Two Moons: A Cheyenne Leader's Chronicle
An exploration of the life, leadership, and enduring legacy of a significant figure in Cheyenne history and the American West.
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Introduction
A Prominent Cheyenne Chief
Two Moons (c. 1847โ1917), known in Cheyenne as Ishaynishus or รลกe'he รhnรฉsestse, was a distinguished leader among the Cheyenne people. He is recognized for his significant participation in numerous conflicts against the United States Army during a transformative period in Native American history.
Historical Significance
His involvement in pivotal battles, including the Battle of the Little Bighorn, marks him as a key figure in the Plains Wars. Beyond his military role, Two Moons also served as an Indian Scout and later as a chief, navigating complex relationships between his people and the U.S. government.
Context of the Era
Understanding Two Moons requires appreciating the turbulent context of the late 19th century American West. This era was characterized by westward expansion, treaty violations, and armed conflict, profoundly impacting the lives and sovereignty of Indigenous nations like the Cheyenne.
Heritage and Origins
Family Roots
Two Moons was born around 1847. His lineage traced back to an Arikara captive named Carries the Otter, who married into the Cheyenne tribe. This mixed heritage potentially provided him with unique perspectives within his community.
Birthplace and Tribal Affiliation
Born in the region that would become Montana, Two Moons was intrinsically linked to the Cheyenne people, specifically the Northern Cheyenne band. His life unfolded against the backdrop of the vast Northern Plains, a territory central to Cheyenne culture and survival.
Key Military Engagements
Warrior and Strategist
Two Moons participated in several significant battles against the U.S. Army, demonstrating considerable courage and strategic involvement. His military career reflects the Cheyenne's resistance during the Plains Wars.
Leadership and Service
Enlistment as an Indian Scout
Following the defeat at Wolf Mountain and the subsequent surrender of his band to General Miles at Fort Keogh in April 1877, Two Moons made a pivotal decision. He enlisted as an Indian Scout under General Miles' command. This role placed him in a unique position, working alongside the military forces he had previously opposed.
Chief of the Northern Cheyenne
His perceived pleasant demeanor and ability to foster positive relations with the military led General Miles to appoint him as the head Chief of the Northern Cheyenne Reservation. In this capacity, Two Moons was instrumental in facilitating the surrender of other Cheyenne groups, such as Chief Little Cow's band, at Fort Keogh, demonstrating his influence and complex role in tribal affairs.
Advocacy and Diplomacy
Representing His People
Two Moons undertook several journeys to Washington, D.C. These visits were undertaken with the crucial objective of advocating for the rights and welfare of the Northern Cheyenne people. He sought to improve the often difficult conditions faced on the reservation and engage directly with federal authorities.
Enduring Legacy
The Buffalo Nickel Model
Two Moons' likeness achieved a unique form of national recognition. He was one of three individuals selected by sculptor James Earle Fraser to serve as a model for the iconic profile featured on the American Buffalo nickel (also known as the Indian Head nickel). This representation immortalized his image in American numismatic history.
Cultural Representation
His inclusion on the coin serves as a visual testament to his historical significance. While the specific contributions of each model were debated, Two Moons' image became synonymous with the imagery of the American West and its Indigenous peoples, albeit through a specific artistic interpretation.
Final Years and Passing
Resting Place
Two Moons passed away in 1917 at the age of approximately 70. He died at his home in Montana. His final resting place is located alongside U.S. Route 212, west of Busby, Montana, a site marked and accessible.
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References
References
- Curtis, E. (1907) The North American Indian. Vol.6 The Piegan, the Cheyenne and the Arapaho..
- Hardorff, Richard G. Indian Views of the Custer Fight. University of Oklahoma Press 2005, p.107
- Garland, Hamlin. "Account of The Battle at Little Bighorn (Recalled in 1898 by Two Moons)." McClure's Magazine, 1898
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Disclaimer
Important Notice
This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date. Historical interpretations can vary, and this resource should be used as a starting point for further academic inquiry.
This is not a substitute for scholarly research. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for rigorous academic study, primary source analysis, or consultation with recognized historians or Indigenous studies experts. Always consult peer-reviewed academic sources and tribal histories for a comprehensive understanding.
The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.