How did laws passed by Berlusconi's parliamentary majority affect some of the trials he faced?

In several cases, laws were passed by Berlusconi's parliamentary majority that shortened the prosecution time limits for certain offenses or altered the legal definitions of crimes. These legislative changes led to the outcome of six cases being "no conviction" due to the statute of limitations expiring or the offense being decriminalized.

What was Silvio Berlusconi's perspective on the legal proceedings against him?

Silvio Berlusconi consistently claimed that the numerous trials and investigations against him constituted "manifest judicial persecution." He expressed pride in his resistance to these proceedings, stating that his struggle would contribute to a fairer and more efficient judicial system for Italians. He also cited statistics suggesting that 789 prosecutors and magistrates had taken an interest in him between 1994 and 2006 with the aim of subverting the will of the Italian people.

Who were some of the legal professionals associated with Silvio Berlusconi's defense?

Silvio Berlusconi was known for affording top lawyers and publicists for his defense. Notably, Nicolas Sarkozy, the former President of France, acted as one of his top French defenders. Some of his former prosecutors and attorneys also became members of parliament.

What was the outcome of the Mediaset trial concerning tax evasion?

In the Mediaset trial (specifically trial 2), Silvio Berlusconi was convicted of personal tax evasion amounting to €7.3 million related to the illicit trade of movie rights between 1994 and 1998. The initial sentence was four years imprisonment and a three-year ban from public office, which was later increased to a five-year ban on appeal. The Supreme Court confirmed the four-year jail sentence, with the last three years pardoned, and a two-year public office ban.

Which cases resulted in acquittals due to changes in law, specifically regarding false accounting?

The 'All Iberian 2' and 'SME-Ariosto 2' cases resulted in acquittals due to a new law on false accounting passed in April 2002 by the Berlusconi II Cabinet. This law had the effect of decriminalizing false accounting unless a specific damaged party reported the fact to the authorities.

What were the findings in the SME-Ariosto 1 case regarding bribery?

In the SME-Ariosto 1 case, Silvio Berlusconi was accused of bribing judges Renato Squillante and Filippo Verde with significant sums of money to influence a ruling on the sale of the SME company. While initially found guilty of bribing Squillante, this was acquitted due to the statute of limitations. He was subsequently acquitted of complicity in the crime by the Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court.

What was the accusation in the 'Bribery of the Guardia di Finanza' (Arces process) case?

Silvio Berlusconi was accused of complicity in corruption for Fininvest's payment of 380 million lira in bribes to three officers of the Guardia di Finanza. These officers were tasked with conducting tax audits and were bribed to overlook tax frauds committed by four Fininvest-owned companies between 1989 and 1994.

What was the outcome of the 'Medusa Film' company purchase case?

In the Medusa Film purchase case, Silvio Berlusconi was initially charged with false accounting and embezzlement related to the transfer of 10 billion lira (€5.2 million) to his private accounts. He was found guilty in the first instance but acquitted by the Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court, with the latter citing that he was too wealthy to be aware of such small amounts and that the transfers were dispersed among multiple family accounts.

What was the 'Propaganda Due' (P2) trial about, and what was its outcome?

The Propaganda Due (P2) trial involved Silvio Berlusconi being accused of false testimony in 1989 regarding his membership in the secret P2 Masonic lodge. While the court of appeal found him guilty of false testimony, the offense was pardoned by an amnesty law passed in 1989, preventing a sentence.

What was the 'David Mills' case, and how did it relate to Berlusconi?

The 'David Mills' case involved allegations that the lawyer David Mills accepted a bribe from Silvio Berlusconi in exchange for favorable witness testimony in other trials, including the 'Arces process'. Mills was found guilty of accepting the bribe, but his conviction was later overturned due to the statute of limitations. Similarly, Berlusconi received a statute of limitations acquittal in a related case, as the court determined the crime's date meant it fell outside the legal timeframe.

What was the accusation in the 'External relationship in mafia association' case?

Silvio Berlusconi and his associate Marcello Dell'Utri were investigated for external partnership with Mafia associations and money laundering by the Court of Palermo. After nine years, the trial resulted in Marcello Dell'Utri being sentenced to nine years, while Silvio Berlusconi was acquitted.

What was the 'Massacres of 1992-1993' investigation concerning Berlusconi?

The investigation into Berlusconi's connection with the Sicilian Mafia regarding the massacres of 1992 (Capaci and via D'Amelio) was conducted by the Courts of Florence and Caltanissetta. He was accused of connections with those responsible for the murders of magistrates Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino. However, the case was archived due to insufficient evidence by the investigative deadline.

What was the RAI-Fininvest advertising cartel case?

In the RAI-Fininvest advertising cartel case, Silvio Berlusconi was accused of extortion towards RAI in September 1993. The alleged intent was to pressure RAI into signing a cartel agreement on advertising shares with Fininvest TV networks to reduce competition and increase prices. The case was archived in 1995 due to insufficient evidence of extortion or incitement to corruption.

What was the outcome of the 'All Iberian 1' case concerning illegal financing of a political party?

In the 'All Iberian 1' case, Silvio Berlusconi was convicted for paying 21 billion lire (approximately 10 million euro) to Bettino Craxi via an offshore bank account. However, this conviction was later set aside because the statute of limitations expired before Berlusconi could exhaust all appeals.

What were the allegations in the 'Abuse of office in the Unipol case (2005)'?

Milan prosecutors charged Silvio Berlusconi with abuse of office in 2005 for his alleged role in the publication of wiretapped conversations in the newspaper 'Il Giornale'. These conversations involved the Governor of the Bank of Italy, senior Unipol management, and politician Piero Fassino, and their publication was seen as an attempt to discredit political rivals. Berlusconi was initially sentenced to one year in prison and ordered to pay compensatory damages, but this was later overturned on appeal due to the statute of limitations.

What was the 'Ruby process' concerning child prostitution and abuse of office?

In the 'Ruby process', Silvio Berlusconi was indicted for paying Moroccan nightclub dancer Karima El Mahroug (Ruby) for sexual services when she was underage (under 18) and for abuse of office by arranging her release from police custody. He was initially convicted and sentenced to seven years imprisonment and a lifetime ban from public office, but this conviction was overturned on appeal in July 2014, with the court stating the alleged acts either did not occur or were not a crime.

What were the 'Ruby ter' investigations about?

The 'Ruby ter' investigations, which began in 2011-2013, focused on allegations of corruption in judicial acts. Specifically, Silvio Berlusconi was accused of bribing witnesses, including 18 young women who participated in events at his residences, to provide favorable testimony in the main 'Ruby case'. Monthly payments and additional gifts were allegedly involved.

What was the 'Bribery of senators supporting the Prodi government' case?

In this case, Silvio Berlusconi was investigated for allegedly bribing Senator Sergio De Gregorio in 2006 with €3 million to facilitate his switch from the Prodi government to Berlusconi's coalition, aiming to destabilize the government. De Gregorio confessed to receiving the bribe. An appeal court later ruled that the statute of limitations applied, effectively ending the case for Berlusconi.

What was the 'Defamation against Antonio Di Pietro' case?

Silvio Berlusconi was accused of aggravated defamation against Antonio Di Pietro for repeatedly questioning the legitimacy of Di Pietro's magistrate degree during a 2008 election rally. The case faced legal complexities regarding parliamentary immunity, with the Supreme Court ruling that Berlusconi's statements were not covered by immunity as they were made during a campaign rally, not an institutional setting. The Constitutional Court later ruled that a decree granting Berlusconi absolute immunity was unconstitutional, allowing the civil proceedings to continue.

What was the outcome of the 'Tax fraud in the Mediaset trial'?

In the Mediaset trial, Silvio Berlusconi was convicted of tax evasion totaling €7.3 million related to the illicit trade of movie rights. He was sentenced to four years imprisonment, which was reduced to one year due to an amnesty law. He also received a ban from public office, initially for three years, later extended to five years on appeal, and subsequently confirmed as two years by the Court of Cassation. The 'Severino law' also made him ineligible for elective office for six years.

What legal proceedings were ongoing against Berlusconi in 'Ruby ter' and 'Italians in the World' financing?

The 'Ruby ter' investigations involved allegations of corruption in judicial acts, specifically bribing witnesses in the main Ruby case. Separately, Berlusconi was under investigation for illegal financing of the political party 'Italians in the World', led by ex-Senator Sergio De Gregorio.

What was the significance of the 'Lodo Maccanico' in one of Berlusconi's trials?

The 'Lodo Maccanico' was an act approved by the Italian parliament that guaranteed immunity to the five highest state officers during their term in office. In the SME-Ariosto case, this immunity act initially stopped the trial against Berlusconi, but it was later declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court, allowing the trial to resume.

What was the 'Propaganda Due' (P2) lodge scandal, and how was Berlusconi linked to it?

The P2 lodge scandal involved the discovery of Licio Gelli's secret quasi-Masonic lodge, which aimed to establish an authoritarian regime in Italy. Silvio Berlusconi was listed as a member of P2. Although the lodge was dissolved and similar organizations declared illegal, no specific crimes were initially alleged against individual members. Berlusconi later faced accusations of false testimony regarding his brief and fee-paying membership.

What was the 'Bancopoli/Unipol affair' related to Berlusconi?

In the 'Bancopoli/Unipol affair', Silvio Berlusconi was investigated for abuse of office concerning the illegal publication of wiretapped conversations in a family newspaper in 2005. This publication was seen as an attempt to discredit political rivals. Berlusconi received a one-year jail sentence in the first instance, but the appeal court acquitted him due to the statute of limitations, while upholding a compensatory damage payment.

What legal issues did Berlusconi face in Spain concerning the Telecinco TV channel?

In Spain, Silvio Berlusconi and other Fininvest managers were charged with antitrust violations, money laundering, and tax fraud related to the Telecinco TV channel. The Spanish Supreme Court ultimately ruled a complete acquittal for Berlusconi and all other accused individuals in 2008.

What was the outcome of the 'Macherio estate land acquisitions' cases?

Silvio Berlusconi faced multiple charges related to the Macherio estates, including embezzlement, tax fraud, and false accounting. He received acquittals for embezzlement and tax fraud, and for false accounting in one company. For false accounting in another company ('Buonaparte'), he was found guilty but received amnesty under a 1992 fiscal remission law.

What was the 'Country flights' charge against Berlusconi?

On June 3, 2009, Silvio Berlusconi was charged by a Roman prosecutor with abuse of office for allegedly using government-funded flights for personal use.

What was the 'Trani episode' investigation?

In the Trani episode, Silvio Berlusconi was registered as a suspect based on telephone interceptions suggesting he pressured the director of a TV channel to close the political program 'Annozero'.

What were the 'Mediatrade' investigations concerning?

The Mediatrade investigations involved allegations of tax evasion and embezzlement related to TV rights traded by the company. While Berlusconi was initially indicted, preliminary hearings led to acquittals or statute of limitations closures for the charges against him.

What was the 'Lodo Mondadori' case about?

The 'Lodo Mondadori' case involved allegations of bribery of judges. While a prima facie case was established, the magistrate initially dropped the charges, and the state attorney appealed. Ultimately, the statute of limitations expired before the appeal was completed, leading to Berlusconi's acquittal.

What was the 'Fininvest financial statements' case?

In cases concerning Fininvest's financial statements from 1988-1992 and consolidated financial statements, Silvio Berlusconi was charged with false accounting and embezzlement. He was found guilty but acquitted due to a reduced statute of limitations, a change enacted by a law passed by his government.

What was the 'False accounting on Lentini affair' case?

In the 'False accounting on Lentini affair' case, Silvio Berlusconi was accused of paying €5 million secretly to Torino football club for the transfer of player Gianluigi Lentini. The statute of limitations expired due to new laws on false accounting approved by Berlusconi's government, resulting in an acquittal.

What was the 'False accounting, embezzlement and tax fraud on Mediaset television and cinema rights' case?

This case involved transactions by Mediaset in the 1990s, where prosecutors alleged offshore firms bought rights at inflated prices to avoid taxes and create slush funds. Berlusconi was acquitted by the court, receiving the benefit of the doubt ('not proven').

What was the 'Illegal financing of the political party Italians in the World' investigation?

In April 2014, Naples prosecutors investigated Silvio Berlusconi for the alleged illegal financing of the 'Italians in the World' political party, led by ex-Senator Sergio De Gregorio. This process was under investigation with an upcoming preliminary hearing to determine if a court indictment would be filed.

What was the 'Ruby ter' investigation's specific allegation regarding witness corruption?

The 'Ruby ter' investigation alleged that Berlusconi's lawyers bribed witnesses, including 18 women who attended events at his residences, with monthly payments and gifts to provide favorable testimony in the main 'Ruby case'. Ruby herself was allegedly promised a large sum to remain silent or face consequences.

What was the outcome of the appeal in the 'Ruby process'?

In July 2014, an Italian appeals court overturned Silvio Berlusconi's convictions in the 'Ruby process'. The court acquitted him of extortion charges, stating 'the fact does not exist,' and of child prostitution charges, stating 'the fact is not a crime'.

What was the 'P2 lodge' and what was Berlusconi's alleged connection to it?

The 'P2 lodge' was a secret quasi-Masonic lodge led by Licio Gelli, aiming to establish an authoritarian regime in Italy. Berlusconi was listed as a member, and later faced accusations of false testimony regarding his membership duration and payment of dues, which contradicted evidence and his own statements.

What legal action did Berlusconi take against journalists in 1989?

In 1989, Silvio Berlusconi sued three journalists for libel after they published articles hinting at his involvement in financial crimes. During this trial, he made statements about his membership in the P2 lodge that were later found to be false testimony.

What was the 'Lodo Schifani' and its impact on Berlusconi's trials?

The 'Lodo Schifani' (also known as 'Lodo Maccanico') granted immunity from prosecution to high-ranking state officials during their term in office. This law was used to halt a trial involving Berlusconi, but it was later declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court, allowing the trial to resume.

What was the 'Severino law' and how did it affect Berlusconi after his Mediaset conviction?

The 'Severino law', enacted in December 2012, stipulated that individuals sentenced to over two years in prison would be ineligible for public office for six years and immediately expelled from parliament. This law impacted Berlusconi's eligibility to hold public office following his tax fraud conviction, leading to his expulsion from the Senate.

What was the political fallout from Berlusconi's Mediaset conviction and subsequent ban from public office?

Berlusconi's conviction and the resulting public office ban created a significant political challenge for the ruling coalition. His party threatened to withdraw support if he was expelled from the Senate, leading to political maneuvering and debates about the application of the Severino law and the timing of his expulsion.

What was the 'Bancopoli/Unipol affair' and its connection to wiretapped conversations?

The 'Bancopoli/Unipol affair' involved the publication of wiretapped conversations between financial authorities and politicians in Berlusconi's newspaper. This led to charges of abuse of office against Berlusconi for allegedly ordering the publication to discredit rivals, though he was later acquitted on appeal due to the statute of limitations.

What was the significance of the Constitutional Court's ruling regarding the 'Defamation against Antonio Di Pietro' case?

The Constitutional Court ruled that a decree granting Berlusconi absolute parliamentary immunity for statements made during election campaigns was unconstitutional. This decision overturned previous judgments that had halted the defamation case against Di Pietro, allowing it to proceed.

What was the outcome of the 'Bribery of senators supporting the Prodi government' case on appeal?

On appeal, the 'Bribery of senators supporting the Prodi government' case was subject to the statute of limitations, meaning the case was effectively timed out, and Berlusconi was not punished despite the accusations being considered true by the court.

What was the final outcome of the 'Ruby process' after the initial conviction?

Following his initial conviction in the 'Ruby process', Silvio Berlusconi appealed the verdict. The appeals court overturned the convictions, acquitting him of both abuse of office and child prostitution charges, stating the alleged acts either did not occur or were not criminal offenses.

What specific allegations were made in the 'Ruby ter' investigation?

The 'Ruby ter' investigation focused on allegations of corruption in judicial acts, specifically that Berlusconi bribed witnesses from the 'Ruby' case to provide false testimony in his favor. This included monthly payments to young women who attended his parties and promises of large sums to Ruby herself.

Trials And Allegations Involving Silvio Berlusconi Wiki: The Berlusconi Legal Ledger: A Chronicle of Allegations and Judgments

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Overview

Scope of Allegations

Silvio Berlusconi, a prominent Italian political and business figure, faced a multitude of legal challenges throughout his career. The allegations spanned a wide spectrum of offenses, including abuse of office, bribery, corruption, defamation, embezzlement, extortion, false accounting, money laundering, perjury, tax fraud, and influence peddling related to underage prostitution, as well as witness tampering.

Legal Landscape

Many of Berlusconi's trials concluded with outcomes influenced by legislative changes enacted during his political tenure. These changes, such as modifications to statutes of limitations and the decriminalization of certain offenses, were often criticized as being tailored to benefit him personally, a phenomenon termed "ad personam" legislation by opponents.

Berlusconi's Defense

Berlusconi consistently maintained his innocence, characterizing the numerous legal actions against him as a form of "judicial persecution." He asserted that these proceedings were politically motivated attempts to subvert the will of the Italian electorate. His defense often involved extensive legal teams and public relations efforts.

Types of Allegations

Financial Crimes

A significant portion of the legal cases involved financial impropriety. These included allegations of tax evasion, particularly concerning the inflated pricing of film rights by his company Mediaset, and false accounting related to various corporate transactions. Embezzlement charges also featured prominently in several investigations.

Corruption and Bribery

Berlusconi faced charges of bribing public officials, including police officers and judges, to influence legal rulings or audits. Allegations also extended to attempts to bribe senators to destabilize political governments, highlighting concerns about the intersection of political power and judicial processes.

Abuse of Power and Perjury

Charges of abuse of office arose from alleged attempts to interfere with judicial proceedings or use political influence to protect associates. Perjury allegations surfaced in cases where his testimony was contradicted by evidence, particularly concerning his alleged membership in the Propaganda Due (P2) Masonic lodge.

Association and Influence

Investigations also explored alleged links with organized crime, specifically the Sicilian Mafia, and accusations of influencing witnesses or engaging in acts that facilitated criminal activities. The "Ruby process," involving allegations of child prostitution and abuse of office, also brought significant international attention.

Completed Proceedings

Acquittals and Statute of Limitations

Numerous cases concluded with acquittals, often due to the expiration of statutes of limitations, which prevented prosecution after a statutory period. In other instances, legislative changes, such as the reclassification of false accounting, led to acquittals. Cases like SME-Ariosto and Medusa Film saw acquittals based on various legal interpretations or the application of amnesty laws.

Pardoned Offenses

Certain convictions were rendered moot by amnesty laws passed during Berlusconi's premiership. For example, the case involving perjury related to the Propaganda Due (P2) lodge saw a guilty verdict overturned by an amnesty. Similarly, some false accounting charges were subject to reduced statutes of limitations due to new legislation.

Discharged Cases

Some investigations were archived or discharged due to insufficient evidence or procedural reasons. Examples include the RAI-Fininvest advertising cartel and investigations into alleged connections with Mafia bombings, where evidence was deemed insufficient to proceed to trial.

Definitive Convictions

Mediaset Tax Fraud

In a landmark ruling, Berlusconi received a definitive conviction for tax fraud related to Mediaset's dealings in film rights. The initial sentence of four years imprisonment was reduced to one year due to an amnesty law. This conviction also resulted in a ban from holding public office, initially set at five years, later reduced to two years by the Court of Cassation. The Severino Law further imposed a six-year ban from seeking elective office.

The case involved illicit trade of movie rights through secret fictive companies, resulting in tax evasion of approximately €7.3 million. The legal process involved multiple appeals, with the Supreme Court ultimately confirming a four-year sentence, reduced by amnesty, and imposing a ban on public office. This conviction led to his expulsion from the Italian Senate.

First Instance: 4 years jail, 3 years public office ban.
Appeal Court: 4 years jail, 5 years public office ban.
Supreme Court: Confirmed 4 years jail (effectively 1 year due to amnesty), 2 years public office ban.

Ongoing Proceedings

Bribery of Senators (Prodi Government)

Berlusconi faced charges related to the alleged bribery of senators in 2006 to destabilize the government led by Romano Prodi. The prosecution alleged payments of €3 million to Senator Sergio De Gregorio to facilitate his defection. The case proceeded through preliminary hearings and indictments, with proceedings ongoing.

The investigation focused on alleged attempts to undermine the Prodi government through financial inducements to parliamentarians. Senator De Gregorio confessed to receiving bribes. The case involved complex legal arguments regarding parliamentary immunity and the nature of political transactions.

Allegation: Bribery of senators to topple the Prodi government.
Key Figure: Senator Sergio De Gregorio (confessed).
Status: Indictment and ongoing court proceedings.

Defamation of Antonio Di Pietro

Berlusconi was accused of defaming Antonio Di Pietro, a former magistrate and politician, by questioning the legitimacy of his academic qualifications and suggesting complicity with secret services. The case involved complex constitutional arguments regarding parliamentary immunity for statements made during political campaigns.

The core issue revolved around whether statements made during an election rally were protected by parliamentary immunity. The Constitutional Court ultimately ruled against absolute immunity for such statements, allowing the case to proceed. The legal process involved multiple appeals and considerations of constitutional law.

Allegation: Defamation of Antonio Di Pietro.
Context: Statements made during a 2008 election rally.
Legal Challenge: Parliamentary immunity and constitutional interpretation.

Ruby Process (Child Prostitution & Abuse of Office)

This high-profile case involved allegations that Berlusconi paid Moroccan nightclub dancer Karima El Mahroug ("Ruby") for sexual services when she was underage, and abused his office by intervening to secure her release from police custody. The initial conviction was later overturned on appeal.

The initial trial resulted in a conviction and a lifetime ban from public office. However, an appeals court overturned these convictions, ruling that the alleged acts either did not occur or were not criminal offenses. The prosecution's subsequent appeal to the Court of Cassation was anticipated.

Allegations: Child prostitution, abuse of office.
Key Figure: Karima El Mahroug ("Ruby").
Initial Verdict: Conviction (overturned on appeal).

Ongoing Investigations

Ruby Ter (Witness Tampering)

A related investigation, "Ruby Ter," focused on allegations of witness tampering in the main Ruby case. It was alleged that Berlusconi's legal team bribed witnesses, including El Mahroug and others present at his Arcore residence, to provide favorable testimony. This investigation was ongoing, with prosecutors seeking preliminary hearings.

This investigation centered on alleged payments made to witnesses to influence their testimony in the primary Ruby trial. The prosecution sought to establish a pattern of corruption involving Berlusconi's legal representatives and associates.

Allegation: Witness tampering and corruption in judicial acts.
Context: Related to the main Ruby trial evidence.
Status: Under investigation, seeking preliminary hearings.

Illegal Financing of Political Party

Naples prosecutors investigated Berlusconi for the alleged illegal financing of the "Italians in the World" political party, led by former Senator Sergio De Gregorio. This investigation was linked to the earlier bribery charges concerning the Prodi government.

The investigation examined financial flows related to political activities, specifically concerning the "Italians in the World" party and its leader, Sergio De Gregorio, who had previously confessed to receiving bribes.

Allegation: Illegal financing of a political party.
Party: Italians in the World (led by S. De Gregorio).
Status: Under investigation, awaiting preliminary hearing decision.

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References

Proceedings of the parliamentary inquiry commission headed by Tina Anselmi

A full list of references for this article are available at the Trials and allegations involving Silvio Berlusconi Wikipedia page

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Important Notice

This document has been generated by an AI and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is derived from publicly available data and may not be exhaustive or entirely up-to-date. Legal proceedings are complex and subject to interpretation and change.

This is not legal advice. The information presented here should not be considered a substitute for professional legal consultation, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified legal professional with any questions you may have regarding legal matters. Never disregard professional legal advice or delay in seeking it because of information obtained from this document.

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The Berlusconi Legal Ledger

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview ℹ️

⚖️ Scope of Allegations

🏛️ Legal Landscape

🗣️ Berlusconi's Defense

Types of Allegations 📜

💰 Financial Crimes

🤝 Corruption and Bribery

⚖️ Abuse of Power and Perjury

🔗 Association and Influence

Completed Proceedings ✅

🏆 Acquittals and Statute of Limitations

📜 Pardoned Offenses

🚫 Discharged Cases

Definitive Convictions ⭐

💰 Mediaset Tax Fraud

Ongoing Proceedings ⏳

🏛️ Bribery of Senators (Prodi Government)

🗣️ Defamation of Antonio Di Pietro

💎 Ruby Process (Child Prostitution & Abuse of Office)

Ongoing Investigations 🔍

💎 Ruby Ter (Witness Tampering)

💰 Illegal Financing of Political Party

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📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

Scope of Allegations

Legal Landscape

Berlusconi's Defense

Types of Allegations

Financial Crimes

Corruption and Bribery

Abuse of Power and Perjury

Association and Influence

Completed Proceedings

Acquittals and Statute of Limitations

Pardoned Offenses

Discharged Cases

Definitive Convictions

Mediaset Tax Fraud

Ongoing Proceedings

Bribery of Senators (Prodi Government)

Defamation of Antonio Di Pietro

Ruby Process (Child Prostitution & Abuse of Office)

Ongoing Investigations

Ruby Ter (Witness Tampering)

Illegal Financing of Political Party

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice