What are the different names used for trams in Canada and the United States?

In Canada and the United States, trams are commonly referred to as streetcars or trolleys.

How are trams generally classified in relation to light rail systems?

Due to their close similarities in design and operation, trams are frequently included within the broader category of light rail systems, which also encompasses systems that are separated from other traffic.

What are the typical physical characteristics of tram vehicles compared to main line or rapid transit trains?

Tram vehicles are generally lighter and shorter than those used on main line railways or in rapid transit systems.

What are the common methods by which electric trams draw power?

Most electric trams draw power from overhead lines, typically using a pantograph. Older systems might use a trolley pole or a bow collector, and some systems utilize a contact shoe on a third rail.

Can trams operate on dual power systems, and if so, for what purpose?

Yes, trams can occasionally be equipped with dual power systems. This allows them to use electricity within city streets and switch to diesel power in more rural environments if necessary.

What is a tram-train, and how does it differ from a standard tram?

A tram-train is a type of tram that can operate on segments of mainline railway tracks, similar to interurban systems. This allows for greater flexibility in connecting urban tram networks with national rail infrastructure.

What advantage did steel wheels on steel rails provide for early trams?

The low rolling resistance of steel wheels on steel rails allowed trams to haul heavier loads with less effort compared to other forms of transport.

What factors contributed to the decline of trams in the mid-20th century?

Improvements in other vehicles, such as buses, and the increasing popularity of automobiles led to a decline in tram usage during the early to mid-20th century.

What has been the trend for trams since the 1980s?

Since the 1980s, trams have experienced a resurgence in popularity and usage in many cities around the world.

What were the precursors to modern tramways?

Precursors to modern tramways included wooden or stone wagonways used in central Europe since the 1500s for transporting mine carts, and paved limestone trackways developed by the Romans for heavy horse and ox-drawn transportation. By the 1700s, paved plateways with cast iron rails were introduced in England for transporting materials from mines.

What was the world's first passenger tram service, and when did it begin?

The world's first passenger tram service was the Swansea and Mumbles Railway in Wales, UK, which began horse-drawn service in 1807 after an Act of Parliament in 1804.

Who introduced the first tram line in Birkenhead, England, and what was their nationality?

The American George Francis Train introduced the first tram line in Birkenhead, England, in 1860.

Why did street railways develop earlier in America than in Europe?

Street railways developed earlier in America due to the poor paving of streets in American cities, which made them unsuitable for horsebuses. Running horsecars on rails provided a much smoother ride.

Who built the first authenticated streetcar in America, and in what year did it begin service?

The first authenticated streetcar in America was the New York and Harlem Railroad, developed by John Stephenson, which began service in New York City in 1832.

Which American streetcar line, established in 1835, still operates today?

The New Orleans and Carrollton Railroad, established in 1835, still operates today as the St. Charles Streetcar Line.

What were some of the significant limitations of horse-drawn trams?

Limitations of horse-drawn trams included the limited working hours of horses, the need for housing, grooming, feeding, and care, and the significant amount of manure produced, which required disposal. Many systems needed numerous horses to maintain service.

What were the two main types of steam-powered trams?

The two main types of steam trams were those with a small steam locomotive at the head of the train, and those where the steam engine was enclosed within the body of the tram, often called a 'tram engine' or 'steam dummy'.

What modifications were made to steam tram engines to make them suitable for street running?

Steam tram engines often had enclosed wheels and machinery for safety and noise reduction. Measures were also taken to prevent visible smoke or steam, such as using coke instead of coal and employing condensers or superheaters.

What was the primary motive power system for trams that ran on a moving steel cable?

Cable cars were pulled along a fixed track by a moving steel cable, typically running in a slot below street level, with the cable powered by a distant powerhouse.

When and where was the first practical cable car line tested?

The first practical cable car line was tested in San Francisco in 1873.

What made cable cars particularly effective in hilly cities?

Cable cars were effective in hilly cities because their nondriven wheels did not lose traction on steep inclines, and the moving cable helped restrain the car on downhill sections, providing a steady pace.

What were some of the drawbacks of cable-hauled tram systems?

Cable car systems suffered from high infrastructure costs due to the complex system of cables, pulleys, and engines. They also required skilled operators, and cable breaks necessitated service cessation for repairs.

What types of internal combustion engines were used to power trams?

Trams were powered by petrol (gasoline) engines, and in some cases, diesel engines were used, particularly in locations prone to hurricanes where electrical systems might be vulnerable.

What alternative fuel source was used for some trams in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

Some tram systems utilized gas, naphtha gas, or coal gas as a power source during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

When and where did the world's first electric tram line operate?

The world's first electric tram line operated in Sestroretsk, near Saint Petersburg, Russia, invented and tested by Fyodor Pirotsky in 1875.

What was the first public electric tramway used for permanent service, and where was it located?

The first public electric tramway for permanent service was the Gross-Lichterfelde tramway in Lichterfelde, near Berlin, Germany, which opened in 1881.

Which electric railway, opened in 1883, is considered the oldest operating electric tramway in the world?

Volk's Electric Railway, opened in 1883 in Brighton, UK, remains in service and is considered the oldest operating electric tramway in the world.

What was the first tram in the world to be regularly run with electricity supplied by an overhead line with pantograph current collectors?

The Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram, opened near Vienna, Austria, in 1883, was the first tram in regular service to use electricity supplied by an overhead line with pantograph current collectors.

What was the first city-wide electric streetcar system implemented in the United States, and in what year?

The first city-wide electric streetcar system in the United States was implemented in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1886 by the Capital City Street Railway Company.

What innovation by Frank J. Sprague significantly advanced electric tram systems?

Frank J. Sprague developed multiple unit control, allowing several cars to be operated by a single motorman, and improved the overhead trolley system for collecting electricity, which led to the rapid adoption of electric tram systems worldwide.

What were the challenges with early electric tram power collection systems, such as Siemens' line?

Early systems like Siemens' line drew current from the rails, limiting the voltage and posing a risk of electric shocks to people and animals crossing the tracks.

What is the 'trolley' as it relates to current collection?

The 'trolley' can refer to a device, such as a pantograph, trolley pole, or bow collector, used by electric vehicles to collect current from overhead wires.

What is 'conduit current collection' as used in early electric tram systems?

Conduit current collection involved drawing power from a live rail located in a conduit beneath the street, using a 'plough' that connected the vehicle to the underground supply. This system was used in London, Washington D.C., and New York City.

What is 'ground-level power supply' (APS), and why was it developed?

Ground-level power supply (APS) is a modern system that uses a third rail between the running rails, divided into powered and neutral segments. It was developed primarily to avoid intrusive overhead cables in sensitive urban areas, such as the old city of Bordeaux.

What are the typical route patterns for tram systems?

Typical route patterns include radial routes connecting the city center to suburbs, loop lines, tangential routes linking adjacent suburbs, and downtown circulator loops. Some modern systems also reuse existing radial railway tracks.

What is a 'green track' in the context of tramway construction?

A 'green track' is an ecological approach to tramway construction where tracks are embedded into grass turf, contributing to a more environmentally friendly urban landscape.

Who invented grooved rail for tramways, and what was its primary benefit?

Alphonse Loubat invented grooved rail in 1852. Its benefit was enabling tramways to be laid in streets without causing significant nuisance to other road users, although cyclists could still catch their wheels in the grooves.

How do automatic point-setting systems for trams function?

Automatic point-setting systems download route information from a central computer, and an onboard computer actuates each point as the tram approaches, often using an induction loop.

Why is standard gauge often preferred for modern light rail systems?

Standard gauge is favored for modern light rail because it allows for the use of standard railway maintenance equipment, facilitates easier delivery of vehicles via freight railways, and provides more space for wheelchairs within the wheels, which is beneficial for low-floor vehicles.

What are some of the advantages of trams compared to buses?

Trams are generally more efficient in road usage, have lower rolling resistance leading to better energy efficiency, use sustainable electric propulsion, can handle tighter turns than long buses, have a longer service life than internal combustion buses, and often offer higher capacity and lower labor costs per passenger.

What are some of the disadvantages associated with tram tracks?

Tram tracks can be hazardous for cyclists, as their wheels may get caught in the track grooves. When wet, tracks can become slippery, posing a risk to bicycles, motorcycles, and even cars.

What is the 'General Motors streetcar conspiracy'?

The 'General Motors streetcar conspiracy' refers to a historical case study suggesting that General Motors and other companies conspired to dismantle tram systems in the United States to promote the sale of automobiles and buses.

What is the origin of the English terms 'tram' and 'tramway'?

The terms 'tram' and 'tramway' are derived from the Scots word 'tram', which referred to a truck used in coal mines and the tracks they ran on. The word likely originates from Middle Flemish 'trame', meaning 'beam' or 'handle'.

What are the North American terms for trams, and how are they sometimes used interchangeably?

North Americans often prefer the terms 'streetcar', 'trolley', or 'trolleycar'. In some parts of the US, internally powered buses designed to resemble streetcars are also referred to as 'trolleys'.

What is the difference between a 'trolley' and a 'trolleybus'?

A 'trolley' typically refers to a tram that collects power from overhead wires. A 'trolleybus', however, is a rubber-tired bus that also draws power from overhead wires using twin trolley poles, and is sometimes called a 'trackless trolley'.

What is the significance of the Melbourne tram system in terms of size?

The Melbourne tram system is recognized as the largest urban tram network in the world by route length.

Which city had the world's largest tram system at its peak, and what was its route length?

Historically, the Paris tram system was the world's largest at its peak, with 1,111 kilometers (690 miles) of track in 1925.

What is the Belgian Coast Tram (Kusttram), and what makes it notable?

The Belgian Coast Tram (Kusttram) is the longest single tram line and route in the world, measuring 68 km (42 miles) and running along almost the entire length of the Belgian coast.

What is the longest urban intracity tram line in the world?

The longest urban intracity tram line is the 33 km (21 mile) counter-ring routes 5/5a in Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia.

What are some of the major tram and light rail systems in Europe by route length?

Some of the largest tram and light rail systems in Europe by route length include Kyiv, Saint Petersburg, Cologne, Berlin, Moscow, Milan, Budapest, Silesian Interurbans, and Vienna.

What are some of the largest tram and light rail systems in North America by route length?

Notable North American systems include Dallas (DART light rail, modern streetcar, and heritage streetcar) and Los Angeles.

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What is a Tram?

Urban Rail Transit

A tram, also known as a streetcar or trolley in North America, is a form of urban rail transit where vehicles, typically railcars or multiple-unit trains, run on tramway tracks laid on public streets. Some systems incorporate segments on segregated rights-of-way, blurring the lines with light rail.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Power and Efficiency

Most trams utilize electrical power, commonly supplied via a pantograph or trolley pole from overhead lines. Historically, steam and cable power were prevalent. Trams offer advantages over earlier transit methods due to lower rolling resistance of steel wheels on steel rails, enabling greater hauling capacity for a given effort. They largely replaced animal power in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.^[18]

Resurgence and Evolution

While trams experienced a decline in the mid-20th century due to the rise of buses and automobiles, they have seen a significant resurgence since the 1980s. Modern systems often feature low-floor designs, articulated vehicles, and advanced technologies, contributing to their renewed popularity as a sustainable and efficient urban transport solution.^[95]

Historical Trajectory

Horse-Drawn Era

The earliest passenger trams, beginning in the early 19th century, were horse-drawn. The Swansea and Mumbles Railway in Wales, established in 1804 and operating horse-drawn service from 1807, is recognized as the world's first passenger tramway.^[6]^[7]^[8] American cities, facing poorly paved streets, adopted horse-drawn streetcars early on, with the New York and Harlem Railroad starting service in 1832.^[10]^[11]

Early systems faced challenges with animal care, housing, and waste management.
Horse-drawn trams continued in some cities until the early 20th century, with New York City's last service ending in 1917.^[15]
Mule-drawn services persisted even longer in some locations, with one in Celaya, Mexico, operating until 1954.^[17]

Steam and Cable Power

Steam power was introduced for trams, initially with small locomotives pulling carriages, and later with self-contained "tram engines" or "steam dummies."^[18] Cable-hauled systems, where vehicles were pulled by an underground moving cable, gained prominence, notably in San Francisco from 1873.^[21] These systems were effective on steep gradients but were costly to maintain and were eventually superseded by electric power.

Steam trams operated in cities like Munich, Sydney, and Milan.^[19]^[20]
Melbourne, Australia, had one of the world's largest cable car networks.^[52]
Cable cars remain operational in San Francisco, known for their effectiveness on steep hills.^[90]

The Electric Revolution

Electric trams emerged as the dominant technology. Fyodor Pirotsky's early experiments in Russia in the 1870s paved the way.^[29]^[30] Werner von Siemens' Gross-Lichterfelde tramway near Berlin, opened in 1881, was the first commercially successful electric tram.^[32] The development of reliable current collection systems, like overhead wires and pantographs, facilitated rapid global adoption.

Volk's Electric Railway in Brighton (1883) is the world's oldest operating electric tramway.^[33]
Frank J. Sprague's work in Richmond, Virginia (1888), introduced multiple-unit control, influencing modern train operations.^[35]
Electric systems spread rapidly across Europe, North America, Australia, and Asia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Diverse Tram Designs

Articulated and Low-Floor

Modern trams are often articulated, consisting of multiple rigid sections linked by pivoting joints, allowing for greater flexibility and capacity. The trend towards low-floor designs, introduced in the 1990s, enhances accessibility by eliminating steps for boarding, making them suitable for passengers with mobility challenges.^[70]

Single vs. Double Ended

Trams can be single-ended, requiring specific turning loops or wyes at termini, or double-ended, allowing operation in either direction without turning. This design choice impacts operational flexibility and infrastructure requirements.^[72]

Cargo and Tram-Trains

While primarily for passengers, some trams are adapted for cargo transport. Tram-trains represent a hybrid, capable of operating on both urban tramway tracks and conventional mainline railway lines, offering seamless connectivity between city centers and suburban or regional areas.^[5]

Powering the Journey

Electric Systems

Electricity remains the primary power source for modern trams. Common collection methods include pantographs, trolley poles, and bow collectors drawing power from overhead lines. Ground-level power supply (APS) systems, using embedded rails or induction plates, offer a visually less intrusive alternative, particularly in historic city centers.^[75]

Battery and Hybrid

Battery-powered trams and hybrid systems are emerging technologies. Battery trams can operate catenary-free for extended periods, recharged at stops or depots. Hybrid systems, like the Trieste-Opicina tramway, combine electric traction with cable assistance on steep gradients.^[61]^[62]

Historical Power Sources

Beyond electricity, historical power sources included compressed air, used in Paris and Bern.^[66]^[67] Early systems also experimented with internal combustion engines (petrol, diesel, gas) and even storage batteries, though these were often less efficient or reliable than electric alternatives.^[63]

Engineering and Aesthetics

Track and Gauge

Tram tracks often utilize grooved rails, designed to be embedded in road surfaces or grassed areas, minimizing disruption to other traffic. While historically varied, most modern light rail systems employ standard gauge for compatibility with other rail infrastructure and easier maintenance.^[90]

Grooved rails, invented by Alphonse Loubat, allow seamless integration into urban streetscapes.^[77]
Green track, embedding rails in grass, offers an ecological and aesthetically pleasing solution.^[82]
Switches (points) can be manually operated or automated via induction loops, directing trams onto different routes.^[77]

Stops and Infrastructure

Tram stops range from simple roadside platforms to dedicated, raised platforms, particularly where trams operate on segregated tracks. Some systems integrate with existing railway infrastructure, allowing trams to use standard platforms.^[72]

Roadside stops may have regulations requiring vehicles to stop clear of tram doors.
Dedicated platforms enhance accessibility, especially for low-floor trams.
Some systems feature automated point-setting for efficient route management.

Controls and Systems

Traditional tram operation involved separate levers for power and braking. Modern trams often feature locomotive-style controllers with integrated dead-man's switches, and some utilize automobile-style foot controls for enhanced driver ergonomics.^[37]

Running the Network

Headway and Capacity

Typical tram headways range from 3-6 minutes during peak hours to 15 minutes off-peak. High-capacity articulated trams operating at short headways can achieve significant passenger throughput, estimated at 10,000 passengers per hour per direction.^[73]

Route Topologies

Tram networks exhibit diverse route patterns, commonly starting as radial systems connecting city centers to suburbs. Over time, tangential routes linking adjacent areas and loop lines are added. Modern planning often integrates tram lines into new urban developments, enhancing connectivity and encouraging modal shift from cars.^[83]

Global Presence

Trams operate in approximately 403 cities worldwide, with a significant concentration in Europe. Many systems are undergoing expansion and modernization, reflecting a global trend towards revitalizing urban rail transit.^[95]^[122]

Network Configurations

Radial and Integrated Networks

Many tram systems originate as radial lines connecting central hubs to outlying areas. Modern networks often feature tangential routes and city-center loops to improve connectivity and reduce congestion, as seen in Manchester's Second City Crossing.^[77]

Cross-Border Operations

Some tram networks extend across national borders, facilitating seamless travel between adjacent cities or regions. Examples include systems connecting Basel (Switzerland) to France and Germany, and Strasbourg (France) to Germany.^[76]

Network Growth

Since 1985, over 100 light rail systems have opened globally, with significant growth in the US, France, Spain, and Turkey since 2000.^[125] This expansion reflects a renewed appreciation for trams as efficient, sustainable urban transport.

Global Manufacturers

Market Landscape

The tram manufacturing sector is dominated by several key global players, including Alstom, Siemens, CAF, and CRRC. Mergers and acquisitions have consolidated the market, with companies like Bombardier and AnsaldoBreda being integrated into larger entities.^[78]

As of February 2017, significant numbers of trams were on order globally:

Manufacturer	Firm Orders	Options
Bombardier	962	296
Alstom	650	202
Siemens	557	205
CAF	411	112
CRRC	370	30
PKTS/Metrovagonmash	316	–
Kinkisharyo	155	97
Stadler-Vossloh	189	25
Stadler	182	28
Škoda Transtech	104	47
Škoda	110	–
Durmazlar	90	–

Vehicle Length Records

Modern articulated trams can achieve impressive lengths. The CAF Urbos 3/9, operating in Budapest since 2016, is one of the world's longest, with nine sections. Škoda's ForCity family offers modularity, allowing lengths up to 72 meters to accommodate substantial passenger volumes.^[128]

Industry Consolidation

The tram manufacturing industry has seen significant consolidation. Notable mergers include AnsaldoBreda into Hitachi Rail (2015) and Bombardier Transportation into Alstom (2020), reshaping the competitive landscape.^[78]

Advantages vs. Disadvantages

Key Advantages

Trams offer significant advantages, including higher passenger capacity and lower labor costs per passenger compared to buses. Their steel-on-steel rolling resistance is more efficient than rubber tires on asphalt.^[79]^[81] They also contribute to reduced air pollution and support urban density, enhancing the livability of cities.^[82]

Potential Drawbacks

Initial infrastructure costs for rails and overhead lines are higher than for bus systems. Tram tracks can pose hazards for cyclists and motorcyclists, particularly in wet conditions or if track grooves are not properly maintained.^[86]^[88] Visual pollution from overhead wires is another consideration, though modern systems increasingly use less intrusive power supply methods.

Safety and Integration

Driver unfamiliarity with tram physics can initially increase car accidents. However, dedicated rights-of-way, clear signage, and advanced traffic management systems help mitigate conflicts between trams and other road users.^[90]^[91] Trams also integrate well with pedestrian environments due to their predictable movement and surface-level stations.

Global Tram Networks

Major Systems by Length

Several cities boast extensive tram and light rail networks. Melbourne, Australia, operates the world's largest system by route length (256 km). Other major networks include Kyiv, Saint Petersburg, Cologne, and Berlin.^[102]

Melbourne (Australia): 256 km
Kyiv (Ukraine): 231 km
Saint Petersburg (Russia): 205.5 km
Cologne (Germany): 194.8 km
Berlin (Germany): 191.6 km

Historical Scale

Historically, systems like the Paris tram network were immense, reaching 1,111 km in 1925.^[129] Chicago and Buenos Aires also operated vast networks that were later replaced by other transit modes.^[130]

Modern Revival

The resurgence of trams is evident globally, with numerous new systems opening since the late 20th century. Cities like Bordeaux, Montpellier, and Manchester have invested heavily in modern tram infrastructure, demonstrating a commitment to sustainable urban mobility.^[95]

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References

Collins English Dictionary â Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 Â© HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014

Fasting, KÃ¥re: Sporveier i Oslo gjennom 100 Ã¥r. AS Oslo Sporveier, Oslo 1975, pp. 49â50.

Innovation in the world's largest tram network Rail Express 5 May 2020

Light rail in Newcastle opening from Monday 18 February Transport for NSW 3 February 2019

Kyoto Tram from Kyoto City Web. Retrieved 12 February 2009.

Allez le Tram from Railway-Technology.com. Retrieved 15 February 2009.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Tram Wikipedia page

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This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not professional advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional engineering, urban planning, or transportation consultation. Always refer to official documentation and consult with qualified professionals for specific project needs.

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The Electric Pulse

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

What is a Tram? 🚋

🛤️ Urban Rail Transit

⚡ Power and Efficiency

🔄 Resurgence and Evolution

Historical Trajectory ⏳

🐴 Horse-Drawn Era

🚂 Steam and Cable Power

💡 The Electric Revolution

Diverse Tram Designs 📐

🔗 Articulated and Low-Floor

↔️ Single vs. Double Ended

🚚 Cargo and Tram-Trains

Powering the Journey 🔌

⚡ Electric Systems

🔋 Battery and Hybrid

💨 Historical Power Sources

Engineering and Aesthetics 🔧

📏 Track and Gauge

🚦 Stops and Infrastructure

⚙️ Controls and Systems

Running the Network परिचालन

⏱️ Headway and Capacity

🗺️ Route Topologies

🌍 Global Presence

Network Configurations 🌐

🏙️ Radial and Integrated Networks

↔️ Cross-Border Operations

📈 Network Growth

Global Manufacturers 🏭

📊 Market Landscape

📏 Vehicle Length Records

🔄 Industry Consolidation

Advantages vs. Disadvantages ⚖️

✅ Key Advantages

⚠️ Potential Drawbacks

🚦 Safety and Integration

Global Tram Networks 🌍

🗺️ Major Systems by Length

🏙️ Historical Scale

📈 Modern Revival

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

True or False? 🤔

❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

Gamer's Corner 🎮

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References

📜 References

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

What is a Tram?

Urban Rail Transit

Power and Efficiency

Resurgence and Evolution

Historical Trajectory

Horse-Drawn Era

Steam and Cable Power

The Electric Revolution

Diverse Tram Designs

Articulated and Low-Floor

Single vs. Double Ended

Cargo and Tram-Trains

Powering the Journey

Electric Systems

Battery and Hybrid

Historical Power Sources

Engineering and Aesthetics

Track and Gauge

Stops and Infrastructure

Controls and Systems

Running the Network

Headway and Capacity

Route Topologies

Global Presence

Network Configurations

Radial and Integrated Networks

Cross-Border Operations

Network Growth

Global Manufacturers

Market Landscape

Vehicle Length Records

Industry Consolidation

Advantages vs. Disadvantages

Key Advantages

Potential Drawbacks

Safety and Integration

Global Tram Networks

Major Systems by Length

Historical Scale

Modern Revival

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice