event for European civilization. He recognized its importance for the development of law, noting its influence on Roman Dutch law and Scottish jurisprudence (via Stair's Institutions). While Roman jurisprudence didn't become England's municipal law due to associations with canon law, its principles were gradually absorbed into English common law, refining it from its "rudeness and imperfection."

Philosophy and Intellectual Currents

Critiques and Appraisals

Hume, a key figure of the Scottish Enlightenment, critically assessed contemporary and earlier thinkers. He lauded Isaac Newton as the greatest genius for instruction, while also acknowledging the limits of the mechanical philosophy. He critiqued John Locke and Thomas Hobbes for their political theories, finding Locke's ideas on government susceptible to antinomianism and Hobbes's politics conducive to tyranny. He praised James Harrington's The Commonwealth of Oceana and noted the intellectual contributions of figures like Francis Bacon and John Napier.

Newton: Hailed as the greatest genius, though Hume noted limitations in the mechanical philosophy.
Locke & Hobbes: Criticized for theories that could support tyranny or licentiousness; Hume rejected the idea of a primeval social contract as a basis for government.
Harrington: Praised for his vision in The Commonwealth of Oceana.
Bacon & Napier: Recognized for their contributions, though Hume noted Bacon's disdain for Copernicus and criticized Napier, Newton, and James I for producing eschatological literature.
Literary Figures: Appreciated Spenser, Shakespeare, Jonson, Milton, and others, while critiquing the "immeasurable licentiousness" of the Restoration period's impact on arts.

Criticism and Revision

Tory Bias and Jefferson's Condemnation

Hume's History faced accusations of historical revisionism, particularly of promoting Tory viewpoints. Thomas Jefferson famously condemned the work as "poison," believing it undermined English constitutional liberties and was more damaging than a large standing army. Jefferson cited John Baxter's "corrected" version as a remedy.

Hume's Own Revisions

Towards the end of his life, Hume acknowledged making over a hundred alterations to the reigns of the first two Stuarts, consistently shifting towards the Tory perspective. He argued that the English constitution before this period should not be viewed as a regular plan of liberty, challenging the Whig historical narrative of continuous freedom.

External Links

Online Resources

Liberty Fund Edition of 'The History of England' (6 vols.) (opens in new tab)
Jefferson's Letter to William Duane (opens in new tab)
David Hume: Prophet of the Counter-revolution (Bongie) (opens in new tab)
'The History of England' Audiobook (LibriVox) (opens in new tab)

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References

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, entry on Hume

this phenomenon appears to have been defined by David Masson

See Macaulay's rather dusty account. This Stair is not to be confused with his son, the genocidaire of Glencoe.

See Scottish National Consciousness in the Age of James VI Arthur H. Williamson

Humes Letters, OUP, Letters 2 vols. ed.J.Y.T.Greig; More Letters ed. Raymond Klibansky, Ernest Mossner

A full list of references for this article are available at the The History of England (Hume) Wikipedia page

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Hume's Chronicle

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview 🏛️

📚 The Monumental Work

✍️ Author and Context

📈 Reception and Impact

📜 Scope and Structure

Publication History 📅

📖 A Phased Release

Circumstances of Composition 🤔

⚖️ Legitimizing the Revolution

🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 Navigating Anti-Scottish Sentiment

The Revolution of 1688 👑

📜 Liberty and Precedent

⚖️ Declarations of Right

The House of Tudor 👑

⚔️ Henry VII to Elizabeth I

History of Great Britain 🇬🇧

⚔️ The Stuart Era

The Early History ⏳

🛡️ Anglo-Saxon and Norman Eras

Constitutional History ⚖️

📜 Monarchy, Parliament, and Law

Political Economy 💰

📈 Labor, Passions, and Markets

The Crusades: A Nadir ⚔️

📉 Folly and Barbarity

Justinian's Pandects ⚖️

🏛️ Influence on Law

Philosophy and Intellectual Currents 💡

🧠 Critiques and Appraisals

Criticism and Revision 🧐

🗣️ Tory Bias and Jefferson's Condemnation

🔄 Hume's Own Revisions

Further Reading 📖

📚 Scholarly Resources

External Links 🔗

🌐 Online Resources

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

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❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

Gamer's Corner 🎮

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References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

The Monumental Work

Author and Context

Reception and Impact

Scope and Structure

Publication History

A Phased Release

Circumstances of Composition

Legitimizing the Revolution

Navigating Anti-Scottish Sentiment

The Revolution of 1688

Liberty and Precedent

Declarations of Right

The House of Tudor

Henry VII to Elizabeth I

History of Great Britain

The Stuart Era

The Early History

Anglo-Saxon and Norman Eras

Constitutional History

Monarchy, Parliament, and Law

Political Economy

Labor, Passions, and Markets

The Crusades: A Nadir

Folly and Barbarity

Justinian's Pandects

Influence on Law

Philosophy and Intellectual Currents

Critiques and Appraisals

Criticism and Revision

Tory Bias and Jefferson's Condemnation

Hume's Own Revisions

Further Reading

Scholarly Resources

External Links

Online Resources

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice