What is the fundamental definition of ultranationalism?

Ultranationalism, also known as extreme nationalism, is an extremist form of nationalism where a country asserts or maintains hegemony, supremacy, or other forms of control over other nations, typically through violent coercion, to pursue its specific interests. This ideology represents an intense and often aggressive devotion to one's own nation, prioritizing its perceived interests above all else.

How is ultranationalism associated with political violence?

Ultranationalist entities have been associated with the engagement of political violence, even during peacetime, as a means to achieve their objectives or maintain control. This indicates a willingness to use force and aggression to further nationalistic goals.

According to British political theorist Roger Griffin, what is the ideological foundation of ultranationalism?

According to British political theorist Roger Griffin, ultranationalism arises from viewing modern nation states as living organisms that can decay, grow, die, and experience rebirth. It is essentially founded on xenophobia and finds supposed legitimacy through deeply mythicized narratives of past cultural or political periods of historical greatness or through old scores to settle against alleged enemies. It can also draw on 'vulgarized forms' of natural sciences like anthropology and genetics, with eugenics playing a role, to rationalize ideas of national superiority, destiny, degeneracy, and subhumanness.

Which historical governments are cited as examples of regimes built on ultranationalist foundations?

Historic governments such as the regimes of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany are cited as examples that built on ultranationalist foundations, using specific plans for supposed widespread national renewal. Another major example was the Khmer Rouge regime in Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia), which also promoted ultranationalism.

What is depicted in the 1905 photograph related to the Black Hundreds movement?

The source material includes a photograph from 1905 showing monarchist ultranationalists within the Black Hundreds movement marching in Odesa, which was then part of Russia, after the October Manifesto was issued. This image captures a moment of political demonstration by a group with extreme nationalist views.

Who is Charles Maurras, and what ultranationalist party is he associated with in the 1927 image?

The source material features an image from 1927 showing Charles Maurras with members of Action Française, which is identified as a monarchist and ultranationalist political party in France. This highlights a specific historical instance of ultranationalist political activity.

What does the image featuring Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini represent in the context of ultranationalism?

The image featuring Germany's Führer Adolf Hitler and Italy's Duce Benito Mussolini represents two key figures whose regimes were founded on ultranationalist principles, as mentioned in the article. These leaders were central to the ultranationalist foundations of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, respectively.

How did the British Union of Fascists and the Iron Guard differ in their approach to historical traditions?

The British Union of Fascists adopted a secularist-minded platform that focused on perceived technological progress. In contrast, the Iron Guard in the Kingdom of Romania utilized a hardline form of mysticism-driven religion to encourage determination among the nation's ultranationalists. This illustrates varying cultural and philosophical approaches within ultranationalist movements.

What psychological framework generally underpins ultranationalist movements, according to the text?

Obsessive views on ethnicity and other divisions, as well as connecting politics to motifs of sacrifice, generally constitute the psychological framework behind ultranationalist movements. This suggests a deep-seated, often irrational, commitment to national identity and goals.

How does American scholar Janusz Bugajski define ultranationalism in practical terms?

Janusz Bugajski defines ultranationalism in its most extreme or developed forms as resembling fascism, marked by a xenophobic disdain of other nations, support for authoritarian political arrangements verging on totalitarianism, and a mythical emphasis on the 'organic unity' between a charismatic leader, an organizationally amorphous movement-type party, and the nation. This definition highlights the authoritarian and exclusionary nature of the ideology.

How does Bugajski differentiate civic nationalism and patriotism from ultranationalism?

Bugajski believes that civic nationalism and patriotism can contain significantly positive elements, contributing to the common social good, such as during national calamities. In his view, these doctrines stand in contrast to the extreme approach of certain ideologies with more irrational actions, like ultranationalism.

What is depicted in the propaganda posters from 1930s and 1940s ultranationalist Japan?

The source material includes a photograph showing propaganda posters from 1930s and 1940s era ultranationalist Japan, which the state routinely distributed to preach the virtues of domination and expansion, specifically illustrating efforts in Manchukuo. This demonstrates the use of state-sponsored media to promote ultranationalist agendas.

According to Walter Skya, what were the ideological sources of ultranationalism in Japan?

American historian Walter Skya states that ultranationalism in Japan drew upon traditional Shinto spiritual beliefs and militaristic attitudes regarding the nation's racial identity. This combination led to fanaticism that opposed democratic governance and supported Japanese territorial expansion.

What historical events in Japan illustrate the connection between ultranationalism and political violence?

Between 1921 and 1936, three serving and two former Prime Ministers of Japan were assassinated, which Walter Skya particularly observed as illustrating the connection between ultranationalism and political violence. This period saw significant political instability driven by extreme nationalist sentiments.

What was the popular support for the totalitarian Japanese government of the 1930s and 1940s?

The totalitarian Japanese government of the 1930s and 1940s (Shōwa Japan) did not just rely on encouragement by the country's military but additionally received widespread popular support. This indicates a broad societal acceptance or endorsement of the ultranationalist agenda during that period.

How did Cambodian historian Sambo Manara characterize ultranationalism in relation to the Cambodian genocide?

Cambodian historian Sambo Manara characterized ultranationalism as setting forth a vision of supremacism in international relations, where xenophobia or extreme hatred of foreigners leads to policies of social separation and segregation. He argued that the Cambodian genocide is a specific example of this ideology in practice, stating that it, combined with the notion of class struggle in communism and a group of politicians, led to the establishment of Democratic Kampuchea, a ruthless regime that claimed approximately three million lives.

What were the consequences of the 'narrow-minded doctrine' promoted by militant leaders in Democratic Kampuchea?

In Sambo Manara's opinion, the 'narrow-minded doctrine' promoted by militant leaders in Democratic Kampuchea led them to cut all diplomatic and economic ties with almost all countries, without considering the losses they would face. This effectively destroyed the nation.

Why has Nicolae Ceaușescu's totalitarian dictatorship in Romania been described as ultranationalist?

Nicolae Ceaușescu's totalitarian dictatorship in Romania has been described as an example of Communism taking an ultranationalist approach by Haaretz. This is due to his antisemitism, including historical denialism of the Holocaust, and his efforts to purge Romanians with Jewish backgrounds from positions of political authority.

Why has Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán been labeled an ultranationalist by Haaretz and NPR?

Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán has been labeled an ultranationalist by Haaretz due to his views on autocratic rule and racial identity, particularly his public condemnation of 'race-mixing.' NPR also called him an ultranationalist, citing his opposition to democratic liberalism. These labels reflect concerns about his political ideology and policies.

What did Israeli political journalist Gideon Levy observe about the ultranationalist movement in Israel in late 2015?

In late 2015, Israeli political journalist Gideon Levy wrote that the Israeli–Palestinian conflict had led to the decay of civil society within Israel, with an ultranationalist movement gaining ground over decades. This movement, he stated, bases its power on incitement to hatred and uses 'folkloric religion,' systematically establishing its foundation through the settlement enterprise and destroying any diplomatic agreement or two-state solution, ultimately aiming to control public debate and change Israel's power structure, character, and substance.

Who was Meir Kahane, and what ultranationalist movement is he associated with in the provided image?

The source material includes an image of Meir Kahane, who is identified as the founder and leader of the ultranationalist Kach movement in Israel. This highlights a specific figure and organization associated with ultranationalism in the region.

How has Russian irredentism been described as ultranationalism by the Los Angeles Times?

The Los Angeles Times has described Russian irredentism as ultranationalism, characterizing it as a militant imperial state that seeks to stretch across both Asia and Europe without regard for current international borders. The newspaper credits the aggressive actions of Russian President Vladimir Putin as an evolution of political arguments made by past figures like Nikolai Berdyaev, Aleksandr Dugin, Lev Gumilyov, and Ivan Ilyin, and highlighted Putin's declaration of combating an 'empire of lies' to justify the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

What challenge does the rise of ultranationalist viewpoints in China pose to the current government?

According to Bloomberg News in a 2021 story, the rise of ultranationalist viewpoints in China, particularly among those advocating extremism on social media, presents a direct challenge to the current government. This is exemplified by opposition to paramount leader Xi Jinping's attempts to implement climate change-based economic reforms related to greenhouse gases, with activists asserting a conspiracy theory that these reforms capitulate to foreign interests at the expense of Chinese citizens.

How has Saudi Arabia's government under Mohammed bin Salman been described in terms of ultranationalism?

Under the rule of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, Saudi Arabia has been described by multiple analysts as embracing ultranationalism, shifting away from the government's previous reliance on Islamist political arguments. France 24 reported in 2019 that while promoting ultranationalism, the Crown Prince introduced 'glitzy concerts, magic shows and sporting extravaganzas with thumping after parties,' and the Financial Times described this ideological shift as a 'wave' across the kingdom.

Which political parties are currently represented in national governments or legislatures and described as ultranationalist?

Several political parties currently represented in national governments or legislatures are described as ultranationalist, including: Taliban (Afghanistan), Republican Party of Armenia (Armenia), Pauline Hanson's One Nation (Australia), Freedom Party of Austria (Austria), Vlaams Belang (Belgium), Revival and Velichie (Bulgaria), Republican Party (Chile), Homeland Movement (Croatia), ELAM (Cyprus), Freedom and Direct Democracy (Czech Republic), Danish People's Party (Denmark), Conservative People's Party of Estonia (Estonia), National Rally (France), Finns Party (Finland), People's Power (Georgia), Alternative for Germany (Germany), Spartans, Greek Solution, and Victory (Greece), Our Homeland Movement (Hungary), Shiv Sena (India), Otzma Yehudit and Mafdal–Religious Zionism (Israel), Brothers of Italy (Italy), Conservative Party of Japan and Sanseitō (Japan), National Alliance (Latvia), Union Solidarity and Development Party (Myanmar), Namibian Economic Freedom Fighters (Namibia), Party for Freedom and Forum for Democracy (Netherlands), Workers' Party of Korea (North Korea), Hamas (Palestine), Confederation Liberty and Independence (including National Movement) and Confederation of the Polish Crown (Poland), Chega (Portugal), Alliance for the Union of Romanians, S.O.S. Romania, and Party of Young People (Romania), Liberal Democratic Party of Russia and Rodina (Russia), Serbian Party Oathkeepers (Serbia), Economic Freedom Fighters and uMkhonto weSizwe (South Africa), Slovak National Party (Slovakia), Vox (Spain), Sweden Democrats (Sweden), Swiss People's Party (Switzerland), Palang Pracharath Party and United Thai Nation Party (Thailand), Nationalist Movement Party (Turkey), and Svoboda (Ukraine).

Which political parties are noted for having ultranationalist factions while currently being represented in national governments or legislatures?

Several political parties currently represented in national governments or legislatures are noted for having ultranationalist factions. These include La Libertad Avanza (Argentina), Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Liberal Party (Brazil), Chinese Communist Party (China), Fidesz (Hungary), Bharatiya Janata Party (India), Gerindra (Indonesia), Likud and Lega (Italy), Liberal Democratic Party (Japan), Law and Justice (Poland), and United Russia (Russia).

Which political parties historically had ultranationalist tendencies and were formerly represented in national governments or legislatures?

Political parties that historically had ultranationalist tendencies and were formerly represented in national governments or legislatures include: Serb Democratic Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Kuomintang (China), Vlaams Blok (Belgium), Attack, IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement, National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria, and Velichie (Bulgaria), Communist Party of Kampuchea (Cambodia), Ustaše, Croatian Party of Rights, and Croatian Pure Party of Rights (Croatia), Rally for the Republic – Republican Party of Czechoslovakia and National Fascist Community (Czech Republic), Patriotic People's Movement (Finland), National Socialist German Workers' Party, German National People's Party, and German Right Party (Germany), Freethinkers' Party, Golden Dawn, and Popular Orthodox Rally (Greece), Arrow Cross Party, Unity Party, and Hungarian Justice and Life Party (Hungary), Hindu Mahasabha (India), Pan-Iranist Party (Iran), Kach, Religious Zionist Party, Tehiya, Moledet, Hatikva, Jewish National Front, and Herut – The National Movement (Israel), National Fascist Party and Italian Social Movement (Italy), Imperial Rule Assistance Association (Japan), Camp of National Unity and United Poland (Poland), National Union (Portugal), Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (Philippines), Iron Guard, National Christian Party, National-Christian Defense League, Romanian National Unity Party, and Greater Romania Party (Romania), Coalition for the Defence of the Republic (Rwanda), Serbian Radical Party, Party of Serbian Unity, Dveri, and Serbian Party Oathkeepers (Serbia), Slovak People's Party and People's Party Our Slovakia and Republic (Slovakia), National Party (South Africa), Korean National Youth Association (South Korea), FET y de las JONS (Spain), Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region (Syria), New Party and Taiwan Solidarity Union (Taiwan), Republican Villagers Nation Party, Victory Party, and Great Union Party (Turkey), and Right Sector (Ukraine).

Which political parties historically had ultranationalist factions and were formerly represented in national governments or legislatures?

Political parties that historically had ultranationalist factions and were formerly represented in national governments or legislatures include Yisrael Beiteinu (Israel), Democratic Progressive Party (Taiwan), and Good Party (Turkey).

What ultranationalist organizations are listed in the article?

The article lists several ultranationalist organizations: National Socialist Network (Australia), Social Patriot Movement (Chile), Blue Shirts Society (China), United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (Colombia), Suomen Sisu (Finland), Action Française and Bloc Identitaire (France), Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Bajrang Dal (India), Pancasila Youth (Indonesia), Golden Square (Iraq), Im Tirtzu, Lehava, and Lehi (Israel), Army Comrades Association (Ireland), CasaPound (Italy), Nippon Kaigi and Zaitokukai (Japan), Perkasa (Malaysia), Nationalist Front of Mexico, National Synarchist Union, and Revolutionary Mexicanist Action (Mexico), Patriotic Association of Myanmar (Myanmar), New Zealand National Front (New Zealand), Palestinian Islamic Jihad (Palestine), All-Polish Youth (Poland), Club of Angry Patriots, Night Wolves, Russian Imperial Movement, and Wagner Group (Russia), White Shirts Society (South Korea), Bodu Bala Sena and Sinhala Ravaya (Sri Lanka), Grey Wolves and Turkish Revenge Brigade (Turkey), Azov Brigade (Ukraine), English Defence League and Siol nan Gaidheal (United Kingdom), and Proud Boys, Patriot Front, Nationalist Social Club-131, Aryan Brotherhood, and Identity Evropa (United States).

What was the nature of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) campaign in Sri Lanka?

The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) orchestrated a decades-long campaign of terrorism in Sri Lanka, arising out of strident Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism. This militant faction was motivated by differing ethnic and religious groups being at odds, as well as revolutionary ideologies aligned against capitalist policies influencing Sri Lankan life. Their violent actions against the national government and state supporters caused a large number of civilian deaths.

Can you provide an example of a violent act attributed to the LTTE?

An example of a violent act attributed to the LTTE is the Anuradhapura massacre, committed on May 14, 1985. This attack resulted in the killing of over one hundred individuals inside a holy city associated with local Buddhist worshippers, with militants deliberately targeting civilians socializing outdoors, such as by executing an elderly florist serving religious travelers.

How does the Journal of Hate Studies analyze the commitment of Tamil Tiger nationalists to suicide missions?

The Journal of Hate Studies, in a 2006 analysis, found that ultranationalism subordinates all other claims for loyalty and allegiance, meaning loyalty to the nation transcends loyalty to the family. This notion explains the commitment of Tamil Tiger nationalists to engage in suicide missions, as ultranationalist loyalty demands the willingness to sacrifice the self. The publication concluded that an extremist nationalist claim is understood as supreme and urgent, demanding preventive measures like ethnic cleansing or deportation.

What event triggered widespread outrage at the Greek political organization Golden Dawn?

The assassination of Pavlos Fyssas in September 2013, a hip-hop musician with left-wing views, triggered widespread outrage at the Greek political organization Golden Dawn. Fyssas was murdered by stabbing wounds to the heart and ribs after being surrounded by multiple dozen Golden Dawn militants in an Athens suburb.

What was the response of the Greek authorities to the assassination of Pavlos Fyssas?

The assassination of Pavlos Fyssas led to a police crackdown and several arrests. The then Ministry of Public Order and Citizen Protection, Nikos Dendias, publicly remarked that the 'abominable murder' committed 'by an attacker sympathizing with Golden Dawn' clearly illustrated 'the intentions of neo-Nazism'.

What was the political standing of Golden Dawn at the time of Pavlos Fyssas's assassination, and how did its support increase?

At the time of Pavlos Fyssas's assassination, Golden Dawn held 18 of the 300 seats in the Hellenic Parliament. Characterized as an extremist political party directly adapting the beliefs of Adolf Hitler, support for its ultranationalism increased in the context of the debate over spiking immigration to Greece.

What was the ultimate legal outcome for Golden Dawn's leadership following the investigation into violence?

The Greek legal system ultimately investigated the assassination of Pavlos Fyssas and other acts of violence, resulting in an October 2020 verdict by the Athens Court of Appeals that effectively dismantled the party's leadership through prison sentences. The Guardian reported in 2021 that 'Golden Dawn hit squads sowed terror on the streets, targeting immigrants, left wing trade unionists and other perceived opponents before a party operative ultimately confessed to the killing of Fyssas'.

What is depicted in the image of Golden Dawn activists?

The source material includes an image showing Golden Dawn activists rallying in Athens during a March 2015 event. This visually represents the public presence and activities of the ultranationalist group.

How is ultranationalism portrayed in the action film 'Air Force One'?

The action film 'Air Force One' portrays ultranationalism through the character of Egor Korshunov, played by Gary Oldman. Korshunov is a terrorist mastermind and former Soviet soldier who became an ultranationalist radical, seeking revenge for the arrest of Kazakh dictator Ivan Radek by hijacking the United States president's plane. Military.com labeled him one of the best 'Russian Movie Villains' in American cinematic history, and Variety's Todd McCarthy lauded Oldman's 'fanatical' character, noting his desperate efforts to 'newly ennoble his country'.

How does the Israeli movie 'Incitement' depict ultranationalism?

The Israeli movie 'Incitement' portrays a fictionalized account of ultranationalist activist and murderer Yigal Amir, detailing his personal life before his assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin. Film critic Nell Minow noted that the character, played by Yehuda Nahari, projects superficial charm and persuasion skills but fails to generate sympathy due to his true nature, seeing himself as a callous, 'instrumentalist' living weapon, which contributes to the movie's 'chillingly' thriller-type quality. Carla Hay also found Nahari's performance to be a compelling portrayal of a sociopath.

How is ultranationalism featured in the 'Call of Duty' video game series?

The 'Call of Duty' video game series depicts ultranationalism starting with 'Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare' (2007), which features a civil war in Russia between the government and an ultranationalist faction. Its sequels, 'Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2' (2009) and 'Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3' (2011), are set in the aftermath of an ultranationalist coup d'état in Russia and a subsequent war involving the American military. A notable quote from the militant leader Vladimir Makarov is, 'Russia will take all of Europe, even if it must stand upon a pile of ashes'.

What is 'Global Times' in the context of ultranationalism?

The 'Global Times' is described as an ultra-nationalistic Chinese media tabloid, established by People's Daily in 1993 to comment on international news. This indicates its role in disseminating ultranationalist viewpoints.

What other concepts are related to ultranationalism?

Other concepts related to ultranationalism include Ilminism, Jingoism, Palingenesis (and palingenetic ultranationalism), Putinism, Totalitarianism, Ultranationalism in Japan (Uyoku dantai), Völkisch nationalism, and Wolf warrior diplomacy.

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Defining Ultranationalism

An Extreme Ideology

Ultranationalism, or extreme nationalism, represents a radical form of nationalism where a state asserts or maintains supremacy, hegemony, or other forms of control over other nations. This pursuit of national interest is frequently advanced through violent coercion.^[1][2][3] Entities driven by this ideology have been associated with significant political violence, even in times of peace.^[4]

The Organic State

Political theorist Roger Griffin posits that ultranationalism emerges from a conception of the modern nation-state as a living organism. Within this framework, societies are mythologically divided into those perceived as degenerately inferior and those believed to possess a great cultural destiny. This perspective views the nation as capable of growth, decay, and even rebirth, a concept central to fascist ideologies.^[3]

The Fascist Connection

According to scholar Janusz Bugajski, ultranationalism in its most developed form closely resembles fascism. It is characterized by a xenophobic disdain for other nations, support for authoritarian political structures that border on totalitarianism, and a mythical emphasis on the "organic unity" between a charismatic leader, a movement-style party, and the nation itself.^[6]

The Ideological Framework

Mythicized Narratives

Roger Griffin argues that ultranationalism is fundamentally rooted in xenophobia, deriving its perceived legitimacy from deeply mythicized narratives of past cultural or political greatness. It often invokes "old scores to settle" against alleged enemies. This ideology can also co-opt "vulgarized forms" of natural sciences, particularly eugenics, to rationalize ideas of national superiority, destiny, degeneracy, and the subhumanness of others.^[3]

Varying Expressions

Ultranationalist movements can adopt diverse attitudes towards historical traditions. For example, the British Union of Fascists embraced a secularist platform focused on technological progress. In stark contrast, the Iron Guard in Romania utilized a hardline, mysticism-driven form of religion to galvanize its followers. Despite these differences, obsessive views on ethnicity and the romanticization of sacrifice are common psychological underpinnings.^[3]

Historical Manifestations

Imperial Japan

In his work Japan's Holy War, historian Walter Skya details how Japanese ultranationalism drew upon traditional Shinto spiritual beliefs and militaristic views on racial identity. By the early 20th century, this fusion of ethnic and religious nationalism fueled fanaticism, leading to opposition against democratic governance and justifying territorial expansion. This ideology received widespread popular support and was linked to significant political violence, including the assassination of five current or former prime ministers between 1921 and 1936.^[4]

Democratic Kampuchea

The Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia provides a stark example of ultranationalism in practice. Historian Sambo Manara argues that the regime's belief system promoted a vision of supremacism and extreme xenophobia, leading to policies of social segregation. He states, "it was ultranationalism, combined with the notion of class struggle in communism and a group of politicians, which lead to the establishment of Democratic Kampuchea, a ruthless regime which claimed approximately three million lives."^[7]

Ceaușescu's Romania

The totalitarian dictatorship of Nicolae Ceaușescu has been described as an instance of Communism adopting an ultranationalist character. This was evident in the regime's antisemitism, which included historical denialism of the Holocaust and efforts to purge Romanians of Jewish background from positions of political authority.^[8]

Modern Russia

Russian irredentism, which proposes a militant imperial state stretching across Asia and Europe irrespective of current borders, has been identified as a form of ultranationalism. The political arguments of figures like Aleksandr Dugin and Ivan Ilyin are seen as ideological precursors to the aggressive actions of Vladimir Putin, including the justifications for the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, which was framed as a necessary struggle against a hostile "empire of lies."^[11]

Ultranationalism & Political Violence

The LTTE in Sri Lanka

The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) emerged from a context of strident Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism. Motivated by ultranationalism and revolutionary ideologies, the LTTE orchestrated a decades-long campaign of terrorism. Their actions, such as the 1985 Anuradhapura massacre of over one hundred civilians, demonstrate the violent potential of this ideology. The Journal of Hate Studies noted that for such groups, "ultranationalism subordinates all other claims for loyalty," explaining the commitment of militants to even engage in suicide missions.^{[275][276][277]}

Golden Dawn in Greece

The Greek political organization Golden Dawn, characterized as an extremist party adapting neo-Nazi beliefs, gained prominence amid debates over immigration. Their campaign of violence culminated in the 2013 assassination of left-wing musician Pavlos Fyssas. The murder triggered widespread outrage and a police crackdown, leading to an October 2020 verdict that saw the party's leadership receive lengthy prison sentences for running a criminal organization.^{[278][279][280]}

Parties & Organizations

Global Political Landscape

Ultranationalist ideologies have been, and continue to be, represented by numerous political parties and organizations across the globe. These groups often share characteristics such as xenophobia, authoritarianism, and a rejection of liberal democratic norms. The following table provides a non-exhaustive list of such entities, categorized by their political status.

Region	Currently Represented Parties	Formerly Represented or Factional Parties	Other Organizations
Europe	Freedom Party (Austria), Vlaams Belang (Belgium), Revival (Bulgaria), Republican Party (Chile), Homeland Movement (Croatia), ELAM (Cyprus), Freedom and Direct Democracy (Czech Rep.), National Rally (France), AfD (Germany), Greek Solution (Greece), Our Homeland (Hungary), Brothers of Italy (Italy), National Alliance (Latvia), Party for Freedom (Netherlands), Confederation (Poland), Chega (Portugal), AUR (Romania), LDPR (Russia), SNS (Slovakia), Vox (Spain), Sweden Democrats, Swiss People's Party, Svoboda (Ukraine)	Jobbik (Hungary), Law and Justice (Poland), Lega (Italy), Serb Democratic Party (Bosnia), Golden Dawn (Greece), Iron Guard (Romania), Nazi Party (Germany), Ustaše (Croatia)	Action Française (France), English Defence League (UK), Grey Wolves (Turkey), Azov Brigade (Ukraine), Club of Angry Patriots (Russia)
Asia	Taliban (Afghanistan), Shiv Sena (India), Otzma Yehudit (Israel), Conservative Party (Japan), USDP (Myanmar), Palang Pracharath (Thailand), MHP (Turkey)	Likud (Israel - Factions), LDP (Japan - Factions), Kuomintang (Historic), Golkar (Historic), Kataeb Party (Lebanon - Historic), UMNO (Malaysia - Historic)	Nippon Kaigi (Japan), Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (India), Pancasila Youth (Indonesia), Bodu Bala Sena (Sri Lanka)
Americas	La Libertad Avanza (Argentina - Factions), Liberal Party (Brazil - Factions)	-	Proud Boys (USA), Patriot Front (USA), Social Patriot Movement (Chile)
Africa	EFF (South Africa), uMkhonto weSizwe (South Africa)	National Party (South Africa - Historic), ZANU-PF (Zimbabwe - Historic)	-
Oceania	Pauline Hanson's One Nation (Australia)	-	National Socialist Network (Australia)

Portrayals in Fiction

Air Force One (1997)

The action film features Gary Oldman as Egor Korshunov, a fanatical Kazakh ultranationalist who hijacks the U.S. presidential plane. A former Soviet soldier, Korshunov's actions are driven by a desire to restore his nation's perceived greatness and secure the release of an imprisoned dictator, embodying the ideology's commitment to radical action for nationalistic goals.^[281][282]

Incitement (2019)

This Israeli film offers a fictionalized account of Yigal Amir, the ultranationalist activist who assassinated Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin in 1995. The movie explores the psychological journey of its protagonist, portraying how a combination of religious fervor and extreme political ideology can culminate in an act of political violence intended to alter the course of a nation.^[283][284]

Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Series

This popular video game series (2007-2011) prominently features a fictional Russian ultranationalist faction as its primary antagonist. The narrative explores a world where this group seizes power in Russia, leading to a global conflict. The games depict the faction's willingness to use extreme violence and terrorism to achieve its goal of restoring a Russian empire, reflecting ultranationalist themes of expansionism and historical revanchism.^[285][286]

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References

Ultranationalism. Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 19 June 2022.

Ultranationalism. Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 19 June 2022.

https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/28/arts/music/28abroad.html: "the ultranationalist Swiss People's Party"

Religious Zionism, Otzma Yehudit parties to run together, Arutz7

A full list of references for this article are available at the Ultranationalism Wikipedia page

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The Apex of Allegiance

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Defining Ultranationalism 📖

🏛️ An Extreme Ideology

🔬 The Organic State

🔗 The Fascist Connection

The Ideological Framework 🧠

📜 Mythicized Narratives

🎭 Varying Expressions

Historical Manifestations 🌍

🇯🇵 Imperial Japan

🇰🇭 Democratic Kampuchea

🇷🇴 Ceaușescu's Romania

🇷🇺 Modern Russia

Ultranationalism & Political Violence 💥

🇱🇰 The LTTE in Sri Lanka

🇬🇷 Golden Dawn in Greece

Parties & Organizations 🗳️

🌐 Global Political Landscape

Portrayals in Fiction 🎬

✈️ Air Force One (1997)

🇮🇱 Incitement (2019)

🎮 Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Series

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Defining Ultranationalism

An Extreme Ideology

The Organic State

The Fascist Connection

The Ideological Framework

Mythicized Narratives

Varying Expressions

Historical Manifestations

Imperial Japan

Democratic Kampuchea

Ceaușescu's Romania

Modern Russia

Ultranationalism & Political Violence

The LTTE in Sri Lanka

Golden Dawn in Greece

Parties & Organizations

Global Political Landscape

Portrayals in Fiction

Air Force One (1997)

Incitement (2019)

Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Series

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice