What is Thule, and where is it mentioned in ancient literature?

Thule is the most northerly location mentioned in ancient Greek and Roman literature and cartography. It was first documented by the Greek explorer Pytheas of Massalia around 320 BC and was often described by later writers as an island situated north of Ireland or Britain.

Who was Pytheas of Massalia, and what was his connection to Thule?

Pytheas of Massalia, a Greek explorer from modern-day Marseille, France, is the first known person to have written about Thule. He mentioned visiting it in his lost work, 'On The Ocean,' after undertaking travels between 330 and 320 BC, likely commissioned by Massalia to investigate the origins of their trade goods in northern Europe.

How did later ancient writers interpret Thule's location, and did Pytheas explicitly call it an island?

Later writers, such as Strabo, often described Thule as an island located north of Ireland or Britain. However, Pytheas himself never explicitly described Thule as an island, and some accounts, like Polybius's, suggest Pytheas described it as a place where land, sea, and air were mixed, resembling a jellyfish.

What are some of the proposed modern locations for Thule?

Modern interpretations of Thule's location are varied and include the Orkney Islands, Shetland Islands, Northern Scotland, the Faroe Islands, and Iceland. Other hypotheses suggest it could be the Estonian island of Saaremaa or the Norwegian island of Smøla.

What is the metaphorical meaning of 'ultima Thule'?

In classical and medieval literature, 'ultima Thule' (Latin for 'farthest Thule') evolved into a metaphorical expression. It signifies any distant place located beyond the known boundaries of the world, representing the ultimate limit of exploration or the unattainable.

How did the identification of Thule change from the Late Middle Ages to the 19th century?

During the Late Middle Ages and the early modern period, the Greco-Roman Thule was often identified with Iceland or Greenland. By the 19th century, however, the identification broadened to include Norway, Denmark, Scandinavia as a whole, specific Scottish islands, or the Faroe Islands.

What real-world places have been named after Thule?

The name Thule has been applied to real locations, most notably a missionary and trading post established in northwestern Greenland in 1910 by explorer Knud Rasmussen. This post later gave its name to the Thule Air Base, a significant United States Air Force facility in the same region.

What is the current status of Thule Air Base?

Thule Air Base, originally operated by the United States Air Force, was transferred to the United States Space Force. As of April 6, 2023, its name was changed to Pituffik Space Base.

How did Polybius describe Pytheas' account of Thule, and what was his view of Pytheas?

Polybius, writing around 140 BC, cited Pytheas' description of Thule as a place where 'there was no longer any proper land nor sea nor air, but a sort of mixture of all three of the consistency of a jellyfish.' Polybius viewed Pytheas skeptically, considering him an 'arch falsifier' whose accounts of Britain and Thule were unreliable.

What is the proposed etymology of the name Thule according to Geminus of Rhodes?

The first-century BC Greek astronomer Geminus of Rhodes suggested that the name Thule might derive from an archaic word related to the polar night phenomenon. He interpreted it to mean 'the place where the sun goes to rest,' linking it to the extreme northern latitudes.

What unique astronomical phenomena did ancient writers associate with Thule?

Writers like Avienius noted that during the summer on Thule, the night lasted only about two hours, clearly referencing the phenomenon of the midnight sun. Pliny the Elder further elaborated, stating that Thule experienced no nights in mid-summer and no days in mid-winter, with each period lasting approximately six months.

What did Strabo say about the inhabitants of Thule based on Pytheas' account?

According to Strabo, citing Pytheas, the people of Thule subsisted on millet, herbs, fruits, and roots, with beverages made from grain and honey. He noted that due to a lack of sunshine and frequent rains, they stored their grain and pounded it in large storehouses rather than threshing it in the open.

How did Pliny the Elder describe Thule's location and its extreme daylight/night cycles?

Pliny the Elder, in his 'Natural History,' placed Thule six days' sail north of Britain. He described it as a place with continuous daylight around mid-summer when the sun is in Cancer, and continuous night around mid-winter, with each extreme lasting about six months. He also situated it along the most northerly parallel of latitude he described.

What connection did Roman writers like Silius Italicus and Claudian make between Thule and the Picts?

The Roman poet Silius Italicus described the people of Thule as being 'blue-painted,' which has led to speculation about a connection with the Picts, whose name is derived from the Latin 'pictus' meaning 'painted.' Claudian also associated the inhabitants of Thule with the Picts, stating that Thule was 'warm with the blood of Picts' in the context of Roman military campaigns.

What did Tacitus report about Roman knowledge of Thule?

In his biography of Agricola, Tacitus mentioned that a Roman ship, while circumnavigating Britain, claimed to have sighted Thule. However, the ship's crew did not explore further as winter was approaching, and their primary mission was not exploration of such distant lands.

What did Gaius Julius Solinus and Servius suggest about Thule's proximity to other islands?

The third-century grammarian Gaius Julius Solinus wrote in his 'Polyhistor' that Thule was a five-day and five-night voyage from the Orkney Islands and was known for its fruitful land. Similarly, the fourth-century commentator Servius believed Thule was an island situated near the Orkney and Ireland, experiencing perpetual daylight during the summer solstice.

What did Orosius suggest about Thule's location, and what did Isidore of Seville add?

The fourth-century historian Orosius described Thule as being located north and west of both Ireland and Britain, strongly suggesting it might be Iceland. Isidore of Seville, in his 'Etymologies,' described 'Ultima Thule' as an island in the northwestern Ocean beyond Britannia, deriving its name from the sun and noting its sea was sluggish and frozen.

How did Procopius describe Thule and its inhabitants in the sixth century?

Procopius, writing in the first half of the sixth century, described Thule as a large northern island inhabited by thirteen tribes, which is believed to refer to parts of Scandinavia. He identified some tribes, like the Geats and Sami people, and noted that the inhabitants were pagans who practiced human sacrifice. He also described a forty-day period of darkness around the winter solstice, followed by a significant festival when the sun reappeared.

What did Dicuil, an Irish monk, report about Thule around 825 AD?

Dicuil documented accounts from clerics who had stayed in Thule for six months. They reported that during the summer solstice, the sun set only briefly, allowing for near-continuous daylight. Dicuil also noted that a day's sail north of Thule, the sea was found to be frozen, contradicting earlier claims of perpetually frozen seas or continuous day/night cycles.

What did Lennart Meri hypothesize about Thule's location in Estonia?

In 1976, Lennart Meri proposed that the Estonian island of Saaremaa (also known by its exonym Ösel) could be Thule. He based this hypothesis on a phonological similarity between the name Thule and the root 'tule-' meaning 'of fire' in Estonian and other Finnic languages. The presence of the Kaali crater, formed by a prehistoric meteor strike, on Saaremaa, and associated folklore about the sun resting there, further supported his theory.

How did Nazi ideology incorporate the concept of Thule?

Some proponents of ariosophy in early 20th-century Germany theorized that Thule, or Hyperborea, was the ancient homeland of the 'Aryan race.' This belief influenced the formation of the Thule Society (Thule Gesellschaft), which had close ties to the early Nazi party. Senior Nazi figures like Heinrich Himmler were interested in Thule as a mythical origin point for their ideology.

What was the significance of the Thule Society in relation to Nazi ideology?

The Thule Society, founded in 1918, was an esoteric organization that promoted theories about the Aryan race originating from a mythical land called Thule. It had significant connections to the German Workers' Party (DAP), the precursor to the Nazi Party (NSDAP), and its ideology contributed to the pseudoscientific racial theories underpinning Nazism.

What is the origin of the name 'Southern Thule'?

In 1775, Captain Cook named an island in the high southern latitudes of the South Atlantic Ocean 'Southern Thule' during his second voyage. This name is now applied to a group of three southernmost islands in the South Sandwich Islands, one of which is specifically called Thule Island.

What is the historical significance of Knud Rasmussen's 'Thule' in Greenland?

Explorer Knud Rasmussen established a missionary and trading post named 'Thule' in northwest Greenland in 1910. This settlement became the namesake for the indigenous Thule people, the ancestors of modern Inuit Greenlanders. The nearby Thule Air Base was later established, leading to the resettlement of the original Thule inhabitants to a new location called 'New Thule' (Qaanaaq).

Which element in the periodic table is named after Thule?

The element thulium (symbol Tm), which has the atomic number 69, is named in reference to Thule. This naming reflects the element's discovery in Scandinavia, linking it to the mythical northern land.

How is the term 'Ultima Thule' used in classical literature, particularly by Virgil and Seneca?

Virgil coined the phrase 'Ultima Thule' in his 'Georgics' to signify 'farthermost Thule,' using it to denote a remote and distant location. Seneca the Younger, in his writings, alluded to a future time when new lands would be discovered beyond Thule, suggesting it represented the known edge of the world at that time.

What is 'The Wonders Beyond Thule'?

'The Wonders Beyond Thule' is a work of prose fiction written in Greek by Antonius Diogenes, dating from around AD 150 or earlier. Scholars suggest that the Thule referenced in this work most closely resembles Iceland.

How did Boethius use Thule in 'The Consolation of Philosophy'?

In his 'Consolation of Philosophy,' Boethius used Thule to represent the western boundary of the known world for Europeans. He contrasted the power of philosophy with the vastness of the known world, stating that even if the earth trembled before the emperor's laws as far as India and Thule bowed to his service, true power lay in overcoming inner turmoil.

What connection did medieval scholars make between Thule and Greenland or Iceland?

By the Late Middle Ages, scholars like Dicuil, Bede, and Adam of Bremen began linking Thule to geographical locations such as Iceland and Greenland. They also associated it with accounts of distant or mythical places reported by travelers like Saint Brendan, integrating these new discoveries and legends with the classical concept of Thule.

How did Thomas Weelkes describe Thule in his 1600 madrigal?

In his madrigal 'Thule,' published in 1600, Thomas Weelkes referred to Thule as 'the period of cosmography.' He poetically described it boasting of the volcano Hekla, whose fiery emissions were said to melt the frozen climate and thaw the sky, comparing its intensity to Mount Etna's flames.

What is the significance of Thule in Edgar Allan Poe's poem 'Dream-Land'?

In Edgar Allan Poe's 1844 poem 'Dream-Land,' Thule is depicted as an 'ultimate dim Thule.' It represents the furthest, most remote, and perhaps surreal destination reached from a 'wild weird clime, that lieth, sublime, Out of Space – out of Time,' symbolizing the extreme edge of imagination or reality.

How did John Henry Wilbrandt Stuckenberg use 'ultima Thule' in his 1885 work?

John Henry Wilbrandt Stuckenberg used 'ultima Thule' in his 1885 book 'The Final Science: or Spiritual Materialism' to represent the ultimate philosophical question about the fundamental nature of reality. He posed 'What is the mind's ultima Thule?' and concluded that materialism provided the most satisfactory answer to the universe's origins and workings.

What did Kelly Miller define as the 'ultima Thule' of human strivings in 1899?

In 1899, Kelly Miller defined the 'ultima Thule' of human strivings as the attainment of civilization, which he described as the sum total of influences promoting knowledge and virtue. He identified the essential factors of civilization as knowledge, industry, culture, and virtue.

How is Thule represented in Hal Foster's Prince Valiant comics?

In Hal Foster's comic strip 'Prince Valiant,' Thule is depicted as the ancestral kingdom of Prince Valiant's father, Aguar, who is an exiled king. Foster located this kingdom of Thule on the mainland of Norway, near the city of Trondheim.

What is the meaning of 'Ultima Thule' in Umberto Eco's 'The Name of the Rose'?

In Umberto Eco's novel 'The Name of the Rose,' 'Ultima Thule' is used to describe the origin of a richly illuminated manuscript discovered by the narrator, Adso. He surmised that the manuscript came from monasteries located in 'Ultima Thule,' implying a remote, perhaps northern or legendary, place known for its scholarly or artistic traditions.

How does Jorge Luis Borges use the phrase 'ultima Thule'?

Jorge Luis Borges uses the classic Latin phrase 'ultima Thule' in his poem 'A Reader.' He employs it to bridge the gap between his early studies of Latin and his later efforts to read the works of the Icelandic poet Snorri Sturluson, connecting the classical concept of the farthest known point with his engagement with Norse literature.

What is the significance of Thule in Bernard Cornwell's novel 'The Lords of the North'?

In Bernard Cornwell's novel 'The Lords of the North,' Thule is described by the character Uhtred of Bebbanburg as 'that strange land of ice and flame.' This evocative description aligns with the ancient perceptions of Thule as a remote, extreme, and possibly mythical northern territory.

What role does Thule play in Cassandra Clare's 'The Shadowhunter Chronicles'?

In Cassandra Clare's 'The Shadowhunter Chronicles,' Thule is presented as an alternate dimension. This usage expands the concept of Thule beyond a geographical location to a fantastical realm within a larger fictional universe.

What is Thule in Sue Burke's sci-fi novel 'Dual Memory'?

In Sue Burke's science fiction novel 'Dual Memory,' Thule is depicted as an artificial polar island. This modern interpretation places the name within a futuristic, constructed environment, continuing its association with extreme northern or isolated settings.

How is Thule referenced in Christopher Paolini's 'To Sleep in a Sea of Stars'?

In Christopher Paolini's novel 'To Sleep in a Sea of Stars,' Thule is used as a mild deity oath and is identified as the god of the spacers, or 'the Lord of Empty Spaces.' Paolini explains in an appendix that this usage is derived from the concept of 'ultima Thule,' linking the vastness of space to the ancient idea of the farthest known limit.

What was the 'Oera Linda Book' and its connection to Nazi ideology?

The 'Oera Linda Book' was a manuscript claimed to have been found in the 19th century, which purported to contain ancient Frisian history and mythology. It was favored by Heinrich Himmler and promoted by figures like Herman Wirth, who translated parts of it into German. The book was used to support theories about Thule being the origin of the Aryan race, although it has since been discredited as a hoax.

What is the relationship between Thule and the element Thulium?

Thulium, a rare-earth element found in the periodic table with the symbol Tm and atomic number 69, derives its name from Thule. This naming convention reflects the element's discovery in Scandinavia, connecting it to the mythical northern land.

What is 'Ultima Thule' within the Mammoth Cave system?

Within the Mammoth Cave system in Kentucky, 'Ultima Thule' was historically known as the terminus of the explorable Main Cave passage. Subsequent discoveries revealed areas beyond it, but the name persists, marking a significant point in the cave's exploration history.

What Kuiper Belt object was nicknamed 'Ultima Thule'?

The Kuiper Belt object 486958 Arrokoth, a target for NASA's New Horizons probe, was nicknamed 'Ultima Thule' following a naming competition in March 2018. The probe conducted the most distant fly-by of a planetary body ever recorded on January 1, 2019, at this object.

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Origins of the Legend

Pytheas's Voyage

The earliest known written account of Thule originates from the Greek explorer Pytheas of Massalia (modern-day Marseille) around 320 BC. In his lost work, On The Ocean, Pytheas described Thule as the northernmost known location, a six-day sail north of Britain. While later writers often referred to it as an island, Pytheas himself did not explicitly state this.³

"Ultima Thule"

The term Ultima Thule, meaning "farthest Thule," emerged in classical and medieval literature. It evolved into a metaphor for any distant, unknown place situated beyond the recognized boundaries of the known world, representing the ultimate limit of exploration and understanding.⁷

Early Interpretations

The Greek astronomer Geminus suggested the name derived from an archaic word for the polar night phenomenon, signifying "the place where the sun goes to rest."¹² Avienius noted that during the summer solstice in Thule, daylight lasted only two hours, a clear reference to the phenomenon of the midnight sun.¹⁵

Classical and Medieval Accounts

Greek and Roman Geographers

Ancient writers offered varied perspectives on Thule. Strabo, in his Geographica, cited Pytheas but expressed skepticism, noting that other travelers who had visited Britain and Ireland did not mention Thule. He placed it near the frozen sea and acknowledged the uncertainty surrounding its existence and location, calling it "the farthest of all the countries that are named."¹⁸ Pliny the Elder, referencing Pytheas, described Thule as a place with perpetual daylight during the summer solstice and perpetual night during the winter solstice, lasting six months each.²¹

Peoples and Practices

Descriptions of Thule's inhabitants varied. Strabo, quoting Pytheas, depicted them as subsisting on herbs, fruits, and roots, using stored grain for beverages and processing it in large storehouses due to rain.¹⁹ Silius Italicus and Claudian alluded to the inhabitants being painted blue, possibly linking them to the Picts.²³²⁶ Procopius, in the 6th century, described Thule as a large island with thirteen tribes, including the Geats and Sami people, practicing paganism and human sacrifice, and experiencing a forty-day period without sunrise during the winter solstice.³²³³

Shifting Geography

Over time, the geographical identification of Thule shifted. Early medieval writers like Isidore of Seville placed it northwest of Britain, near Orkney.³⁴ Dicuil, an Irish monk, described clerics who had visited an island where daylight varied significantly around the solstices, and noted that the sea north of it was frozen.³⁴ Bede and Adam of Bremen also discussed Thule, often identifying it with Iceland or Greenland, reflecting the evolving geographical knowledge of the era.³⁵

Modern Research and Hypotheses

Historical and Linguistic Links

In the 18th century, antiquarians like Charles Vallancey proposed Ireland as Thule.³⁷ In the 19th century, W.F. Skene identified Thule with the Kintyre peninsula in Scotland.³⁸ More recently, Lennart Meri hypothesized that the Estonian island of Saaremaa (Ösel) could be Thule, noting a linguistic connection to the Estonian word for fire ("tule-") and the presence of the Kaali crater lake, linked to local folklore about the sun resting.⁴⁵

Geographical Identifications

In 2010, researchers from Technische Universität Berlin suggested that corrected calculations of Ptolemaic maps indicated Thule might correspond to the Norwegian island of Smøla.⁶ These diverse hypotheses highlight the enduring ambiguity and interpretative nature of Thule's geographical placement across different historical periods.

Namesakes and Legacy

Geographical and Astronomical

The name "Thule" has been applied to various real-world locations. Captain Cook named the southernmost islands in the South Sandwich Islands "Southern Thule."⁴⁵ The element Thulium (Tm) in the periodic table is named after Thule.⁴² In 2019, NASA's New Horizons probe visited the Kuiper Belt object Arrokoth, which was nicknamed "Ultima Thule" prior to its official naming.⁴³⁴⁴

Settlements and Bases

Explorer Knud Rasmussen established a settlement named "Thule" in northwest Greenland in 1910, which became the namesake for the Thule people, ancestors of modern Inuit Greenlanders.⁴¹ The nearby United States Air Force base, now Pituffik Space Base, was originally known as Thule Air Base.⁴¹

Geological and Cultural

Within the Mammoth Cave system in Kentucky, a significant passage terminus is known as "Ultima Thule," reflecting its status as a boundary of exploration within the cave's vast network.⁴³

Thule in Literature

Classical and Medieval Echoes

Virgil coined the term Ultima Thule in his Georgics to signify a remote, unattainable goal.⁴⁵ Seneca the Younger envisioned future discoveries beyond Thule, a concept later associated with Christopher Columbus' voyages.⁴⁶ Antonius Diogenes' novel The Wonders Beyond Thule (c. AD 150) presented a narrative set in this mythical land.⁴⁷ Boethius referenced Thule as the western boundary of the known world in his Consolation of Philosophy.⁴⁸

Renaissance to Romanticism

During the Renaissance, Thomas Weelkes' madrigal "Thule" referenced the volcano Hekla in Iceland.⁵² Later, Ambrose Philips began a poem on the "Fable of Thule." Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's poem "Der König in Thule" (later incorporated into Faust I) explored a mythical kingdom, inspiring musical settings by Schubert and Liszt.⁵³ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's collection Ultima Thule (1880) also invoked the concept.⁵³

Modern and Contemporary

Edgar Allan Poe's poem "Dream-Land" begins with a journey "From an ultimate dim Thule."⁵⁵ John Henry Wilbrandt Stuckenberg's 1885 work The Final Science used Thule metaphorically for the ultimate philosophical inquiry.⁵³ Thule appears in novels by Henry Handel Richardson, Hal Foster's Prince Valiant, Vladimir Nabokov's short story "Ultima Thule," Umberto Eco's The Name of the Rose, Jorge Luis Borges' poetry, Bernard Cornwell's novels, and the Asterix series. It also features in modern sci-fi by Cassandra Clare, Sue Burke, and Christopher Paolini.⁵⁶⁵⁷⁵⁸

Thule in Ideology

Nazi Association

In the early 20th century, certain circles within German ariosophy, including the Thule Society (Thule Gesellschaft), associated Thule with the mythical homeland of the ancient Aryan race. This esoteric belief system influenced early Nazi ideology, with figures like Heinrich Himmler seeking to find evidence of this connection in places like Iceland.⁴⁰ The society's name was explicitly linked to Pytheas' Thule.⁵⁹

The Oera Linda Book

The discredited Oera Linda Book, purportedly found in the 19th century, played a role in these ideological interpretations. Its partial translation into German by Herman Wirth was favored by Himmler. While intended as a hoax by its authors, it contributed to the mystique surrounding Thule in esoteric and nationalist circles.⁶⁰

Related Concepts

Further Exploration

The concept of Thule intersects with numerous related ideas in geography, mythology, and history. Understanding these connections provides a richer context for its significance:

Hyperborea: A mythical land beyond the North Wind, often associated with paradise.
Phantom Islands: Islands that appear on maps but are later found not to exist or to be misinterpretations.
Mythical Places: Locations that exist in folklore, legend, and mythology rather than verifiable geography.
Thule People: The prehistoric ancestors of modern Inuit, named after the region.
Thule Society: An influential German occultist and Germanic pagan organisation in the early 20th century.
Southern Thule: A geographical designation applied by Captain Cook in the South Atlantic.

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References

Andreas Kleineberg, Christian Marx, Eberhard Knobloch und Dieter Lelgemann: Germania und die Insel Thule. Die EntschlÃ¼sselung von Ptolemaios' "Atlas der Oikumene". Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2010.

L. Sprague de Camp (1954). Lost Continents, p. 57.

Polybius. Book XXXIV, 5, 3

The Problem of Pytheas' Thule, Ian Whitaker, The Classical Journal, Vol. 77, No. 2 (Dec., 1981 â Jan., 1982), pp. 55â67

Book IV, Chapter 5.

Book VI, Chapter 34.

Tacitus, Agricola, 10.

Ab Orcadibus Thylen usque quinque dierum ac noctium navigatio est; sed Thyle larga et diutina Pomona copiosa est.[1]

Gilberg (1976) page 86. Hunting activities here are described in the January 2006 National Geographic.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Thule Wikipedia page

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Thule: Echoes from the Ancient World's Northernmost Frontier

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Origins of the Legend 🧭

🇬🇷 Pytheas's Voyage

🌐 "Ultima Thule"

❓ Early Interpretations

Classical and Medieval Accounts 📜

🏛️ Greek and Roman Geographers

⚔️ Peoples and Practices

🗺️ Shifting Geography

Modern Research and Hypotheses 🔬

🧐 Historical and Linguistic Links

📍 Geographical Identifications

Namesakes and Legacy 🌟

🌍 Geographical and Astronomical

🏠 Settlements and Bases

🏞️ Geological and Cultural

Thule in Literature 📚

📜 Classical and Medieval Echoes

🎶 Renaissance to Romanticism

✒️ Modern and Contemporary

Thule in Ideology 🚩

卐 Nazi Association

📖 The Oera Linda Book

Related Concepts 🔗

💡 Further Exploration

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Origins of the Legend

Pytheas's Voyage

"Ultima Thule"

Early Interpretations

Classical and Medieval Accounts

Greek and Roman Geographers

Peoples and Practices

Shifting Geography

Modern Research and Hypotheses

Historical and Linguistic Links

Geographical Identifications

Namesakes and Legacy

Geographical and Astronomical

Settlements and Bases

Geological and Cultural

Thule in Literature

Classical and Medieval Echoes

Renaissance to Romanticism

Modern and Contemporary

Thule in Ideology

Nazi Association

The Oera Linda Book

Related Concepts

Further Exploration

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice